Fish Skin Research Articles

Consensus Recommendations for Optimizing the Use of Intact Fish Skin Graft in the Management of Acute and Chronic Lower Extremity Wounds

Background. Since 2017, the clinical use of IFSG has increased substantially in the United States, with some use in Europe and Asia as well. However, scant consensus data have been published on such use. Objective. The authors sought to develop consensus recommendations for the clinical use of IFSG in the management of acute and chronic LEWs. Methods. A panel of 8 expert clinicians in the United States used a 2-cycle NFG process to develop consensus statements based on their own clinical practice and the literature. At their initial meeting in October 2021, panel members discussed the management of DFUs, VLUs, atypical LEWs, and traumatic LEWs in their practices. Consensus statements were drafted, voted on, and rated by relative importance. At the second meeting in October 2022, the panel discussed the initial survey results; a second survey was conducted, and panel members revised the recommendations and indicated the relative importance of each in the final report. A systematic literature review of English-language articles published from January 2016 through November 2022 was conducted as well, using the search terms: “fish skin,” “piscine graft,” “fish tissue,” “intact fish skin graft,” “Cod skin,” “Omega 3 fatty acid graft.” Results. Forty-three statements were generated and grouped into 5 sections comprising general recommendations for LEWs and recommendations specific to DFUs, VLUs, atypical LEWs, and traumatic LEWs. The primary general recommendation is the need to determine wound etiology based on clinical evaluation and reviewing related test results. For DFUs and VLUs, the main recommendations are to adhere to first-line therapy (ie, standard of care, follow conventional guidelines [multilayer compression therapy], offloading, and assessment of wound perfusion) before introducing IFSG. Conclusions. Publications on and clinical experience in the use of IFSGs have increased substantially in the past several years. The 43 consensus recommendations are meant to guide physicians in the optimal use of IFSG in the management of acute and chronic LEWs.

Brief Synopsis of Insusceptible System and Insusceptible Retorts of Fish

Fish are free-living organic entities from the undeveloped phase of life in their oceanic climate. They have systems to shield themselves from a wide assortment of microorganisms. The point of this course paper is an attempt, to sum up near fish immunology. The immune arrangement of fish is basically the same as vertebrates, despite the fact that there are a few significant contrasts. Lymphoid organs in warm-blooded creatures are additionally found in fish, aside from lymphatic knobs and bone marrow. The season of appearance of lymph myeloid organs in a few types of fish is unique. In fish, the intrinsic reaction is considered a fundamental part of battling microbes. The mucosal surface of the skin, gill and digestive tract are the primary obstruction between the fish and encompassed Environment. Bodily fluid is significant obstruction of fish since it has antimicrobial movement. Fish skin is not the same as that of warm-blooded creatures, since it secretes bodily fluid which is engaged with safe capacities. Lysozyme is exceptionally powerful against gram-positive microorganisms than gram-negative. The fish supplement framework takes into account a more extensive acknowledgment of unfamiliar surfaces when contrasted with that of vertebrates. The advancement of immunological memory is regularly inspected by implication by checking the auxiliary reaction. Memory reaction in fish is feeble in contrast with well-evolved creatures. There are many variables that influence fish immune reaction, the essential one is temperature. Immunomodulatory items, including nucleotides, glucans, and probiotics, are progressively utilized in hydroponics creation. The utilization of these items decreases the requirement for restorative medicines, upgrades the impacts of antibodies, and, thusly, works on the signs of creation.

Fluorescence for non-contact detection of living salmon lice on salmon skin

This work presents a promising method for automatic, non-contact, detection and counting of salmon lice infested on salmon in an aquacultural farm setting. The method uses fluorescence from chitin in the visual part of spectrum to enhance the contrast between fish skin and salmon lice, and show that the fluorescence is even strong enough to give a real-time view of the digestive and reproduction system in live lice without use of staining dyes. The wavelengths used are compatible with an underwater measurement system.

Carotenoid pigment content and skin microscopic appearance of cultured Ajamaru Rainbowfish (Melanotaenia ajamaruensis)

The color of Ajamaru Rainbowfish (Melanotaenia ajamaruensis), which is adapted to the tank culture tends to decrease in brightness and become dull. It is necessary to improve the quality of color, especially through the diet. This study was conducted to determine the effect of the supplementation of carotenoid on the diet on the amount of carotenoid pigments and the microscopic appearance of the skin, fins, and scales of the Ajamaru rainbowfish. The research used a factorial design, consisting of two factors and three replications. The Factors were three different diets (carotenoid-free diet, astaxanthin, and lutein diet) as factor 1, and gender (male and female) as factor 2. The observed data were carotenoid content in fins, skin, and flesh; the microscopic appearance of fins and scales was measured at the end of the study. The results showed that the supplementation of astaxanthin and lutein to the feed increased the content of carotenoid pigments in the fins and scales of the Ajamaru rainbowfish; the highest values in the fins and skin of the male fish were 202.90 and 8.53 ppm, respectively. The effect of astaxanthin and lutein supplementation on color can be observed microscopically in the tissue of scales and fins.

Morphological and molecular characterisation of Tristoma integrum Diesing, 1850 (Monogenea, Capsalidae), including its complete mitogenome

Capsalids are monopisthocotylean monogenean parasites found on the skin and gills of fish. Capsalines (subfamily Capsalinae) are large-sized capsalids, parasitic on highly prized gamefish, and species of Tristoma parasitise only the gills of swordfish (Xiphias gladius). We obtained specimens of Tristoma integrum Diesing, 1850 from swordfish collected off Algeria in the Mediterranean Sea. Here, we describe the specimens, including the key systematics characters of dorsolateral body sclerites. One specimen was used for a next generation sequencing analysis but a part of it, including the sclerites, was mounted on a permanent slide, drawn, and deposited in a curated collection. We characterised the complete mitogenome, the ribosomal cluster (including 18S and 28S) and additional genes such as Elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1α) and Histone 3. We also retrieved molecular information from the host tissue present in the gut of the monogenean and provide the sequence of the complete rRNA cluster of the host, X. gladius. The mitogenome of T. integrum is 13968 bp in length and codes for 12 protein, 2 rRNA and 22 tRNA. Phylogenies of capsalids were generated from 28S sequences and concatenated mitochondrial protein-coding genes, respectively. In the 28S phylogeny, most subfamilies based on morphology were not found to be monophyletic, but the Capsalinae were monophyletic. In both phylogenies, the closest member to Tristoma spp. was a member of the Capsaloides. In an Appendix, we report the complex nomenclatural history of Tristoma Cuvier, 1817 and its species.

Comparative studies on the histological structure of skin in fresh and brackish water fish

Comparative studies on the histological structure of skin in fresh and brackish water fish

Fish scales : Waste processing as a potential source of bioactive compounds

The rise of fish processing over the years has led to an upsurge of by-products like fish scales, bones and skin which are often considered as trash and discarded. Study on two most common carp fish in Indian freshwater, Catla catla and Labeo rohita revealed some valuable by- products from nonedible fish scales such as type I collagen, gelatin, hydroxyapatite, chitin and chitosan. The remarkable antioxidant effects of fish gelatin isolated from fish scale is of great pharmaceutical importance in addition to type I collagen which is utilized for implants to culture skin cells or as drug carrier for restoration of skin. Collagen has haemostatic characteristic and facilitate blood coagulation as well as tissue repair. A natural biocompatible component of fish scale that coexists with collagen protein is hydroxyapatite. Hydroxyapatite is also used in controlled drug release by pharmaceutical industry and hip replacement surgery. Currently chitosan obtained from chitin present in fish by-product is gaining popularity as a potential drug candidate and gene carrier for anticancer chemotherapy. Taken altogether, our study highlights the importance and method of extraction of different by-products of Indian fresh water fishes in health science.

Skin as an interface: Understanding the synergy of dermatology, biomimetics and tribology

This review explores the intersection of tribology and dermatology, explicitly focusing on studying the human skin and drawing inspiration from natural systems. It investigates animal adaptations and their implications for biotribological applications, with examples such as the friction anisotropy and wear tolerance of snakeskin, the healing properties of fish skin and the lotus effect for reducing adhesion in biomedical devices. Understanding human skin presents challenges due to its complex structure and variability influenced by age, gender, race and environment. The paper discusses in vivo and ex vivo measurements, substitute models replicating human skin properties and contact mechanics considerations. It explores contact models, measurement methods and factors impacting skin friction, emphasising the interplay between adhesion and deformation components. Techniques such as atomic force microscopy and the colloidal probe technique provide insights into mechanical properties and molecular interactions. By comprehending the complexities of human skin and its tribological behaviour, researchers can develop innovative solutions in areas ranging from soft robotics to medical research and aerospace technology.

Final Efficacy and Cost Analysis of a Fish Skin Graft vs Standard of Care in the Management of Chronic Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Prospective, Multicenter, Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Introduction. DFUs remain a cause of significant morbidity. Objective. This is the third of 3 planned articles reporting on a prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled trial evaluating the use of omega-3–rich acellular FSG compared with CAT in the management of DFUs. Materials and Methods. A total of 102 patients with a DFU (n = 51 FSG, n = 51 CAT) participated in the trial as ITT candidates, with 77 of those patients included in the PP analysis (n = 43 FSG, n = 34 CAT). Six months after treatment, patients with healed ulcers were followed up for ulcer recurrence. A cost analysis model was applied in both treatment groups. Results. The proportion of closed wounds at 12 weeks was compared, as were the secondary outcomes of healing rate and mean PAR. Diabetic foot wounds treated with FSG were significantly more likely to achieve closure than those managed with CAT (ITT: 56.9% vs 31.4%; P =.0163). The mean PAR at 12 weeks was 86.3% for FSG vs 64.0% for CAT (P =.0282). Conclusions. Treatment of DFUs with FSG resulted in significantly more wounds healed and an annualized cost savings of $2818 compared with CAT.

Extraction, purification and characterization of collagen peptide prepared from skin hydrolysate of sturgeon fish

Abstract Collagen peptides from marine organisms have drawn great attention in food, cosmetics and medicine owing to their multiple functions including antioxidant, anticancer, cardioprotection, skin protection, and wound healing effects. Recent reports have revealed that a large amount of solid waste is discarded from fisheries that could be used for producing high value-added products. This study aims to extract and purify collagens and peptides from sturgeon fish skin, a by-product obtained during the processing of sturgeon fish. A high yield of acid-soluble collagen was obtained by using acetic acid for extraction followed by sonication, while a high yield of pepsin-soluble collagen (PSC) was shown by acetic acid and sonication followed by adding acetic acid and pepsin to the residue for extraction and then sonication. Two-stage hydrolysis with pepsin first followed by flavourzyme was necessary to produce high yield of PSC peptide. Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis revealed the presence of type I collagen and the structural integrity was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. Flavourzyme was more effective in hydrolyzing PSC into peptides with low molecular weight (MW) than pepsin, papain, alcalase, and trypsin. Purification of PSC hydrolysate with a Sephadex G-10 column to exclude peptide with MW>700 Da or ultrafiltration with a dialysis membrane with MW cutoff of 500 Da produced PSC peptides with MW<700 Da and MW<728 Da accounting, respectively, accounting for 40% or 52% of all the fragments based on low resolution-matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (LR-MALDI-MS). In conclusion, with sturgeon fish skin as raw material and flavourzyme level of 5%, the highest degree of hydrolysis and yield of PSC peptides with low MW was obtained by controlling the pH at 8, temperature at 50 °C, ratio of PSC to deionized water at 1:40 (mass concentration), hydrolysis time at 4 h, and ultrafiltration with dialyzing membrane MW cutoff of 500 Da.

Environmental DNA captured on the fish skin mucus – a potential bias to molecular diet analyses

Molecular diet analyses from faeces appear to be an ideal alternative to traditional feeding ecology studies. Nevertheless, this method can carry a risk of contamination from the environment or from body surface of the fish itself. To tackle the contamination problem, an experiment was performed with the main aim to identify whether foreign DNA is present or absent on the fish skin mucus, and if so, the second aim was to find out if this environmental DNA (eDNA) can be removed by repeated wiping of the skin mucus. Specimens of fish were exposed to eDNA and then their fish skin mucus was wiped with two consecutive smears (using a forensic swab) that were subjected to molecular analysis. The results demonstrate that eDNA from other organisms can be captured and persist on the fish skin mucus, posing a potential risk of contamination of faeces samples. Repeated wiping of mucus reduces or eliminates foreign DNA. This study provides new insights that can contribute to the development of the molecular methods, reducing the bias and increasing the accuracy of the diet spectrum analyses.

Pelatihan Pembuatan Keripik dari Limbah Kulit Ikan Tuna kepada Kelompok Perempuan Binaan Lembaga Natural Aceh

PT. Sure Pacific Tuna and PT. Aceh Lampulo Jaya Bahari are 2 frozen tuna fish processing companies that produce fish skin waste, and have not been utilized economically. The majority of people work as fishermen and some groups of women work to process oysters into crackers. Utilization of tuna skin waste will provide many good impacts for the community because besides that it can also increase income for the company, besides that it can add entrepreneurial insight for participants and provide additional income for families. The targets of this activity are housewives, fishermen who generally also work as oyster seekers who also process oysters into crackers so that they have no difficulty understanding the process of making crackers. The results of this activity are very satisfactory because the participants of the activity can understand the process of processing tuna skin to be chips and able to process chips independently.

Ointment Formulation from Collagen Extract of Tilapia Fish Skin (Oreochromis niloticus) for Healing Burns in Mus musculus

Introduction: Burns are injuries that caused by contact with a heat source. The natural alternative burn treatment can use hydrolyzed collagen derived from aquatic ecosystems, one of them is fish. Objectives: The aim of this research was to find the optimum formulation of tilapia fish collagen extract ointment. Methods: Fish skin that has been separated was prepared using the solution of NaOH 0,1 N and Butyl Alcohol 10%.Then the fish skin was extracted using a 0.5 M acetic acid solution and precipitated with a 0.9 M NaCl solution. Then, dialysis was performed using a plastic membrane (14 KDa) in a 0.1 M acetic acid solution and distilled water to obtain a wet collagen extract which was then in the FreezeDryer to reduce the water content. Results: The collagen extract obtained was used for ointment formulations with different concentrations of collagen extract, that is 5%, 10%, and 15% and 2 additional miana plant extracts were used with collagen extract 5+5% and 10+10%. The results of the formulation were tested on burns with a diameter of 0.715 cm in mice. Conclusion: From the results of the effectiveness test, the formulation with 15% collagen extract showed effective results. Indicated by the rate of wound healing in mice observations

Penyuluhan Pencemaran Lingkungan dan Makanan Sehat dari Ikan di Desa Rantau Baru Kecamatan Pangkalan Kerinci Kabupaten Pelalawan Provinsi Riau

The Extension Activities were done in Rantau Baru Village, Pangkalan Kerinci District, Pelalawan Regency, and was carried out on Thurs and public awareness day 8 September 2022. This community extention aimed providing information to the public about environmental conservation and healthy food of fish. The extension team provided explanations and descriptions of: a) the importance of protecting the environment, b) types of environmental pollution, c) plastic waste and its effects, d) environmental diseases, their causes and remedies. e). Healthy food from fish, so people don't get sick. Participants in this counseling were consists of local government, women group and young in Rantau Baru Village. The participants are representatives from each dusun with a total of 35 participants. The method used in carrying out this activity is to survey the field first, then conduct counseling in the form of interactive lectures and discussions, demonstration of theoretical material through a slide projector and followed by a demonstration of making healthy food from fish, including making fish skin crackers, dinsum fish and fish nuggets. The results of the evaluation of changes in knowledge made to 35 participants in community service activities. 4 people (11.4%) have been able to absorb the material given with very good predicates, 15 people (42.9%) can absorb the material given with good predicate, and 9 people (25.7%) can absorb the material with sufficient predicate and 7 people (20.0%) can absorb the material with less predicate. Based on these data, the community service activities carried out can be said to be successful and show that the impact on the participants is still mastery of science, according to the material provided at the time the service activities are carried out. While the impact on implementation in the field, there has been a process of disseminating knowledge to mothers by the PKK Team on how to make healthy food from fish, and it is hoped that in the future it will develop as a household business which ultimately improves the family economy. Meanwhile, community leaders and village youth work together to tackle waste (especially plastic waste) in Rantau Baru Village.

Fish vulnerability to capture by trapping is modulated by individual parasite density.

Commercial fishery harvest is a powerful evolutionary agent, but we know little about whether environmental stressors affect harvest-associated selection. We test how parasite infection relates to trapping vulnerability through selective processes underlying capture. We used fish naturally infected with parasites, including trematodes causing black spots under fish skin. We first assessed how individual parasite density related to standard metabolic rate (SMR), maximum metabolic rate (MMR) and absolute aerobic scope (AAS)-then used laboratory fishing simulations to test how capture vulnerability was related to parasite density. We further explored group-trapping dynamics using experimental shoals containing varying proportions of infected fish (groups of six with either 0, 2, 4 or 6 infected individuals). At the individual level, we found a positive relationship between parasite presence and SMR, but not MMR or AAS. While we saw no relationship between individual metabolic capacity and vulnerability to trapping, we found the length of time fish spent in traps increased with increasing parasite density, a predictor of trapping-related capture probability. At the group level, the number of infected individuals in a shoal did not affect overall group trapping vulnerability. Our results suggest that parasite infection has some capacity to shift individual vulnerability patterns in fisheries, and potentially influence the evolutionary outcomes of fisheries-induced evolution.

Comparative evaluation of different separation and concentration procedures on some quality and functional properties of fish gelatin

This study utilized different separation and concentration procedures to purify the gelatin extracted from carp skin. The quality and functional properties of the resulting gelatins were comparatively evaluated after these procedures. For this purpose, gelatin extracts from fish skin were treated with a separator for removal of lipids, passing through a resin for removal of ions and minerals, and finally concentrated via reverse osmosis. Analysis indicated that transparency of gelatin extract increased from 45.92 to 79.13 after the ion exchange step. After all processes, pH of gelatin extract increased from 3.56 to 6.44. Gel strength increased from 348 g to 362 g by centrifugal separation, to 390 g by ion exchange, and finally to 422 g by reverse osmosis while that of commercial gelatin was 300 g. SDS-PAGE and FTIR analyses showed that the β-configuration of gelatin was either retained by the membrane or disintegrated under pressure. Results suggested that fish gelatin was sufficiently purified by industrial standards and its quality was effectively improved by separation and concentration procedures used.

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the different tissues of Mackerel scad, Decapterus macarellus (Cuvier, 1833) collected from Karachi and Gwadar Coasts of Pakistan

IntroductionAmong other aquatic animals, fish can also accumulate a large number of toxic metals in their various body organs, which may enter in the human body and cause serious health issues. Therefore, the basic aim of this study was to observe the level of some heavy metals (i.e., Pb, Fe, Cu, Cd, Cr) found in the different tissues of Decapterus macarellus collected from the Karachi and Gwadar coasts of Pakistan. MethodsAbout 200 fish samples of five different size groups of Decapterus macarellus were collected from Gwadar and Karachi fish harbors during April to September 2020. Total 10 samples of each size group i.e., S1, S2, S3, S4 & S5 were collected from each coast. Heavy metals were analyzed in fish samples by using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). ResultsThe overall results revealed that some metals like Cu, Pb, Cd & Cr contents were high in the stomach, while less in the muscles. Whereas, the concentration of Fe was found to be high in the liver, while low in skin of fish. The average values of bioaccumulation of these heavy metals (BAF) were found in decreasing order of Cu > Cd > Fe > Cr > Pb. In this study, except Cd and Cr, all metals were found within the permissible limits. Both sediment and water from the selected site areas were also analyzed to observe their pollution levels in the order of; sediment > water > fish tissues. ConclusionThus, it was concluded that the Karachi environment was much more polluted than the Gwadar environment because it is in an industrial unit and a busy sea site for trade. Moreover, consuming muscles from this species is safe for human health except for iron toxicity, but the use of the liver is not beneficial for all selected metals. Thus, the present work will also be helpful to monitor these toxic metals in a food chain and maintain a healthy life, and reduce all kinds of health risks associated with them.

Identification, Screening, and Comprehensive Evaluation of Novel DPP-IV Inhibitory Peptides from the Tilapia Skin Gelatin Hydrolysate Produced Using Ginger Protease.

Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) is an effective therapy for treating type II diabetes (T2D) that has been widely applied in clinical practice. We aimed to evaluate the DPP-IV inhibitory properties of ginger protease hydrolysate (GPH) and propose a comprehensive approach to screen and evaluate DPP-IV inhibitors. We evaluated the in vitro inhibitory properties of fish skin gelatin hydrolysates produced by five proteases, namely, neutral protease, alkaline protease, bromelain, papain, and ginger protease, toward DPP-IV. We screened the most potent DPP-IV inhibitory peptide (DIP) using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) coupled with in silico analysis. Next, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology was innovatively introduced to explore the interactions between DPP-IV and DIP, as well as the IC50. Furthermore, we performed oral administration of DIP in rats to study its in vivo absorption. GPH displayed the highest degree of hydrolysis (20.37%) and DPP-IV inhibitory activity (65.18%). A total of 292 peptides from the GPH were identified using LC-MS/MS combined with de novo sequencing. Gly-Pro-Hyp-Gly-Pro-Pro-Gly-Pro-Gly-Pro (GPXGPPGPGP) was identified as the most potent DPP-IV inhibitory peptide after in silico screening (Peptide Ranker and molecular docking). Then, the in vitro study revealed that GPXGPPGPGP had a high inhibitory effect on DPP-IV (IC50: 1012.3 ± 23.3 μM) and exhibited fast kinetics with rapid binding and dissociation with DPP-IV. In vivo analysis indicated that GPXGPPGPGP was not absorbed intact but partially, in the form of dipeptides and tripeptides. Overall, the results suggested that GPH would be a natural functional food for treating T2D and provided new ideas for searching and evaluating potential antidiabetic compounds. The obtained GPXGPPGPGP can be structurally optimized for in-depth evaluation in animal and cellular experiments.

Photoreactive Hydrogels Based on Type I Collagen Extracted from Different Sources as Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications: A Comparative Study

Collagen-based hydrogels are promising constructs used frequently as scaffolds in various tissue engineering applications. The source of collagen extraction can influence the physiochemical properties, mechanical strength, as well as cellular behaviour of the tissue-engineered hydrogels. In the present study, type I collagen was isolated from three different animal sources, namely bovine Achilles tendon, bighead carp fish skin, and rat tail tendons. After characterizing the extracted collagens, their structures were modified via covalent functionalization of the free amines with methacrylate groups. Methacrylated collagens were combined with PEG-diacrylate to act as three-dimensional photocrosslinked scaffolds for culturing human corneal stromal cells. Physicochemical properties, mechanical strength, morphological features, and cellular behaviour were different depending on the collagen sources. Human corneal stromal cells more easily penetrated within hydrogels containing rat tail type I collagen, which also had greater pore sizes and porosity. However, the expressions of type I collagen and lumican were observed to be a greater extent in fish skin collagen-based hydrogels. Such observations highlight the significant effect of collagen extraction source on cellular behaviour and the importance of having a proper selection in accordance with the application of the tissue-engineered scaffold.

Prevalence and Intensity of Anchor Worm (Lernaea cyprinacea L.) Ectoparasite in Koi Fish (Cyprinus carpio L.) at Bantul Koi Farm D.I. Yogyakarta

One obstacle in the cultivation of Koi fish (Cyprinus carpio L.) in Bantul Koi Farm D.I. Yogyakarta is a disease caused by parasites of anchor worms (Lernaea cyprinacea L.). Therefore, this study observed the prevalence and intensity of anchor worm ectoparasites in Koi fish in Bantul Koi Farm. Taking fish samples using the purposive sampling technique. Each of three fish individuals was taken as replication from three populations, namely Showa, Shiro and Saragoi, with a size of 28-36 cm. The prevalence and intensity are determined by the observation method by counting the number of anchor worms found. Inferential statistics carried out data analysis of the number of ectoparasites in each population. The results showed that the highest anchor tick ectoparasite prevalence was found in the Shiro population (100%) and the lowest in the Saragoi population (33%). The highest intensity was in the Showa population (4 individu/ fish), and the lowest was in the Shiro population (2 individu/ fish), although all of them were in a low category. The highest number of ectoparasites was obtained from the Showa population (8 individuals) and the lowest in the Saragoi population (3 individuals), but it was not statistically significant. The high prevalence in the Shiro population is due to the high stocking density. Anchor flea ectoparasites attacked the skin and fins of Koi fish and were not found to attack gills. The conclusion of this study is the highest prevalence of anchor tick ectoparasites was found in the Shiro population (100%) and the lowest in the Saragoi population (33%). The highest intensity was found in the Showa population (4 individu/ fish) and the lowest in the Shiro population (2 individu/ fish), even though all of them were in a low category.