Fish Weight Research Articles

Effectiveness of eco enzyme liquid on the growth of Catfish (Pangasius djambal) raised in peat soil fish ponds

Eco enzymes are derived from the fermentation of organic matter, particularly fruit and vegetable peels, offering the advantage of being a versatile natural cleaning solution. They also serve as essential nutrients for plant and algae growth, while converting CO2 into carbon trioxide (CO3), which benefits marine plants and aquatic life. This study aimed to investigate the impact of providing alternative feed/companion in the form of eco enzyme liquid, composed of 90% organic matter from three types of fruit peels and 10% vegetable residues from fern plants, on the growth of Pangasius djambal in conventional fish ponds with peat water. The implementation of 1 litre of ecoenzyme per 100 ml of peat water in the fish ponds led to the enhancement of Pangasius djambal, resulting in increased weight and varying lengths. The correlation coefficient (>1) indicates a strong relationship between fish weight and length, suggesting that the total weight of the fish is directly proportional to its length. Moreover, the water quality standards, including physical, chemical, and biological parameters, in the conventional fish enlargement ponds with peat soil pond water type were well-maintained, preventing contamination from feed residues and fish feces, even after 28 days of fish enlargement.

Evaluation of fermented soybean meal by Bacillus subtilis as an alternative to fishmeal on the growth, and physiological status of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings

A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of fermented soybean meal with Bacillus subtilis bacteria on growth performance, feed utilization, carcass composition, and hematological, and histological section of the liver and intestine of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings. Commercial soybean meal (SBM) containing 44% Crude Protein (CP) was fermented using the solid-state fermentation method which depended on autoclaving of SBM, then bacterial treatment injection by Bacillus subtilis, and finally incubation at 40C for 72 h then autoclaved to stop the growth of bacteria. Five isonitrogenous (25% crude protein) and isocaloric (4.4 kcal\\g gross energy) experimental fish meal-free diets were formulated to compare with a common control diet containing fishmeal and unfermented soybean meal. Diets without fish meal contain fermented soybean meal (FSM) as a sole protein, FSM with corn gluten (CG), FSM with free amino acid methionine (Meth), FSM with corn gluten and methionine, and unfermented soybean meal. Eighteen glass aquaria, 80-L net volume, were used to stock 10 fingerlings (10.0 ± 0.1 g/fish) in each aquarium in the replicates group. The feed amount was given three times daily, six days a week throughout the 98 days experimental period. Fish were weighed biweekly and feed amounts were adjusted based on the new fish weight. Bacterial fermentation enhanced the protein content of commercial soybean meals by 6%. The crude protein of fermented soybean meal increased from 43.44% to 50.67%. Used of FSM as a sole dietary protein source resulted in a decrease in growth rate and feed utilization. However, the incorporation of FSM with corn gluten, and/or methionine amino acid led to an improvement in the performance of fish. Finally, the best final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, and protein productive value were recorded by a fish-fed mixed plant protein diet (FSM + CG + Meth). Also, Hematocrit and red blood cells were not significantly affected including the FSM.

Length and weight relationship, condition factors, and growth parameters of Gulamah fish (Johnius trachycephalus) landed at Tanjung Beringin’s Fish Auction Place (TPI) Serdang Bedagai Regency, North Sumatera Province

This research was held three months from June-August 2022 and used a purposive random sampling method. The total sample was 137 gulamah consisting of 65 male and 72 female fish. The results showed that the total length (TL) of gulamah fish caught with gill nets ranged from 103-214 mm, with an average length of 155.74 mm. The weight of gulamah fish ranged between 12.77-126.02 grams with an average of 54.95 grams. Length-weight relationship of gulamah fish was positive allometric with the equation W=0.00001L3,15 (R² = 0.89) in male fish and W=0,00001L3,09 (R² = 0.92) in female fish. The range of the condition factor of gulamah fish is 0.43-1.12. Growth curve Von Bertalanffy equation shows the equation Lt = 234.4(1 - EXP(-0,59(t+0,063))for male gulamah fish and Lt = 217.8(1 - EXP(-0,33(t+0,058))) for female gulamah fish.

Repurposing the single-used-plastic for development of hydrophobic aerogels for remediation of oil spill and organic solvents

Currently, around 400 million tonnes of synthetic polymers are being dumped as waste annually and by this rate by 2050 the ocean would contain more such waste compared to the total weight of fish. As recycling could solve part of this problem, recently such waste is being reused for various purposes like composite preparation, oil production and various other use such as production of foams, sponges, and aerogels. However, there is a relatively limited literature available on the utilization of polyethylene polymer (like LDPE). The study presented in this article indicated that LDPE-based polymers could be reused (after modification) for preparation of hydrophobic, lightweight, and porous aerogels that have oil-spills and organic solvent adsorption capacity. The aerogels showed contact angle of 121.9o, bulk density below 0.25 g/cm3, and were found to be semi-crystalline. The aerogels showed oil and solvent adsorption more than that for their untreated counterparts. Also, the aerogels were found to be recycled for more than five cycles with very minimum loss of efficacy. This area of producing oil sorbents from single used plastic wastes is still very open for further research and seems to be a promising route for both waste reduction, and the synthesis of value-added products. This could be one of the most sustainable approaches for efficient single-used plastic wase management and environment clean-up.

Weight–Length Relationship and Condition Factor of Gibel Carp (Carassius auratus gibelio var. CAS V) at Different Growth Stages and Feed Formulations

Accurate recording of growth indicators for aquaculture species at different stages is essential for evaluating aquaculture production effectiveness and the rationality of feed formulations. Due to their convenience and non-invasiveness, weight, length, and condition factor are commonly used to assess the growth of aquaculture species. However, fish growth indicators, can vary significantly with age structure and feed components (nutrition), and relying on a single indicator may lead to misjudgments. In this study, we investigated the growth indicators of Gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio var. CAS V) at different growth stages (juvenile and adult) and different feed formulations. Meanwhile, the fish weight–length relationship (W=bLa) was used to assess the growth indicators. The results showed that the weight–length relationship of Gibel carp varied significantly with age and feed formulation. Additionally, the condition factor calculated depended on the weight–length relationship being more similar with weight and length change trend than the condition factor was measured. Weight analysis indicated that weight, length, depth, body width, and carcass ratio had higher weights when analyzing fish growth. Therefore, during aquaculture production, fish growth evaluating requires considering diverse indicators such as weight, length, body depth, body width, and carcass ratio, as well as the condition factor, to avoid misjudging the actual growth situation. Meanwhile, the use of the condition factor should consider the sufficient number of data and whether the assumptions (such as being in an isometric growth period) are met.

Grow-out of Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) fish (Perciformes, Cichlidae) on Local Feed in an Above-ground Tank Culture System in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

Acquiring land that meets the required standards for lowland ponds is becoming an increasing problem in the city of Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of Congo, and fish farming in above-ground concrete tanks is emerging as an alternative. The objective of this study was to follow the evolution of pre-growth of Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758 in an above-ground concrete tank culture system using feed based on local agricultural by-products available in Kinshasa. A total of 198 fries were distributed in 3 tanks and fed three times a day. The experiments were conducted for 60 days between August and November 2021. The results obtained indicate a better survival rate (T1 = 75.75±4.32%; T2 = 60.6±9.76% and T3 = 83.33±4.96%). Feed T1 (mean weight = 33.15±2.78 g) and T2 (28.44±3.76 g) had a positive impact on fish weight growth. The cost of producing one kilogram of a feed ration varied depending on the ingredients used. It cost 2,843 FC to develop the T1 feed, 951 FC to produce the T2 feed and 5.000 FC to afford the T3 commercial feed sold in Kinshasa. Ration T2 is the one that gave a better compromise of price and quality by promoting good fish growth at a lower cost (1,692 Congolese Francs) than the other two feeds. These observations sufficiently show that during the experiment, the experimental structure (concrete tank) did not have negative effects on the zootechnical performance of the fry of the fish species studied. The economic aspect of the use of feed rations by fry showed the merits of rearing fish using local agricultural by-products rather than commercial feed. This study showed the merits of setting up an above-ground concrete tank fish farm to overcome the difficulty of acquiring land to meet fish farming requirements.

Parasitological datas of helminthes parasites of Macrodon atricauda (Günther, 1880)

Ichthyoparasites can affect the health of fish, cause negative economic repercussions and are causes of parasitic zoonoses in the population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the helminth fauna of Macrodon atricauda, ​​as well as to evaluate the zoonotic potential of the parasites that were found. The fishes were collected in two periods in 2014 and 2015. The present study demonstrated that the females presented better conditions than the males, and there was no statistically significant difference between the conditions in both sexes. There is a positive relation regarding total parasite prevalence and fish weight and length. The occurrence of helminth parasites of fish can be dangerous to humans because some species represent a zoonotic potential gives evidence to the need for a change in the hygienic and food habits of the population and the need for control and prevention by the public health agencies.

Carp-Based Small Indigenous Species (SIS) Fish Farming in Fattening Pond Under Barind Area in Rajshahi, Bangladesh

The present study was conducted on four experimental ponds (T1, T2, T3, T4) each with three replications (R1, R2, R3) in Tanore upazila (sub-district) of Rajshahi district, Bangladesh for a period of six months. Four treatments were assigned for this study as T1 ( silver carp-742/ha, catla-990/ha, rui-1485/ha, mrigel-990/ha and shing 5,000/ha), T2 ( silver carp-742/ha, catla-990/ha, rui-1485/ha, mrigel-990/ha and magur 5,000/ha), T3 (silver carp-742/ha, catla-990/ha, rui-1485/ha, mrigel-990/ha and pabda 5,000/ha) and T4 (silver carp-742/ha, catla-1235/ha, rui-1729/ha and mrigel-1235/ha) each with three replications. The initial average weight of fish was silver carp (H. molitrix)-252.53g, catla (G. catla) - 270g, rui (L. rohita)-245g, mrigel (C. mrigala)-235g, shing (H. fossilis)-2.03g, magur (C. batrachus) -3.28g, pabda (O. pabda)- 1.51g respectively. Supplementary feeds were applied at an average rate of 5% of the body weight of fish. During the study period, it was found that the water quality parameters were within the acceptable ranges for carp-based small indigenous species fish farming in the study area. In case of growth performances, Treatment T2 showed the highest Yield followed by T1, T3 and T4.

Stimulatory effect of dietary alpha-lipoic acid on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, liver enzymes, immunity and protection of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (B.), Edwardsiella tarda infection.

Edwardsiella tarda is one of the most common causes of fish diseases that hinder aquaculture. Oxidative stress in farm animals can induce a number of pathological disorders, productionand general animal welfare. The use of exogenous dietary nonenzymatic antioxidants such as alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) can stop a pro-oxidant state and thus appears to have the potential to modulate the immune system and protect fish from bacterial infection. Thus, this study investigates the stimulatory effect of dietary ALA on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, liver enzymes, immunityand protection of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (B.), against an infection with E. tarda. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets (400 g/kg of crude protein) containing ALA at doses of 0.0 (control), 500, 1000, 1500or 2000 mg/kg diet were served to 300 juveniles of African catfish (mean weight = 8.2 ± 0.2 g) adequately thrice per day for 12 weeks. Thereafter, 0.1 mL of E. tarda (ATCC 15947; 1.0 × 108 CFU/mL) was intraperitoneally injected into 10 fish from each tank and was monitored for 14 days. The results showed that ALA-fortified diets significantly boosted the fish growth, feed consumption and utilizationand feed conversion ratio but no did not affect fish survival rate. The highest final fish weight (g), weight growth (g)and weight gain (%) were all considerably higher in fish fed with ALA-fortified diets (p < 0.05), especially from 1000 to 200 mg/kg ALA than the control group. Also, an enhanced hemato-biochemical, antioxidantand immune indices were noticed in African catfish-fed ALA-enriched diets. In a dose-dependent order, the levels of haematological indices such Ht, Hb, RBCs, WBCsand platelets were markedly increased (p < 0.05). Additionally, fish fed with ALA-based diets showed substantial (p < 0.05) declines in aspartate and alanine aminotransferase values, with the lowest values being found in the 2000 mg/kg diet while control group had highest values. Further, African catfish fed the feed fortified with 2000 mg ALA/kg diet showed the highest levels of lysozyme, respiratory burst, proteasesand esterase activities (p < 0.05). Following exposure of fish to E. tarda infection, a significant reduction in the mortality was obtained in African catfish fed with ALA-based diets, especially from 1500 to 2000 mg ALA/kg diet (3.3%); while fish fed with the control diet had highest mortality (86.7%). Therefore, diets supplemented with ALA evoked fish growth performance, antioxidantsand nonspecific immunity of African catfish. Also, resistance of African catfish to E. Tarda infection were raised when fed ALA-fortified diets at optimum inclusion rate of 1300 mg ALA/kg diet.

THE EFFECT OF TOPOGRAPHICAL DIFFERENCES ON THE GROWTH OF KOI CARP (Cyprinus carpio koi)

Interest in the cultivation of koi carp commodities has increased during the Covid-19 pandemic. Breeders come from various communities. This study aims to determine whether topographic differences have an effect or not on the growth of koi carp. The research was conducted from February to March 2022 for 45 days. The location of the research was carried out in three different places, Kaliangkrik, Tempuran, and Kebumen. The research method used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 3 treatments and 3 repetitions. The first treatment is an altitude of 1,030 meters above sea level (Kaliangkrik), the second is 323 meters above sea level (Tempuran), and the third is 26 meters above sea level (Kebumen). The data were analyzed using the Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) further tests. The results showed that topographic differences affect the growth of koi fish both in weight and length growth of koi fish. The altitude that produces the best growth in this study is at an altitude of 26 meters above sea level or located in Kebumen. This is supported by the data showing the highest weight (average 4,1 g), the longest (average 2.5 cm), the lowest FCR (average 2,16), and the highest Survival Rate (SR) high (80%)

Performance of phytase-treated fishmeal-free and all-plant protein diets in pond production of market sized hybrid striped bass

We determined if ideal protein (IP) fishmeal-free (FMF) or all-plant protein (PP) diets of available ingredients satisfied production needs of hybrid striped bass (HSB; Morone chrysops x M. saxatilis) grown to market size in ponds managed according to industry practices, and if phytase (Phy) superdosing (20,000 FTUs) could alleviate inorganic phosphorus supplementation. An off-the-shelf commercial feed (COM), an IP control diet containing 16% fishmeal (FM), and four IP test diets with or without phytase superdosing (FMF, FMF + Phy, PP, PP + Phy) were evaluated. Inorganic phosphorus was excluded from phytase treated diets. Hybrid striped bass (averaging 344 g/fish) were stocked (5187 fish/ha) in 4 ponds/diet (0.1 ha) and grown for 5.5 months. Most responses of the five ideal protein diets did not differ significantly (P > 0.1) from the COM. Only net fish yield, weight gain, and FCR of the PP diet were less than those of the COM diet. Fish fed FMF and FMF + Phy diets had higher fish yields, mean weights, and gains than PP and PP + Phy diets. FMF ponds had fewer than expected large (907–1134 g) and more jumbo (>1135 g) fish and FMF + Phy ponds had fewer medium (680–906 g) and more large fish. PP ponds had fewer than expected jumbo fish. The COM diet resulted in larger livers (HSI), lower muscle ratio, but less feed phosphorus added to ponds compared to the FM diet. Absence of differences for other responses confirms the FM diet is a valid proxy for the COM diet. Phytase increased energy and protein retention of the PP diet but not the FMF diet. FM can be replaced with animal and/or plant proteins exclusively without major reductions in hybrid striped bass performance. The PP diet likely requires optimization of Met and branched chain amino acid levels to improve performance. Inorganic phosphorus can be replaced by diet phytase top-coating and judicious inclusion of phytate‑phosphorus without negative impact on HSB production. Phytase superdosing of the FMF and PP diets did not improve production variables but did improve mineral retentions, more so for the PP diet. Phytase superdosing reduced feed phosphorus fed by 60% and pond phosphorus loading by 40% but requires optimization of inclusion levels and economic evaluation before recommendation.

Characterizing the metabolic response of the zebrafish kidney to overfeeding.

Obesity is a global epidemic and risk factor for the development of chronic kidney disease. Obesity induces systemic changes in metabolism, but how it affects kidney metabolism specifically is not known. Zebrafish have previously been shown to develop obesity-related kidney pathology and dysfunction when fed hypercaloric diets. To understand the direct effects of obesity on kidney metabolic function, we treated zebrafish for 8 wk with a control and an overfeeding diet. At the end of treatment, we assessed changes in kidney and fish weights and used electron microscopy to evaluate cell ultrastructure. We then performed an untargeted metabolomic analysis on the kidney tissue of fish using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry and used mummichog and gene set enrichment analysis to uncover differentially affected metabolic pathways. Kidney metabolomes differed significantly and consistently between the control and overfed diets. Among 9,593 features, we identified 235 that were significantly different (P < 0.05) between groups (125 upregulated in overfed diet, 110 downregulated). Pathway analysis demonstrated perturbations in glycolysis and fatty acid synthesis pathways, and analysis of specific metabolites points to perturbations in tryptophan metabolism. Our key findings show that diet-induced obesity leads to metabolic changes in the kidney tissue itself and implicates specific metabolic pathways, including glycolysis and tryptophan metabolism in the pathogenesis of obesity-related kidney disease, demonstrating the power of untargeted metabolomics to identify pathways of interest by directly interrogating kidney tissue.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Obesity causes systemic metabolic dysfunction, but how this affects kidney metabolism is less understood. This study used ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry to analyze the kidneys of overfed zebrafish. Metabolites in the kidneys of obese zebrafish revealed perturbations in metabolic pathways including glycolysis and tryptophan metabolism. These data suggest obesity alters metabolism within the kidney, which may play an important role in obesity-related kidney dysfunction.

Relationship between Feeding Regime and Fish Growth

Feeding regime or feeding rate? is how much to feed the fish. From how much or portion used for fish feed can affect fish growth. Feeding regime is the determination of the amount of feed per day based on the feeding rate (FR). Feeding rate is the feed requirement per day based on fish biomass and weight.&#x0D; Aims: This research aims to find out how the relationship between feeding regime and fish growth and development.&#x0D; Study Design: Journal review.&#x0D; Methodology: The research method used was descriptive analysis method or library research by collecting data from written sources, namely journals that are relevant to the topic of the writing being carried out. After the data was collected, the next was the data selection in accordance with the research objectives. The selected data was then processed systematically and structured while data analysis was carried out using a descriptive approach by presenting the data obtained in narrative form.&#x0D; Results: The result of this research indicated that fish growth and development are influenced by internal and external factors, one of which is the fish feeding regime.&#x0D; Conclusion: Feeding regime is an important factor in aquaculture. This feeding regime includes how to feed and the portion that will be given to the fish being cultured. Good feed contains sufficient nutrients as needed for fish growth. In addition to the feed factor, growth is also influenced by internal and external factors such as the type of fish, type of feed, environment and others. A good feeding regime or rate? must be adjusted to the nutritional needs of fish, each type of fish has different nutritional needs.

Projected Changes in Spawning Ground Distribution of Mature Albacore Tuna in the Indian Ocean under Various Global Climate Change Scenarios

The present study utilised a geometric mean model in which sea surface temperature, oxygen, and sea surface salinity were used to predict the effects of climate change on the habitats of mature albacore tuna in the Indian Ocean under multiple representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios. Data pertaining to the albacore tuna fishing conducted by Taiwanese longline fisheries during the October–March period in 1998–2016 were analysed. The fishery data comprised fishing location (latitude and longitude), fishing effort (number of hooks used), number of catches, fishing time (month and year), and fish weight. Nominal catch per unit effort data were standardised to mitigate the potential effects of temporal and spatial factors in causing bias and overestimation. The Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) scores of potential habitats for mature albacore in the Indian Ocean are predicted to change considerably in response to varying levels of predicted climate change. Under projected warm climate conditions (RCP 8.5), the stratification of water is predicted to cause low HSI areas to expand and potential habitats for mature albacore to shift southward by 2100. The findings derived from these mature albacore habitat forecasts can contribute to the evaluation of potential hazards and feasible adaptation measures for albacore fishery resources in the context of climate change. The distribution trends pertaining to potential habitats for mature albacore should be used with caution and can provide resource stakeholders with guidance for decision-making.

Toxicological effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on hemato-biochemical profile of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Nanoparticles (NPs) are considered a major risk for aquatic ecosystemss, and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) are among generally utilized NPs in the modern era. Aquatic life cannot escalate away from the negative effects of NPs. This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of ZnO-NPs on the the hemato-biochemical profile of Cyprinus carpio (C. carpio). 150C. carpio fish were tested; they had average weights of 108 g, lengths of 21.65 cm, and acclimated to typical living conditions while maintaining pH, temperature, and fresh aerations. Fish were given intraperitoneal injections (2–3 cm) deep into the abdominal cavity and were exposed to ZnO-NPs through aquatic means. Fish were exposed to biosynthesized ZnO-NPs via intraperitoneal injection at T4, 10, 15, and 20 ml/g body weight of fish and aquatic mode of exposure at T0, 0.00, T1, 1.00, T2, 2.00, and T3, 3.00 mg/L to each aquarium, respectively. The findings of the investigation demonstrated that exposure to ZnO NPs caused considerable modifications in the hematological and biochemical parameters of the fish. The hematological examination revealed significant changes in the RBC count, Hb, and Hct levels, which indicated the possibility of detrimental impacts on the fish's ability to transport oxygen. The biochemical study revealed significant shifts in the levels of serum total protein, albumin, globulin, and glucose, which pointed to the possibility of harm to the fish's liver and kidney functions. According to the findings of the study, exposure to ZnO nanoparticles can induce considerable variations in the hemato-biochemical profile of common carp, which indicates that there may be possible dangers to their general health and survival. The findings of this study underline the need of regulating the usage of these nanoparticles as well as their disposal in order to reduce the possible impact that they could have on aquatic ecosystems and on public health. The findings also highlight the need for more research to properly understand the effects of ZnO NPs on the health of fish and the ecosystem over the long term. In conclusion, the research makes a contribution to our understanding of the possible concerns connected with the use of ZnO NPs in a variety of industries and provides vital insights into the toxicological effects that these nanoparticles have on aquatic creatures. The findings could potentially be used to influence regulatory decisions on the use and disposal of ZnO NPs, with the objective of limiting the potential dangers that these particles pose to the environment and to public health.

Effects of Dietary Medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) Extract on Growth Performance, Innate Immune Characteristics, Antioxidant Status, and Responses to Crowding Stress in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

High stocking density is a stress factor that potentially affects physiological and immune responses. In this study, the effects of medlar (Mespilus germanica) extract (ME) supplementation on growth performance, antioxidant, immune status, and stress responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were studied. Six hundred fish (40.19 ± 1.09 g; average fish weight ± standard error) were distributed randomly into five experimental groups (assayed in triplicates). The experimental diets were formulated as follows: 0 (T1, control), 0.5% (T2), 1% (T3), 1.5% (T4), and 2% (T4). After 60 days feeding trial, the fish were confined, and the density increased (60 kg/m3) for further 14 days. Results showed significant increases in final weight (FW), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate, and feed intake in the T4 compared to the control (P < 0.05). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) in T4 significantly decreased compared to the control (P < 0.05). Also, the treated groups showed significant improvements in catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), lysozyme (LYZ), total immunoglobulin (total Ig), respiratory burst activity (RBA), total protein, and phagocytosis (PHA) (P < 0.05). Moreover, compared with the control group, supplementation could significantly decrease glucose (GLU) and cortisol (CORT), alanine transaminase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate transaminase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (P < 0.05). After the challenge, FW and WG in all treated challenge groups were significantly improved compared to the control group (P < 0.05). FCR showed a significant decrease in all treated challenged groups compared to the control group (P < 0.05). However, malondialdehyde, CAT, GPx, SOD, LYZ, complement activity (C3 and C4), total Ig, RBA, peroxidase, and PHA in challenged treated groups were significantly increased compared to the control group (P < 0.05). All treated challenged groups showed lower ALT, LDH, AST, ALP, GLU, and CORT levels than the control group (P < 0.05). The experiment herein successfully demonstrated that dietary ME stimulated fish growth, antioxidant status, and immune responses in crowding conditions and can be recommended as beneficial feed additives for rainbow trout.

The biological aspect of shark which landed in Karangsong’s Port, Indramayu, West Java

This study aimed to evaluate the number of catches and describe the biological aspects of sharks landing at Karangsong’s Port Indramayu, West Java. The study was conducted from July until August 2022 with the survey method. Data were taken by purposive sampling method including species, number of catches, sex, maturity level, total length, weight, fishing gear, and location. Data were analyzed to evaluate the catch while biological aspects were used to determine the condition of sharks. Analysis of biological aspects included sex ratio, length frequency, and the level of male sex maturity, as well as the length-weight relationship. A total of 407 sharks consisting of 7 species were dominated by mature sharks. Include Carcharinus dussumieri (33,2%), Carcharinus sorrah (23,8%), Carcharinus limbatus (0,2%), Sphyrna lewini (8,4%), Rhizoprionodon acutus (1,5%), Chiloscyllium punctatum (12,5%), Loxodon macrorhinus (8,4%). The results showed the frequency distribution of fish length and weight is 44 cm to 106 cm and 0,2 to 8,5 kg. Statistical test results showed that sharks had growth patterns negative allometric and Biological aspects showed an unbalanced sex ratio.Keywords: Allometric; Growth; Sex ratio; Shark

Effect of different forms of Carica papaya leaf processing techniques on growth, body indices and survival rate of red hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus × Oreochromis niloticus

The use of natural products as additives in the production of aquaculture feed stimulates appetite, improves growth performance, and strengthens the immune defense mechanism in numerous aquaculture species. This study was conducted to determine the effect of various Carica papaya leaf processing techniques on the growth performance, body indices, and survival of red hybrid tilapia with an initial body weight of 2.371.0 ± 0.036 g. Four isonitrogenous (360.00 gkg−1) and isolipidic (80.00 gkg−1) diets were formulated and fed to red hybrid tilapia in triplicate groups for 12 weeks using a completely randomized experimental design. Papaya leaf inclusion in the formulated diets varied based on processing method: control (0%), commercial papaya leaf extract (1%), oven-dried papaya leaf powder (2%), and freeze-dried papaya leaf extract (2%). Regardless of processing method, the final weight of fish fed a diet containing papaya leaves was significantly greater (P 0.05) than that of the control group. However, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in growth performance between papaya leaf processing techniques. Similarly, the weight gain, specific growth rate, and feed conversion ratio did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) between groups supplemented with papaya leaf. In addition, the viscero-somatic index, hepato-somatic index, and survival rates were not affected (P > 0.05) by the different leaf processing techniques. Despite the fact that Carica papaya leaf processing techniques had no effect on the performance of Carica papaya leaves as functional feed additives, oven-drying is recommended due to the lower production cost. Similar to commercially produced and freeze-dried papaya leaf extracts, oven-dried papaya leaves containing 2% inclusion can be used as a dietary feed supplement in aquaculture.

The Efficiency of Indigofera Leaves Meal Hydrolysate Utilization on Growth Performance of Leptobarbus hoevenii

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of indigofera leaves meal hydrolysate (ILMH) on growth Leptobarbus hoevenii growth. This study employed five dietary treatments with varying levels of ILMH. Cellulase enzymes were used to hydrolyze Indigofera leaf meal, which was then combined with other feed ingredients. Three replicates of feed without ILMH, 10% ILMH, 20% ILMH, 30% ILMH, and 35% ILMH were included in the treatment-examination feed. Average initial fish weight was 1.27±0.01 g, and initial length was 4.28±0.07 cm. Weight observation was also conducted every two weeks. After six weeks of rearing, survival, final biomass, specific growth rate, and feed efficiency were observed. At the beginning and the end of maintenance, temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen measurements were taken to determine the water's quality. Results that that the utilization of ILMH in L. hoevenii feed could substitute the use of soybean meal for 10-35% of the feed. Among all treatments, 10% ILMH-containing feed resulted in the highest growth and feed efficiency. This treatment had a 100% survival rate, a 1.78±0.05% specific growth rate, and a 53.28 ± 1.59% feed efficiency. According to the findings of this study, the utilization of 10% hydrolysate of indigofera leaf meal in feed was effective in enhancing L. hoevenii’s growth performance. Keywords: Efficiency, indigofera leaves, Leptobarbus hoevenii, hydrolysate, growth

Plastic waste and fish landed by beach seine fishers in coastal Ghana.

Baseline data on plastic landing by fishers and monitoring of this is important in evaluating the success of plastic waste management efforts. This study investigated plastic and fish landed by beach seine fishers in Ghana together with the rate of plastic deposition on an adjoining beach. Plastic constituted 31.6% of the total catch and 41.7% of the fish landed by weight. There were significant differences between the average weight of fish (139.58 ± 53.6 kg) and plastic (65.73 ± 14.6 kg) landed per fishing session and the catch per unit effort of fish (183.4 ± 76.7 kg/day) and plastic (88.4 ± 35.2 kg/day). The mean weight of plastic landed per fishing session was higher than the mean weight of each of the 26 species of fisheries. The rate of plastic deposition on the beach was 8.1 ± 2.5 plastic items per m2 per tidal cycle or 0.35 ± 0.11 kg plastic per m2 per tidal cycle with food packs and tableware dominating the deposited plastic. The results suggested ongoing water sachets and plastic bottle recycling in Ghana are yielding results and calls for targeted efforts in plastic food packs and tableware management.