Water Fish Species Research Articles

Contaminants in tropical island streams and their biota

Environmental contamination is problematic for tropical islands due to their typically dense human populations and competing land and water uses. The Caribbean island of Puerto Rico (USA) has a long history of anthropogenic chemical use, and its human population density is among the highest globally, providing a model environment to study contaminant impacts on tropical island stream ecosystems. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, historic-use chlorinated pesticides, current-use pesticides, Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), and metals (mercury, cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, zinc, and selenium) were quantified in the habitat and biota of Puerto Rico streams and assessed in relation to land-use patterns and toxicological thresholds. Water, sediment, and native fish and shrimp species were sampled in 13 rivers spanning broad watershed land-use characteristics during 2009–2010. Contrary to expectations, freshwater stream ecosystems in Puerto Rico were not severely polluted, likely due to frequent flushing flows and reduced deposition associated with recurring flood events. Notable exceptions of contamination were nickel in sediment within three agricultural watersheds (range 123–336ppm dry weight) and organic contaminants (PCBs, organochlorine pesticides) and mercury in urban landscapes. At an urban site, PCBs in several fish species (Mountain Mullet Agonostomus monticola [range 0.019–0.030ppm wet weight] and American Eel Anguilla rostrata [0.019–0.031ppm wet weight]) may pose human health hazards, with concentrations exceeding the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) consumption limit for 1 meal/month. American Eel at the urban site also contained dieldrin (range < detection-0.024ppm wet weight) that exceeded the EPA maximum allowable consumption limit. The Bigmouth Sleeper Gobiomorous dormitor, an important piscivorus sport fish, accumulated low levels of organic contaminants in edible muscle tissue (due to its low lipid content) and may be most suitable for human consumption island-wide; only mercury at one site (an urban location) exceeded EPA's consumption limit of 3 meals/month for this species. These results comprise the first comprehensive island-wide contaminant assessment of Puerto Rico streams and biota and provide natural resource and public health agencies here and in similar tropical islands elsewhere with information needed to guide ecosystem and fisheries conservation and management and human health risk assessment.

In search for globally disordered apo-parvalbumins: Case of parvalbumin β-1 from coho salmon

Parvalbumin (PA) is a classical EF-hand calcium-binding protein of muscle, neuronal, and other tissues, and a major fish allergen. Although certain apo-PAs lack tertiary structure, functional implications of that feature and its structural prerequisites remain unclear. In a search for unstable PAs, we probed conformational stability of parvalbumin β-1 from coho salmon (csPA), a cold water fish species, using circular dichroism, scanning calorimetry, hydrophobic probe fluorescence, limited proteolysis, chemical crosslinking and dynamic light scattering techniques. Apo-csPA is shown to be mainly monomeric protein with markedly disorganized secondary structure and lack of rigid tertiary structure. Examination of per-residue propensity for intrinsic disorder in the PA groups with either folded or unfolded apo-form using the average PONDR® VSL2P profiles revealed that the N-terminal region that includes α-helix A, AB-loop and N-terminal half of α-helix B is predicted to be less ordered in PAs with disordered apo-state. Application of the structural criteria developed for discrimination of disordered PAs indicate that the latter comprise about 16–19% of all PAs. We show that structural instability of apo-β-PA serves as a hallmark of elevated calcium affinity of the protein. Therefore, the successful predictions of unstable apo-PAs might facilitate search for PAs with maximal calcium affinity and possibly serving as calcium sensors.

Niche and interspecific association of the dominant fish in the south coastal waters of Wenzhou, China

The studies about the niche and interspecific association in China were mainly focused on the plants, birds and marine animals, and seldom on fish. Based on the fishery resources survey in spring (May) and autumn (September) in 2015, the associations among major fish species in south coastal waters of Wenzhou were investigated. The methods including niche breadth, niche overlap, variance ratio (VR), Χ2-test, association coefficient (AC), percentage of co-occurrence (PC) and point correlation coefficients (Ф) were used. The results showed that 47 fish species were identified, including 9 orders, 27 families and 41 genera. Four species were dominant species and 9 were important species, which together accounted for 17%. The niche breadth cluster analysis demonstrated two clearly identifiable ecological niches. The first one referred to wide niche that included Harpodon nehereus, Collichthys lucidus, Engraulis japonicas, Pampus echinogaster, Argyrosomus argentatus, Polynemus sextarius, Decapterus maruadsi and Trichiurus haumela, and the second one was narrow niche that included Muraenesox cinereus, Amblychaeturichthys hexanema, Cunoglossus robustus, Pseudosciaena polyactis and Ilisha elongate. The niche overlap value of the main fish was 0-0.90, indicating that there was difference in the resource utilization among the species. The ecological niche widths of C. robustus and M. cinereus were narrow, and the overlap values were high. This indicated that there was competition between these two species. The VR analysis revealed significant positive correlation among the main fish species. In view of the advantages of Ф value, which could reduce the impact of the analysis results of Χ2-test, AC and PC to the interspecific association, the Ф value method was selected in this study, and the association of 63 couples were positive. Both the interspecific association and ecological niche had different degrees of correlation with the stability of community structure and community succession.

Reviewing biodiversity and epidemiological aspects of anisakid nematodes from the North-east Atlantic Ocean.

This review provides an inventory of the biodiversity of the anisakid species identified so far from fish and marine mammals of the NE Atlantic Ocean. The paper reviews and discusses various taxonomical and epidemiological aspects related to biodiversity assessment, with emphasis on: (1) taxa recognized as 'biological species' based on molecular/genetic markers; (2) current molecular/genetic approaches to identify the species at different developmental stages; (3) ecological data related to the actual geographical distribution and definitive host preferences of the species; (4) their distribution in various, commercially important fish species in northern European waters; (5) their possible occurrence in farmed fish; and, finally, (6) an update of their zoonotic potential as causative agents of anisakidosis in humans.

Non-native fish species in Hungarian waters: historical overview, potential sources and recent trends in their distribution

Due to its central position in the Danube basin and its considerable fishery sector, Hungary plays a key role in the spread of non-native fish species in Europe. Nevertheless, the status of non-native fish has not yet been reviewed for Hungary. Therefore, our aims were (1) to give a comprehensive historical overview regarding the occurrence of non-native fish species of Hungary, (2) to show their recent distribution patterns using GIS, and (3) to evaluate the importance of the possible drivers in their spread. Literature data show 59 non-native fish species from Hungary. The appearance of new species—mostly due to aquarium fish releases—shows an accelerating trend nowadays. Although non-native fish have appeared at 78.7% of the studied 767 sites during our recent countrywide survey, their distribution was uneven. Lowland streams, lowland rivers, and the River Danube were the most affected by non-native fish, particularly the gibel carp, topmouth gudgeon and pumpkinseed escaped from fish/angling ponds, and the recent invasion of Ponto-Caspian gobies. Our results indicated that in order to reduce the effects and intensity of further invasions, more rigorous control of aquarium trade, angling pond stockings, and inter-watershed fish transports are necessary.

Shallow bedrock limits groundwater seepage-based headwater climate refugia

Groundwater/surface-water exchanges in streams are inexorably linked to adjacent aquifer dynamics. As surface-water temperatures continue to increase with climate warming, refugia created by groundwater connectivity is expected to enable cold water fish species to survive. The shallow alluvial aquifers that source groundwater seepage to headwater streams, however, may also be sensitive to seasonal and long-term air temperature dynamics. Depth to bedrock can directly influence shallow aquifer flow and thermal sensitivity, but is typically ill-defined along the stream corridor in steep mountain catchments. We employ rapid, cost-effective passive seismic measurements to evaluate the variable thickness of the shallow colluvial and alluvial aquifer sediments along a headwater stream supporting cold water-dependent brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in Shenandoah National Park, VA, USA. Using a mean depth to bedrock of 2.6m, numerical models predicted strong sensitivity of shallow aquifer temperature to the downward propagation of surface heat. The annual temperature dynamics (annual signal amplitude attenuation and phase shift) of potential seepage sourced from the shallow modeled aquifer were compared to several years of paired observed stream and air temperature records. Annual stream water temperature patterns were found to lag local air temperature by ∼8–19 d along the stream corridor, indicating that thermal exchange between the stream and shallow groundwater is spatially variable. Locations with greater annual signal phase lag were also associated with locally increased amplitude attenuation, further suggestion of year-round buffering of channel water temperature by groundwater seepage. Numerical models of shallow groundwater temperature that incorporate regional expected climate warming trends indicate that the summer cooling capacity of this groundwater seepage will be reduced over time, and lower-elevation stream sections may no longer serve as larger-scale climate refugia for cold water fish species, even with strong groundwater discharge.

Amino acid and proximate composition of fish bone gelatin from different warm-water species: A comparative study

Research on fish bone gelatin has been increased in the last decade. The quality of gelatin depends on its physicochemical properties. Fish bone gelatin from warm-water fishes has a superior amino acid composition than cold-water fishes. The composition of amino acid can determine the strength and stability of gelatin. Thus, it is important to analyze the composition of amino acid as well as proximate composition for potential gelatin material. The warm water fish species used in this study were Grass carp, Pangasius catfish, Catfish, Lizard fish, Tiger-toothed croaker, Pink perch, Red snapper, Brown spotted grouper, and King weakfish. There werre five dominant amino acid in fish bone gelatin including glycine (21.2-36.7%), proline (8.7-11.7%), hydroxyproline (5.3-9.6%), alanine (8.48-12.9%), and glutamic acid (7.23-10.15%). Different warm-water species has some differences in amino acid composition. The proximate composition showed that fishbone gelatin from Pangasius catfish has the highest protein content. The water composition of all fishbone gelatin was well suited to the standard. Meanwhile, based on ash content, only gelatin from gelatin Pangasius catfish met the standard for food industries.

Morphometric relationships for four Scombridae fish species in Australian waters

Morphometric relationships (length–weight and fork length–total length) were estimated for four scombrid species (Thunnus tonggol, Euthynnus affinis, Cybiosarda elegans, and Rastrelliger kanagurta) that are of growing importance to fisheries, but are also important predators representing different trophic levels in the neritic regime of Australian waters. The sample of 1,137 fish representing a broad size range for each species produced highly significant model fits (r2 > .95) that provide researchers with reliable information for future biological studies, stock assessment, and ecosystem models.

Evaluation of the efficacy of a commercial feed additive against the adverse effects of feed-borne deoxynivalenol (DON) on the performance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Rainbow trout are highly sensitive to industrially-relevant levels of the feed-borne Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON), a common contaminant of plant feedstuffs. Feed additives (yeasts, bacteria, enzymes, etc.) are frequently employed as the primary strategy for counteracting the negative effects of mycotoxins on animal performance. However, their application in aquaculture feeds is still largely speculative. A 12-week growth trial with rainbow trout (initial average body weight=1.8g/fish) was carried out to assess the efficacy of a commercially available feed additive purportedly effective for preventing the adverse effects of DON. Fish were reared at 16.4°C and fed a total of eight diets containing graded levels of DON (0.3, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0ppm) from naturally contaminated corn with or without the commercial feed additive (CFA). Highly significant linear decreases in weight gain (P<0.0001), feed intake (P<0.0001) and thermal-unit growth coefficient (TGC, P<0.0001) were associated with increasing levels of DON in fish fed the diets with or without the CFA. Similarly, regardless of CFA inclusion, rainbow trout fed the experimental diets experienced significant decreases in whole body crude protein (CP, P<0.01), lipid (P≤0.05), ash (P<0.05) and gross energy (GE, P<0.01) content and a significant increase in whole body water content (P<0.05). Significant linear or quadratic decreases in retained nitrogen (RN; P<0.0001), recovered energy (RE, P<0.0001), nitrogen retention efficiency (NRE; P<0.05) and energy retention efficiency (ERE, P<0.05) were also observed in response to increasing levels of DON in rainbow trout fed the diets with or without the CFA. There was no significant interaction between DON and CFA (DON×CFA, P>0.05) for any of the aforementioned parameters indicating that inclusion of the CFA in the diets at the recommended dosage did not alleviate the adverse effects of DON on growth performance and nutrient utilization of rainbow trout. The feed additive used here was developed through extensive research and development with homeotherms; therefore, use in feeds for cold water fish species may be outside the scope of its effectiveness. Additional work is essential to systematically develop novel approaches for mycotoxin mitigation in highly sensitive farmed fish species.

First record of Acanthurus monroviae (Osteichthyes: Perciformes: Acanthuridae) in southern Portugal, with notes on its recent distributional spread in the northeastern Atlantic and Mediterranean

The present study reports the first record of the Monrovia doctorfish, Acanthurus monroviae (Steindachner, 1876) in the Algarve coast (southern Portugal). A female (257 mm TL) was caught 21 April 2016 off the beach of Olhos d’Agua by a small-scale fishing boat operating bottom-set gill nets at approximately 15 m depth. Morphometric and meristic parameters of the specimen are reported and compared with previous records of A. monroviae. This is the second occurrence of this tropical fish species in Portuguese waters and the second northernmost capture ever reported for the northeastern Atlantic. The present record is an additional example of tropicalisation of the ichthyofauna in temperate waters by a thermophilic tropical species. Indeed, although not established in the study area, A. monroviae found a suitable seawater temperature regime in southern Portugal and further expanded its distributional range along the Iberian coasts. For biogeographic purposes, all reported occurrences of this species in the northeastern Atlantic and Mediterranean (including very recent records and sightings) are compiled and mapped.

Review of heavy metal accumulation on aquatic environment in Northern East Mediterrenean Sea part I: some essential metals.

All pollutants can reach the aquatic environments and the levels of heavy metals in upper members of the food web like fish can reach values many times higher than those found in aquatic environment or in sediments. Although heavy metals are essential or non-essential, all heavy metals are potentially harmful to humans and most organisms at some level of exposure and absorption. Marine organisms are good indicators for long-term monitoring of metal accumulation. The present review study is for evaluation of the data from previous studies about the toxic effects of selected heavy metals, like essential metals (copper, zinc, iron, chromium, and manganese), on seawater, sediment, and in different tissues of aquatic animals (demersal and bentic fish, invertabres) collected from different areas in Northern East Mediterrenean Sea since the 1990s. Some concern arose from previous studies, particularly in terms of safety for human consumption. For this purpose, 86 articles and 4 theses were examined and information was collected on the table to open a forward-looking view of the pollution of studied area. In previous studies, the variations in feeding habits, habitats, and the level of copper found in edible muscles of the demersal fish species (deep water fish species, carnivore) such as Mullus barbatus barbatus, Solea lascaris, Sparus aurata were always higher than those found in pelagic (omnivore) Mugil cephalus, Liza aurata. Results show discrepancies caused by many factors; thus, more work must be done carefully.

Nutritional and Fatty Acids Profile Analyses of Commonly Consumed Fresh Water Fish Species in Pakistan

The aim of this study is to evaluate nutritional value of selected commonly consumed fresh water fish species of Pakistan. Proximate composition and fatty acids profile of mostly consumed fresh water fish species of Pakistan namely Balm or Baam (Anguilla anguilla), Sole (Channa marulius), Damra (Labeo rohita) and Malhi (Wallago atto) were analysed. Proximate composition data showed a significant difference (p<0.05) among the nutritional components except carbohydrate and gross energy contents. Protein and moisture contents found plenteous in the Baam (Anguilla anguilla) whereas ash and fat contents in Malhi (Wallagoatto) are found copious. Saturated Fatty Acids (SFAs) and Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFAs) found to be principal Fatty Acids (FAs) with their ranges from (48.43 to 65.76%) and (25.72 to 31.37%) respectively. In SFAs and MUFAs, palmitic acid (32.4 to 47.71%) and oleic acid (10.97 to 21.26%) were identified as major FAs respectively in all species. The existence of short and medium chain SFAs is advantageous for designation of these fish species as alterative diet as these above mentioned FAs not only involved in metabolic regulation but also helpful to remove the metabolic disparities related to Coronary Heart Diseases (CHD), brain seizure, Alzheimer disease, glucose homeostasis, appetite and gastric acid secretion. Among the PUFAs, Omega-6 PUFAs are found to be more abundant than Omega-3 with Linoleic acid (LA, C18:2?6) as predominant PUFA in A. anguilla (9.137%) and L. rohita (9.128%) and γ-linolenic acid (GLA, C18:3?6) and cis-8, 11, 14 Eicosatrienoic (hGLA, C20:3 ?6) as most prevailing PUFAs in C. marulius (2.3%) and W. atto (1.61%) respectively. These species found to be a substantial source of Omega-6 PUFAs with ?3/?6 ratio less than 1. The overall all summation of Eicosapentaenoic (EPA, C20:5 ?3) acid and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 ?3) ranged from 0.38% in C. marulius to 1.93% in L. rohita.

Identification and characterisation of microsatellite markers in narrow barred Spanish mackerel Scomberomorous commerson (Lacepede, 1800)

Narrow barred Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus commerson (Lacepede 1800) is one of the commercially important fish in Indian waters. For sustainable management of the species, it is necessary to understand the genetic stock structure of the species. Accurate delineation of genetic stock structure can be achieved using nuclear microsatellite markers. A study was carried out to identify and validate polymorphic microsatellite markers in S. commerson using information available from closely related fish species. The study could identify 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci which can be effectively utilised for identifying genetic stock structure of the species. Validation of the identified loci was also done by testing the loci in natural populations of the species. The findings of the present study will be useful in devising stock-specific management measures for conservation and sustainable utilisation of this commercially important fish species in Indian waters.

월성원자력발전소 취수구 및 배수구에서 삼중자망으로 채집된 어류의 종조성 비교

We investigated fish species composition seasonally at the intake and discharge of Weolseong Nuclear Power Plant (WS-NPP) from February to November 2008 using a trammel net. At the intake, 121 individuals belonging to 28 spe -cies were collected, and 157 fish from 34 species were sampled at the WS-NPP discharge. Dominant species at the intake were Chelidonichthys spinosus (17.2%), Scomber japonicus (11.5%) and Ditrema temminckii (8.2%) at the in- take, while Sillago japonica (18.5%), Chelidonichthys spinosus (13.4%) and Konosirus punctatus (8.3%) dominated at the discharge. The species count and diversity index at the discharge were highest during winter, whereas those at the intake were highest during spring, perhaps due to warm seawater at the discharge site. This study is the first to reveal an effect of effluent water on the aggregation of warm water fish species during winter.

Response of three cyprinid fish species to the Scavenger Deterrent Factor produced by the mutualistic bacteria associated with entomopathogenic nematodes

The symbiotic bacteria, Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus associated with entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in the genera Heterorhabditis and Steinernema, respectively, produce a compound(s) called the Scavenging Deterrent Factor (SDF). SDF deters a number of terrestrial insect scavengers and predators and one bird species from feeding on host insects killed by the nematode-bacterium complex but has not been tested against aquatic vertebrates. Moreover, the Heterorhabditis-Photorhabdus association is believed to have evolved in an aquatic environment. Accordingly, we hypothesized that SDF will deter fish from feeding on nematode-killed insects and tested the responses of three omnivorous fresh water fish species, Devario aequipinnatus, Alburnoides bipunctatus, and Squalius pursakensis, to SDF in the laboratory. When the fish were exposed to Galleria mellonella larvae killed by the Heterorhabditis- or Steinernema-bacterium complex at 2 or 4days post-infection, all three fish species made several attempts to consume the cadavers but subsequently rejected them. However, all fish species consumed freeze-killed control larvae. In a choice test, when D. aequipinnatus or A. bipunctatus were offered a pair of nematode-killed larvae, both fish species rejected these cadavers; when offered a nematode-killed larva and a freeze-killed larva, both fish species consumed the freeze-killed larva but not the nematode-killed one. In further tests with D. aequipinnatus, there was no significant difference in the number of 2-day-old Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki-killed (Btk) larvae consumed compared to freeze-killed larvae, but significantly fewer 4-day-old Btk-killed larvae were consumed compared to freeze-killed larvae. When D. aequipinnatus was fed G. mellonella larvae killed by the symbiotic bacteria, the fish rejected the cadavers. When given freeze-killed or nematode-killed mosquito (Aedes aegypti) larvae, the fish consumed significantly more of the former larvae (99%) compared to the latter (55%). When D. aequipinnatus was placed in a symbiotic cell-free supernatant for 18h, a significant reduction in consumption of freeze-killed larvae compared to cell-free Btk or control broth supernatant was observed. We showed that SDF protects the nematode-killed insects from being consumed by omnivorous fishes and suggests that they will have minimal effects on recycling of EPNs in the aquatic environment.

Diel shifts in the structure and function of nearshore estuarine fish communities.

Day-night shifts in the nearshore fish fauna of a temperate microtidal estuary were assessed using a holistic suite of structural and functional community attributes. Mean fish species richness and diversity (taxonomic distinctness) were higher at night across all regions of the estuary and seasons, concurring with the findings of numerous comparable studies reviewed worldwide, while the diel period in which mean abundance was higher varied among seasons. Likewise, species and functional guild compositions (the latter based on feeding modes and habitat use) both differed significantly between day and night, with the extent of the diel shift again varying seasonally. Daytime fish communities were characterized by higher abundances of Atherinidae, Sillaginidae and Mugilidae, while Gobiidae were far more abundant at night. Marked shifts in size composition were also evident, with smaller fishes (<100 mm total length, LT ) being more prevalent during the day and larger fishes (≥200 mm LT ) proportionally more abundant at night. The above diel shifts were feasibly related to a range of predator-prey interactions and feeding-related movements, namely a nocturnal decrease in top-order avian piscivory coupled with an increase in invertebrate prey availability, resulting in changes in the presence and catchability of certain fish species in shallow estuarine waters.

A data-mining framework for exploring the multi-relation between fish species and water quality through self-organizing map.

The steep slopes of rivers can easily lead to large variations in river water quality during typhoon seasons in Taiwan, which may poses significant impacts on riverine eco-hydrological environments. This study aims to investigate the relationship between fish communities and water quality by using artificial neural networks (ANNs) for comprehending the upstream eco-hydrological system in northern Taiwan. We collected a total of 276 heterogeneous datasets with 8 water quality parameters and 25 fish species from 10 sampling sites. The self-organizing feature map (SOM) was used to cluster, analyze and visualize the heterogeneous datasets. Furthermore, the structuring index (SI) was adopted to determine the relative importance of each input variable of the SOM and identify the indicator factors. The clustering results showed that the SOM could suitably reflect the spatial characteristics of fishery sampling sites. Besides, the patterns of water quality parameters and fish species could be distinguishably (visually) classified into three eco-water quality groups: 1) typical upstream freshwater fishes that depended the most on dissolved oxygen (DO); 2) typical middle-lower reach riverine freshwater fishes that depended the most on total phosphorus (TP) and ammonia nitrogen; and 3) low lands or pond (reservoirs) freshwater fishes that depended the most on water temperature, suspended solids and chemical oxygen demand. According to the results of the SI, the representative indicators of water quality parameters and fish species consisted of DO, TP and Onychostoma barbatulum. This grouping result suggested that the methodology can be used as a guiding reference to comprehensively relate ecology to water quality. Our methods offer a cost-effective alternative to more traditional methods for identifying key water quality factors relating to fish species. In addition, visualizing the constructed topological maps of the SOM could produce detailed inter-relation between water quality and the fish species of stream habitat units.

The effect of artisanal processing methods on lysine content in selected fish species from different lakes in Uganda

Lysine is one of the essential amino acids required in the human diet. However, it is easily lost when fish is subjected to different processing methods which may compromise the human dietary requirements. We determined changes in lysine content of four fresh water fish species, namely Bagrus docmak, Rastrineobola argentea, Brycinus nurse and Distichodus niloticus. The fish were obtained from lakes Victoria, Kyoga, Edward and Albert in Uganda. Lysine was determined before (baseline) and after processing the four fish species using artisanal methods, namely sun-drying, salting, smoking and deep-frying. The baseline lysine content varied significantly among fish species (6.1–17.6%). Lysine content of B. docmak from L. Victoria and Rastrineobola argentea from L. Kyoga reduced significantly by 43.2 and 55%, respectively, when deep-fried. Smoking also significantly reduced lysine content in R. argentea by 50%. Distichodus niloticus occurs in only L. Albert, and its lysine content decreased with processing method by 49.5% in deep-fried and 7.3% in sun-dried. Processing method did not significantly change lysine content of Brycinus nurse. Generally, the nutritional quality with regard to lysine content of four fish species was not significantly affected by three artisanal processing methods: drying, salting and smoking. However, deep-frying significantly reduced lysine content in three species which has a bearing on public health. In this regard, awareness creation among processors and consumers about deep-fried fish products would alleviate the nutritional insecurity attributed to deep-frying. In addition, modification of the existing artisanal processing methods is necessary to avert a possible predisposition to lysine deficiency.

KESERAGAMAN JENIS–JENIS IKAN PADA KOMUNITAS MANGROVE DESA WAAI KECAMATAN SALAHUTU KABUPATEN MALUKU TENGAH

Background: Fish are the basic organisms of waters living on the surface of the water or at the bottom of the water. Fish is one of the important resources that can provide benefits for recreation, economic value and science for the community. The beach is located in Waai Village is faced with Haruku Island and West Seram Island. Waai beach area found mangrove community. Method: The study was conducted approximately 1 month. Starting from January 27, 2016 to February 27, 2016.Tipe research used is descriptive where only see uniformity and diversity of species of fish in the coastal waters of Waai Village by using the existing formula. Result: The research results showed that fish species in coastal waters of Waai Village found 16 species with uniformity index which is moderate is 1.642 and diversity is 2,154. Conclusion: The index of diversity and uniformity of fish species in coastal mangrove community of Mangai State belong to medium category, with index of diversity 2,514 and uniformity value 1.642 this is influenced by environmental condition.

Rapid review on the use of new age induced breeding agent ‘LHRHa’ in Indian finfish seed production sector

A focused review on the use of LHRHa in induced breeding of fishes in India was made. Use of LHRHa is mainly restricted to high value brackish water and marine fish species whose market value generally exceeds INR 300-400/kg (USD 4.5-6/kg). Published information on use of LHRHa in induced breeding of fishes in India could document only twelve species out of which nine were brackishwater or marine fish. Besides length and weight, the egg diameter of female fishes (&gt;0.45–0.7 mm) is an important criterion for treating the fishes with LHRHa. LHRHa is either used alone or in combination with HCG (most popular), PGE, 17α-MT and Pimozide. Dosage of 20-70 µg/kg body weight for females and 10-40 µg/kg body weight for males with a latency period of 24-36 hours is most common in India. Experiments with LHRHa are being carried out mainly by ICAR-CIBA, Chennai (dominant) and ICAR-CMFRI, Kochi. Standardization and optimization of LHRHa dosage has been attained in Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer), Cobia (Rachycentron canadum), Grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) and Spotted scat (Scatophagus argus) while in Grouper (Epinephelus tauvina), Moonfish (Monodactylus argenteus), Milk fish (Chanos chanos), Crescent Bass (Terapon jarbua) and Silver Pompano (Trachinotus blochii), it is under progress.