Fish Protein Concentrate Research Articles

Food Fortification: Role of Fish-Based Derivatives

Fish is recognized as a valuable source of both micro and macronutrients. However, its consumption remains inadequate due to various barriers, such as cost, sensory preferences, and availability. Meanwhile, convenience foods have gained popularity due to their utility, affordability, and accessibility. This review explores the integration of various fish derived products into convenience foods to address inadequate consumption. Given the inherent perishability of fish, converting it into a relatively stable form can help mitigate these problems to some extent. Various fish-derived products, including Fish protein concentrate (FPC) or Fish powder, Fish protein hydrolysate (FPH), Fish oil, and Fish calcium are a few that find potential application in various foods and are examined in this review along with their incorporation levels.

THE POTENTIAL OF PATIN FISH (Pangasius hypophthalmus) PROTEIN CONCENTRATE IN ADDRESSING OF STUNTING

Background: Stunting has become a health problem in developing countries such as Indonesia. This can provide an effect on body composition, decreasing albumin levels and immunity status. Patin fish is well-known to have a high level of protein concentration and has a positive-effect on stunting. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the nutrient compound of Patin fish protein concentrate. Methods: The research method used is experimental laboratories. The test was carried out by Association of Official Agricultural Chemists method (AOAC) 2012. Results: The results showed that Patin Fish Protein Concentrate have high protein contain. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to gather scientific evidence regarding the effects of height protein intake on improving nutritional status, linear growth, and health outcomes in children with stunting. The literature review findings indicate that Patin Fish protein concentrate holds promise as a good protein source in enhancing the nutritional status and growth of stunting children. Additionally, Patin Fish protein concentrate may provide supplementary benefits in increasing intake of omega-3 fatty acids crucial for brain development and cognitive function in children. Conclusion: However, further experimental research is warranted to validate the findings of this literature review and assess the potential of Patin Fish protein concentrate in nutritional intervention programs for effectively addressing stunting.

Influence of Delipidification on Protein Concentrate Extracted from Fish By-Products: Technical Process, Nutritional Value, and Amino Acid Bioaccessibility

ABSTRACT Fish by-products were used to manufacture delipided fish protein concentrate (FPC), using Soxhlet method or single stage immersion, with n-hexane or anhydrous ethanol solvents. n-Hexane produced the best results. Soxhlet led to the highest protein content (86%), lipid extraction efficiency (92%), and protein digestibility (75%). The single stage immersion method resulted in higher amino acid bioaccessibility values (90%). Soxhlet associated with n-hexane led to an acceptance index above 70% for sensory attributes. FPC is a source of protein of high biological value and can be used by the food industry as an alternative for the preparation and/or fortification of foods.

Progress on the Methods for Preparation of Fish Protein Concentrate from Underutilized Fish Residue: A Short Review

Due to higher cost and existence of various allergens in plant, low-cost proteins derived from animal sources are becoming more attractive to consumers. Currently, there are several methods used for the preparation of fish protein concentrate from underutilized sources. This review elaborates the progress of methods used for the preparation of fish protein concentrate (FPC) from underutilized fish residue. Basically, FPC manufacturing processes involve either the dissolution and precipitation of soluble protein fractions or segregation of undesirable components, namely lipids, water and carbohydrates. The combination of physical and chemical methods has been developed with low investment and operational cost to obtain high product yield and high-quality FPC. In addition, the demand for environmentally friendly process has also encouraged the use of effective and generally regarded as safe solvents. As a conclusion, the preferred FPC preparation method should facilitate the use of green solvents, low investment, energy and operational cost, and the achievement of a high FPC yield with premium product quality.

Valorization of pulp and viscera from hybrid sorubim and pacu by production of protein concentrate using alkaline solubilization

Fish protein concentration (FPC) by alkaline solubilization has proven to be an alternative method in adding value to muscle-based materials. The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of different processes (decanting/sieving or centrifugation), reagents (sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydroxide) and washing cycles (1–4) on the quality of protein concentrates obtained from mechanically separated meat (MSM) and viscera of hybrid sorubim (Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum × P. corruscans) and pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) fishes. The protein concentrate was obtained by washing the viscera or MSM during up to four cycles (4:1 solution:meat ratio). In each cycle, the liquid waste and fat were removed by decanting/sieving or centrifugation. Moisture, crude protein, crude fat and crude ash contents were determined after each washing cycle. The moisture and protein contents increased immediately after the first washing up to 77.88% (dry basis). The lipid content decreased with the cycles down to 2.99% (dry basis). Higher FPC yield was obtained for MSM during the centrifugation process compared to the decantation/sieving process. Two weight yields above 100% were found in procedures with NaHCO3 and MSM of hybrid sorubim and pacu, probably due to the larger capacity of gel formation during protein concentration. Differences related to the fish species were more evident than the processes and utilized reagents.

Extraction of Fish Protein Concentrates from Discards and Combined Application with Gelatin for the Development of Biodegradable Food Packaging

Fish waste accounts for almost one-third of the total fish production annually. The main objective of this study was to upcycle fish by-products to produce biodegradable packaging materials. Fish protein concentrate (FPC) was extracted from gilthead seabream by-catch (flesh and skin). FPC (3%) and gelatin (3%) were used to produce film-forming solutions. The films were produced according to the solvent casting method. The produced films were tested as packaging materials via the determination of different film properties. The wettability of the packaging materials was characterized based on the determination of the contact angle. Water vapor permeability was evaluated using the ASTM E96/E96M standardized method. The evaluation of mechanical properties was based on the Young’s modulus, tensile strength, and elongation at break. Color was measured using a CIELab system. The incorporation of FPC into the produced membranes resulted in a reduced contact angle from 108.5° to 90.6°; however, both films were characterized as hydrophobic materials. Films supplemented with FPC had lower tensile strength values compared to pure gelatin films, but higher elongation values without statistically significant differences. The color parameters (L,a,b) indicated that gelatin films and FPC–gelatin films were colorless and transparent (L > 90), an important parameter for food packaging materials. The production of biodegradable packaging materials from FPC and gelatin may effectively reduce petroleum-based plastics under the circular economy model.

Effect of incorporation of seaweed (Portieria hornemanii) and Tilapia fish protein concentrate on the nutritional, physical and sensory attributes of cookies

SummaryWheat flour is deficient in many nutrients and is the main ingredient of cookies. In the present study, Tilapia fish protein concentrate (FPC) (5%) and seaweed (Portieria hornemanii) (2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10%) were incorporated into cookie formulation. The treatments were respectively T3, T4, T5 and T6. Cookies prepared without FPC and seaweed (T1) and 5% FPC (T2) alone acted as a control. Proximate composition, total dietary fibre, mineral content, physical properties (baking loss, fracturability, colour and textural properties) and sensory characteristics were analysed. Improvement in the protein (4.98–8.19%) (P < 0.05), carbohydrate (63.74%), Total dietary fibre (3.35%), energy (546–574 Kcal/100 g cookies), spread factor (1.82–1.89) and mineral content was observed in cookies containing seaweed and FPC compared to control. High overall acceptability was obtained by T3 compared to the control. The present study showed cookies that are nutritionally improved as well as have good sensory acceptability can be developed by incorporating seaweed and FPC. In the future, the incorporation of specific purified compounds from seaweeds into cookies can be done.

Extraction and characterization of fish protein concentrate from Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The utilization of tilapia fish as a source of protein stock is not only to empower its abundance in aquaculture production but also as enrichment material for low protein food products such as food products for children under five years. However, the physicochemical characterization of amino acids and fatty acids remains limited. This study aimed to characterize the physicochemical composition, amino acids, and fatty acids profile of fish protein concentrate (FPC) extracted from cultivated tilapia using isopropyl alcohol. Following deboning, fish were minced and subsequently immersed in isopropyl alcohol (1:3 w/v) for 24 hrs, sieved, dried, and ground to yield FPC powder. Then, the moisture content, protein, fatty acids, whiteness index, bulk density, odour, water absorption, oil absorption, and amino acids profile of FPC powder were analysed. The results showed the current tilapia FPC as category C, containing 56.93±0.31% of protein, 7.40±0.01% of lipid, 65.84±0.10% of whiteness index, 2.40±0.14 mL/g of water absorption, 0.52±0.01 g/mL of bulk density and 1.03±0.24 of oil absorption. Tilapia FPC had 11 essential amino acids (58.81%) and 9 nonessential amino acids (41.19%). The tilapia FPC also contained 8 saturated fatty acids, 7 monounsaturated fatty acids, and 12 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Essential amino acids and unsaturated fatty acids content of the tilapia FPC shows promising potential in improving nutritional values of food for under five years old children, with potential benefits ranging from emotional intelligence, brain, and mental development.

Preparation and Quality Attributes of Egg-reduced Pound Cake Incorporating Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodonidella) Protein Concentrate

ABSTRACT This research evaluates the quality and acceptability of 25%, 50%, and 75% fish protein concentrate (FPC) egg substituted cakes. Proximate chemical composition, batter and cake physical quality, microbial activity, and sensory evaluation were carried out. An impressive increase in protein, fats and ash content was noticed in GPSC. By increasing the FPC concentration, the viscosity of batters and cake volume decreased, while the specific gravity increased. In texture, the hardness, chewiness, and gumminess were increased while elasticity and cohesiveness were decreased with increase in substitution. An increase in substitution increased baking loss (BL) but reduced the water activity (aw) and the number and size of air bubbles in cake batter. By evaluating microbial activity, the total plate count (TPC) value increased, and the total fungal count (TFC) decreased while the cake crumb showed inconsistent change. The cake with 75% egg substitution was highly nutritious but displayed lower sensory attributes due to slight fishy flavor and dark color, while 25% and 50% GPSCs showed almost similar sensory attributes but nutritional value of 50% GPSC was higher than 25% GPSC. So, the cake with 50% substitution is a better option to prepare a good quality protein-enriched cake with acceptable sensory attributes.

Extraction, Characterization and Utilization of Fish Protein Concentrate

Progress in investigation for extraction of fish protein concentrate (FPC) by different solvents (acetone, isopropyl alcohol and hexane: ethanol azeotropic mixture as Canadian, British and Indian method) of pink perch (Nemipterus spp.) analyzed for their functional properties and further utilized in developing value added product. FPC extracted by isopropyl alcohol was superior with significantly (P<0.05) highest protein, lowest moisture and fat content. Significantly (P<0.05) superior viscosity (118.37 cP), Protein solubility (84.40%), Emulsification capacity (68.53%), Emulsification stability (60.92%), Foaming capacity (140.01%), Foaming stability (121.70%) and Water holding capacity (25.35 mL/g) for isopropyl alcohol compared with other solvents. Due to typical fishy odor fish meat replaced with FPC (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 %) in fish finger formulation with FPC incorporation at 10% levels were most acceptable. Strong linearity (R2) for changes biochemical values (R2>0.96) and microbiological values (R2=0.9705) were found. Sensory evaluation had a negative correlation (R2>0.814) during storage suggesting shelf life of 11 days. Suggesting utilization of low value fishes for extraction of high quality proteins and their application for development of novel foods.

Effect of diets contains different rates of Fish Protein Concentrates on the Growth Rates of Carp Fingerlings Cyprinus carpio L.

The goal of this study is to investigate the effect of different ratios of fish protein concentrates (FPC), recovered by using salt solution (pure NaCl) 1% & 2% concentrate , on the growth and survival rates of carp fingerlings Cyprinus carpio L., three treatments had been made, A1& A2 contains the two made FPC and the third A3 contain commercial FPC, the three diets used in feeding 90 fish distributed on 9 plastic containers with capacity of 25 L., with three replicates for each treatment, 10 fingerlings were put in each replicate. The rates of relative growth, specific growth, food conversion were measured, it shows that A1 was the best treatment in the measurements, 76.87%, 1.854%, 2.375 respectively and A2 shows best survival rate 95%. Moreover the results shows significant differences (p< o.o5) between the treatments.

Characteristics of Fish Protein Concentrate (FPC) of Marine Fish

The purpose of this review article is to study the types of marine fish that can be processed into FPCs, methods for FPCs production, and the characteristics of marine fish FPCs known from various research in Indonesia. Based on a review of various articles and other literature, it can be concluded that the types of marine fish that can be processed into FPC are tuna, mackerel, anchovies, snapper, and rainbow runner. The method of FPCs production that can be used are reduction, whole meal, dry reduction and solvent extraction. The characteristics of the FPCs from various studies depend on the type of fish and the method of FPCs production.

Addition of Nilem Fish Protein Concentrate to Find Its Preferred Level in Cakwe

Nilem fish (Osteochilus hasselti) are native Indonesian fish that live in freshwaters, such as rivers and swamps. This research aims to determine the right level of nilem fish protein concentrate addition to the preferred level of cakwe. The design is using a non-factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD), with four levels of treatment like 0% or without the addition of nilem fish protein concentrate, 2.5% addition of nilem fish protein concentrate, 5% addition of nilem fish protein concentrate, and 7.5% addition of nilem fish protein concentrate. The parameters tested are organoleptic showing color, aroma, texture, and taste carried out by 20 semi-trained panelists. The results showed that cakwe with 5% nilem fish protein concentrate is mostly preferred by consumers with organoleptic values (color 6.9, aroma 7.3, texture 6.5, and taste 7.3).

The Proximate Analysis of Cakwe with Addition of Nilem Fish Protein Concentrate

Nilem fish (Osteochilus hasselti) are native Indonesian fish that live in freshwaters, such as rivers and swamps. This research aims to obtain the composition of proximate cakwe with the addition of nilem fish protein concentrate. Proximate parameters observed were water content, protein content, fat content, and ash content using the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) method. This research was conducted from March 2019 to January 2020 at the Laboratory of Fishery Product Processing, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Padjadjaran University and Laboratory of Chemistry Research, PPBS, Padjadjaran University. The method used is an experimental method with the treatment of 5% nilem fish protein concentrate. The proximate test results showed that cakwe with the addition of nilem fish protein concentrate contained 27.72% water content, 10.42% protein content, 5.36% fat content, and 4.38% ash content.

The Effect of Addition of Nilem Fish Protein Concentrate Flour on the Preference Levels of Mochi Cake

Nilem fish (Osteochilus hasselti) is a type of freshwater fish that is widely farmed in West Java. Nilem fish can be made into fish protein concentrate (FPC) flour, so that it can have wide application. The addition of fish protein concentrate flour to the mochi cake might affect the organoleptic characteristics. This research aims to determine the proper concentration of nilem fish protein concentrate to get the mochi cake that was preferred by panelists. This research was conducted from August 2019 - January 2020 at the Laboratory of Fisheries Product Processing, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Padjadjaran University. The method used in this research was experimental with four treatments, which is the addition of 0%, 3.5%, 4.5% and 5.5% nilem fish protein concentrates from white glutinous rice flour was used. The parameters observed were the preference level of color, aroma, texture, and taste of Mochi cake. The results showed that mochi cake with the addition of 4.5% nilem fish protein concentrate flour produced a mochi cake that was preferred most by panelists, which has a characteristic ivory white color, a bit of fish smell, chewy but dense enough and sweet taste with a little typical flavor of nilem fish protein concentrate.

The Effect of Addition of Nilem Fish Protein Concentrate Flour on the Proximate Characteristics of Mochi Cake

Nilem fish (Osteochilus hasselti) is a type of freshwater fish that is widely farmed in West Java. Another application of nilem fish is made into fish protein concentrate (FPC) flour. The addition of fish protein concentrate flour to the mochi cake can affect the proximate characteristics. This study aims to determine the proximate characteristics of mochi cake added by nilem fish protein concentrate flour. This research was conducted from August 2019 - January 2020 at the Laboratory of Fisheries Product Processing, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, and the Chemical Research and Services Laboratory, Basic Science Service Center (PPBS), Padjadjaran University. The method used in this research was experimental with two treatments, that were the addition of 0% and 4.5% nilem fish protein concentrates from white glutinous rice flour was used. The parameters observed were proximate characteristics including carbohydrate, water, protein, fat, and ash content. The results showed that mochi cake with the addition of 4.5% of nilem fish protein concentrate had proximate characteristics namely carbohydrate content 59.57%, water content 29.93%, protein content 8.71%, fat content 1.41%, and ash content 0.38%.

Characteristics of Cookies Formulated with Fish Protein Concentrate Powder Produced from Snakehead Fish (Channa striata) Extraction By-Product

Snakehead fish (Channa striata) is known as a species which is consumed by local people as functional food due to its benefits in the post operation recovery process. The extraction of snakehead fish for functional food produces solid by-product that can be utilized into Fish Protein Concentrate (FPC) powder. The FPC powder can be applied into various food products, including cookies. Study aimed to investigate the characteristics of cookies formulated with FPC powder resulted from Snakehead by-product. Study showed that addition of 5 and 10% FPC powder into cookies formulation increased fat and protein contents, improves texture as well as appearance of cookies. FPC powder with concentration of 10% resulted in cookies with higher protein content (11,41%), texture and appearance. However, further study is suggested to eliminate the fishy odor and taste produced by FPC.

Cereal Bars Flavored with Fish Protein Concentrate from Different Species

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to develop and evaluate the microbiological, centesimal composition, and sensory characteristics of cereal bars with fish protein concentrate (FPC) inclusion. Four formulations of cereal bar (CB) were developed with 10% FPC: Treatment 1 (without FPC addition), Treatment 2 (Nile tilapia protein concentrate inclusion), Treatment 3 (Nile tilapia and salmon protein concentrate inclusion), and Treatment 4 (Nile tilapia and tuna protein concentrate inclusion). The microbiological analysis was within the microbiological standards for human consumption. The inclusion of FPC did not influence (p > .05) the content of moisture, protein, lipids, carbohydrates, and calorie value. Only the ash content had higher levels (2.50 to 3.45%). The sensory attributes evaluated and the purchase intent did not differ between treatments. Our results demonstrate that the inclusion of 10% protein concentrates from tilapia, salmon, and tuna byproducts is effective for increasing the mineral matter of cereal bars without affecting their sensory profile.

Physical and Functional Characteristics of Snakehead Fish Protein Concentrate Produced by Acid and Alkali Solubilization Methods

The increase consumption of Snakehead fish crude extract as supplement drink has left the fish meat residue which has been utilized yet. The study aims to investigate the physical characteristics of fish protein concentrate (FPC) produced from Snakehead fish (Channa striata) extraction by product using acid and alkali solubilization methods. The acid method was performed by adding HCl 0,1N until pH during extraction reached 2,3, and 4, while for alkali method using NaOH 0,1M with extraction pH of 10,11,12. The FPC was analyzed for its color, whiteness and functional properties. The results indicated that the highest whiteness was obtained from treatment of pH 4 e.g 69,9%. pH 11 resulted FPC with the highest L value, i.e 85.54 but low a* and b* values, i.e 0.33 and 19.1. Acid solubilization method resulted FPC with lower emulsifying activity but higher emulsifying solubility compared to alkali solubilization method. The acid solubilization method was considered more effective in producing FPC rather than alkali solubilization method due to higher physical and functional characteristics of FPC.

Impact of fish protein concentrate on apparent viscosity and physical properties of soy protein concentrate subjected to thermomechanical treatment

The aim of this research was to investigate the plasticizing and binding effect of fish protein concentrate (FPC) on soy protein concentrate (SPC) with the use of a capillary rheometer with pre-shearing capabilities. A 3-component mixture design was used to study the effect of the variables SPC, FPC and water. Mixture models with R2 in the range of 0.703–0.998 (P < 0.01) were established for apparent viscosity, extrudate hardness and expansion parameters of the plasticized materials. Extrudate microstructure as porosity, pore size distribution, cell wall thickness and distribution, were measured with the use of X-ray microtomography and models established with R2 in the range of 0.582–0.941 (P < 0.02). The mixture components affected apparent viscosity with the highest value observed for the blend with maximum SPC concentration (1381.6 Pa s) followed by maximum FPC concentration (858.6 Pa s), and lowest for the blend with maximum water concentration (398.0 Pa s). Lowest pellet hardness (136.2 N), density (904.3 kg/m3) and highest expansion (1.44) were found for the blend with maximum SPC concentration and can be attributed to incomplete thermomechanical transformation. Extrudate physical properties and expansion were explained by the extrudate microstructure. FPC added at a concentration of 65–70 g/kg gave values of hardness, extrudate density and microstructure similar to SPC added 100 g/kg of water, confirming the potential for the use of FPC as plasticizer and binder in the fish feed extrusion process.