Fish Ponds Research Articles

Growth Performance and Biochemical Composition of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Reared in Membrane Bioreactor Treated Wastewater

The aquaculture sector in Africa has great potential for growth; however, it faces several challenges, one of them being the scarcity of clean water. This prompts the need for water recycling. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of rearing Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) using municipal wastewater treated with membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology. A total of 270 Nile tilapia fingerlings (0.15±0.05 g) were reared in three treatment groups in triplicate. There were 2 treatments, including; MBR treated wastewater and stabilization pond treated wastewater (maturation pond), while the municipal tap water was used as the control. The growth performance (weight and length) of the fish was monitored over a 24-week period. After the experimental period, the biochemical composition of the fish muscle was analysed using standard AOAC methods. The results showed that the highest weight gain, length gain, survival rate, and specific growth were obtained in the fish in the control followed by the MBR treatment. Additionally, the crude protein, as well as the crude fiber and dry matter, were significantly higher in the fish in the maturation ponds at 23.10%, 0.29%, and 25.35%, respectively, while the crude ash was highest in the MBR at 1.22%. Results also showed that the MBR and maturation pond treatments meet the permissible levels for BOD, COD, NH4, and NO3 for water to be used in aquaculture. The bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the fish was mainly from the feed, with copper being the highest contaminant at 1.75 mg/100 g. In conclusion, both the MBR and maturation pond treated wastewater are viable for use in the rearing of Nile tilapia without adverse effect on the growth. However, MBR treatment showed better growth performance, suggesting that it could be used to increase productivity in fish farming.

Effects of Effective-Microorganism (EM) Treated Fish Pond Effluent on Soil Microbial Activities

An experiment was conducted at the Department of Crop/Soil Science, Rivers State University to evaluate effects of Effective Microorganism (EM) treated fish pond effluent on soil microbial activities. The study had two levels of fish pond effluent (Diluted and undiluted) and three levels of treated effluent (0EMAS, EMAS, EMAS+EM5) laid out in a completely randomized design with three replications. Microbial count and Carbon-dioxide evolution were evaluated. Total Carbon-dioxide evolved after 15 weeks was highest in soils treated with EMAS+EM5-N and was least in EMAS+EM5-D. The identified fungal isolates were Aspergillus and Mucor species, and the identified bacteria were Bacillus and Micrococcus species but bacteria were more predominant than fungi and recorded highest in soils treated with EMAS+EM5-N. Also Effective Microorganism (EM) increased the biodiversity of microorganism. Data were subjected to analysis of variance.

An IoT based smart water quality assessment framework for aqua-ponds management using Dilated Spatial-temporal Convolution Neural Network (DSTCNN)

Assuring the quality of water is crucial for the growth and survival of fish in aquaculture ponds. Traditional methods of water quality monitoring can be inefficient which makes real-time monitoring and decision is a challenging one. Some deep learning techniques have shown apparent in improving water quality monitoring and assessment process, but encounter some limitations like data-overfitting, interpretability, and finds difficulties in capturing complex spatial and temporal dynamics that have hindered their effectiveness. To overcome these challenges, we propose an enhanced Dilated Spatial-temporal Convolution Neural Network (DSTCNN) for water quality monitoring in aquaculture, which uses an IoT system setup for capturing real-time data inputs from aqua ponds. The water quality data captured through the IoT sensors is labeled as per the water quality index (WQI) standards for analysis. This labeled data is effectively classified into two categories by the proposed DSTCNN model based on their suitability for fish growth or potential to cause fish mortality. By the leveraging power of dilated convolutions, the DSTCNN architecture accurately handles the intricacies of both spatial and temporal data, enabling it to capture essential features and patterns across multiple snapshots. This capability empowers the model to truly comprehend the complex relationships inherent in spatiotemporal data. Furthermore, to address the concerns like overfitting due to complexity of data and enhance generalization, the proposed model employs a hybrid activation function that synergistically combines ReLU and sigmoid during the activation process. The proposed DSTCNN model has been implemented on real-time and public datasets and obtained 99.28% and 99.02% accuracy respectively, whereas the state-of-the-art PCR-GB model obtains 96.97% and 97.11% accuracy on real-time and public datasets respectively.

Transitioning from junior to senior: a case study on elite judokas in South Korea.

This study explores the experiences of Korean elite judokas during their junior to senior transition (JST), including both male and female participants, to provide empirical evidence for the development of tailored support services or programs for this target population. We recruited 12 elite judokas for our study, comprising eight males and four females, all in their first year of university. Given their preferences and availability at the time of data collection, participants were divided into three focus groups: Focus Group 1 (FG1; four male participants), Focus Group 2 (FG2; four female participants), and Focus Group 3 (FG3; four male participants). Thematic analysis was applied to analyze the data from the focus group interviews. Five main themes were identified: (a) COVID-19-Induced Frustration, (b) From Big Fish in a Small Pond to Small Fish in a Big Pond, (c) Challenges in Academic Commitment, (d) Adapting to Transitions in Living Arrangements, and (e) Recognizing Support Needs for the JST. The findings of this study provide both theoretical and practical implications that could improve judokas' experiences during the challenging physical and mental phase of JST, as well as inform the establishment of tailored support programs and schemes for successful and smooth JSTs for athletes.

Pendekatan Spasial dalam Perencanaan Lanskap Kampung Wisata Jamburea di Kabupaten Garut

Spatial Approach in Landscape Planning for Jamburea Tourism Village in Garut Regency. Jamburea, located in the Banyuresmi District of Garut, is a potential tourist haven with its unique blend of natural beauty and rich cultural traditions. Dominated by wetland landscapes influenced by the seasonal Situ Rancakukuk lake, residents adapt by converting its periphery into rice fields during the dry season and fish ponds during the rainy season. Furthermore, the kampong region is a repository of intangible cultural assets, such as culinary speciality, Pencak silat, traditional children’s games, 'Asgar' barber shops, and bamboo handicrafts. Employing ArcGIS tools, this study used a spatial approach to analyze physical-biophysical, non-physical, and tourism aspects for optimal zoning. This paper has two objectives: firstly, to plan the landscape of the Jamburea tourism village using a spatial approach in the analytical process. The second objective is to examine the application of spatial methods in landscape planning. Results suggest 72.09% of the kampong is suitable for tourism development, 13.68% is moderately suitable, and 14.23% requires conservation. Proposed zones include natural and cultural tourism, tourism support, welcome areas and buffer zones. This study underscores the efficacy of the spatial approach in devising comprehensive plans for Jamburea's tourism potential.

Development of an E-Book Based on Local Wisdom of Fish Ponds in Gresik to Train Scientific Reasoning Skills

Objective: Scientific reasoning is one of the most essential skills in learning biology and can be trained by integrating local wisdom. The lack of learning media that facilitates student learning causes low students' scientific reasoning skills. The development of learning media that integrates local wisdom is needed to train students' scientific reasoning. Method: The e-Book development procedure uses the ASSURE model which consists of six stages namely (1) analyze learner characteristics, (2) state objectives, (3) select, modify or design media, (4) utilize media, (5) requires learner responses, dan (6) evaluate. Data collection was collected by validation, observation, tests, and student response questionnaires. The One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design was implemented at Muhammadiyah 10 High School Surabaya for the 2022/2023 school year. Results: The results showed that (1) the developed e-book was valid with an average validity value of 93%, (2) learning implementation was 92.5% at the first meeting, and 81% at the second meeting with the high category, (3 ) student learning outcomes in the scientific reasoning indicator increased to 88% in probabilistic reasoning, 82% in theoretical reasoning, 80% in correlation reasoning and 79% in proportional reasoning, as well as the n-Gain calculation results which with high criteria and (4) positive student responses to the use of e-books. So that the developed e-book is feasible to use in terms of local wisdom potential, e-book validity, practicality, and e-book effectiveness. Novelty: The development of an e-book on ecosystem material with the integration of local wisdom from fish ponds to train scientific reasoning skills has never been done before.

Effect of Changes Turbidity on Oxygen Solubility in Fish Pond Water Electrocoagulation Process

The water used for fish farming by the Mina Lestari is very dirty, because many soil particles are dissolved in water. The water with high dirty in generally has very high turbidity. So that oxygen is difficult to dissolve in water and is not sufficient for fish life. So many fish die, due to insufficient oxygen for breathing. To reduce water turbidity is treated by electrocoagulation process combined with the aeration process. The aim of the research was to study the effect of changes in turbidity on dissolved oxygen in water. The study began by measuring the turbidity using a turbidimeter and dissolved oxygen using a DO meter. Furthermore, pour 10 liters of water into the electrocoagulation process tank. The electrocoagulation was carried out at 12 volt or 0,3 ampere for 10 minutes. The process was stopped, then the water flowed into the settling tank and left for 30 minutes to precipitate of the dirt. The water flowed into a holding tank and followed aeration process by flowing air at a rate of 500 cc per minute for 30 minutes. Then followed measuring turbidity by turbidimeter and dissolved oxygen by DO meter. Subsequent studies were carried out using the same procedure with an interval of 10 minutes processing time for electrocoagulation process. The results showed that an increase in processing time can reduce water turbidity from 68 NTU to 45 NTU or 33.82% and increase dissolved oxygen from 2.8 mg/L to 5.3 mg/L or 89.29% at 50 minutes processing.

Empowering Fish Cultivator Groups in Water-Minimum Areas by Cultivating Ospronemous gouramy Fish in Probiotic Media Tarpaulin Ponds in Asahduren Village, Jembrana Regency, Bali Province

This National Community Partnership Program (PKM) is a collaboration between Warmadewa University, Denpasar and Sam Ratulangi University, Manado with partner fish cultivator group (Pokdakan) "Mina Dewata" in Asahduren Village, Pekutatan District, Jembrana, Bali. This PKM aims to optimize the use of water and land resources while increasing Pokdakan productivity by cultivating gourami fish in tarpaulin ponds with probiotic media. The cultivation container is in the form of a tarpaulin pond with water media treated with probiotics, so that it saves water and the water quality remains healthy for the growth of gourami fish. The program is implemented using the applied study method, including: 1) Cultivating gourami fish in tarpaulin ponds with probiotic media; and 2) Increasing the capacity and competence of Pokdakan. In this initial stage, the group has succeeded in creating 4 cultivation ponds out of the 12 planned ponds.

Episootology, Treatment and Prevention of Lerneosis of Fish

The article describes epizootology, diagnosis of lerneosis of fish that are fed in artificial reservoirs, clinical signs observed in them, as well as an analysis of scientific sources on methods of treatment and prevention. With lerneosis of fish, cases of blood clots, deep wounds, raising and loss of scales are observed on the body of fish, which leads, first of all, to loss of marketability, growth lag behind development, decreased immunity in Pisces, leading to the fact that it becomes susceptible to various infectious diseases. Lerns in the body of fish penetrate through the gills into the internal organs, causing damage to the liver and intestines, which also leads to the development of hepatitis B of the liver. During pathological studies, blood clots in the liver and intestines and necrosis of the intestinal mucosa were observed in fish with lerneosis. Fish affected by lernaea are carriers of the disease the following year, and the larval stage of lernaea is the source of the disease. Infection of fish with Lernea in fish ponds is generally much higher in improperly constructed, undrained, unsanitary ponds in winter, where their numbers can reach dozens per body of each fish.

Batik Liquid Waste Management in the Batik Center Area of Tasikmalaya

Batik production in Indonesia is increasing from year to year. However, regarding environmental quality, it is feared that it will produce waste that pollutes the surrounding water bodies. This study aims to describe problems and solutions in improving the management of batik liquid waste in the city and district of Tasikmalaya (Cipedes and Sukaraja) using descriptive qualitative methods and the Miles and Huberman model. The results of the research using interview and observation methods show that most batik SMEs in these two areas have been unable to manage waste optimally. The problem arising from batik liquid waste is the contamination of residents' fish ponds, sewers, and bathtubs. Although there are three independent and communal WWTPs (Wastewater Treatment Plants) in Cipedes (MSME Agnessa, Deden, and riverbanks) as well as one independent WWTP in UMKM Sukapura "GJM," their utilization is still constrained by various natural and artificial factors. The role of the surrounding community is still low in understanding the existence and impact of batik waste around them.

“You’re a Mature Student and You’re a Tiny, Tiny Little Fish in a Big Massive Pond of Students”: A Thematic Analysis Investigating the Institutional Support Needs of Partnered Mature Students in Postsecondary Study

Mature students in postsecondary education—those over 25 years of age, also known as nontraditional students or adult learners—make up a significant minority population on Canadian postsecondary campuses. Despite academic performance that tends to be higher than that of traditional students, the retention of mature students is lower due to the stressors they face in their home and school roles. This paper examines the insights of mature students and their intimate partners on how higher education institutions can provide better supports to make postsecondary programs and campuses more accessible to adult learners and enable their success. A sample of 25 mature postsecondary students enrolled in Canadian higher education institutions and their partners participated in dyadic interviews that explored the connections between their relationship and school experiences. A data-driven, inductive thematic analysis of the transcribed interviews found three themes that focused on the institutional support needs of partnered mature students, highlighting the need to (1) increase institutional knowledge and awareness of mature students’ needs, (2) offer flexible study options to complete courses and program requirements, and (3) provide relevant supports and programs. Mature students felt marginalized at their institutions related to the programs, instructors, staff, resources, and supports that are strongly focused on traditional-aged and circumstanced students. Recommendations are provided for higher education institutions to provide resources and supports that meet mature students’ unique needs to both access and be successful in their pursuit of postsecondary education.

Pemanfaatan Potensi Wisata Berbasis Sumber Daya Alam Dan Budaya (Studi Kasus Desa Ekowisata Pancoh Yogyakarta)

Pancoh Ecotourism Village is located in the Yogyakarta Merapi Volcano area. The location of the village whichis quite high and cool makes many people develop natural and cultural products to attract tourists. The researchobjective is to examine the utilization of natural and cultural resources as a tourist attraction. Tourism activitiespresented to tourists and management of destinations with the concept of Ecotourism. The research method usedis descriptive qualitative research with an exploratory approach. Methods of data collection by observation,interviews, and documentation. Investigation of informants using purposive sampling with a total of 10informants. The data analysis method used is an interactive model consisting of data collection, data reduction,data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of this study are natural resources in the form ofprocessing the potential of the natural environment and not making many changes to the actual conditions. Thetourist attractions are river crossings, rice field plows, fish ponds, embung, salak gardens, and biogas. Local artsand culture are used as tourism activities such as the Wiwitan Tradition and playing gamelan. Tourists can learnabout preserving traditional ceremonies and traditional musical instruments. Local people are involved in alltourism activities. So that people can benefit economically, on the other hand, nature, and culture can still beproperly preserved. Pancoh Ecotourism Village Management can be an example of a destination that maximizesthe natural and cultural potential of the village.

CADRE ASSISTANCE IN PROMOTIVE AND PREVENTIVE DENTAL HEALTH PROGRAMS IN TRADITIONAL COMMUNITIES OF KAMPUNG NAGA

Kampung Naga is one of the traditional villages in Neglasari Village, Salawu District, Tasikmalaya Regency. The Kampung Naga Traditional Community is known for its strength in maintaining and preserving the traditions of its ancestral heritage. As a traditional village, the lives of its people are inseparable from traditional rules, including regarding health. Self-cleaning activities such as bathing are carried out in the "pacilingan" (MCK) which is above the fish pond. Interestingly, people here do not use cosmetics such as soap, shampoo and toothpaste when cleaning themselves. The ingredients used for bathing and shampooing are "taneuh porang" (clay), crushed orang-aring leaves or aloe vera and some also use lime. Meanwhile, to brush your teeth, use "eurih jeung lebu" (fiber from weed leaves and rubbing ash). The aim of the research is to determine the effect of cadre training in promotive and preventive dental health programs for the Naga village indigenous community in Tasikmalaya Regency. The qualitative research method is a quasi-experimental one group pre and post test design method using an observational approach and implementation of the PAR model which is supported by a literature review. The research results show that training local cadres is very effective in the promotive efforts carried out by cadres in indigenous communities. The results show that the level of pre-post knowledge of indigenous communities has increased to good with a result of p=0.000, and for the preventive results of OHIS measurements, the majority of indigenous community members in Dental hygiene maintenance has implemented what they got from the promotive cadres so that the pre-post OHIS results are good, p = 0.000, there is a significant change in the promotive and preventive efforts above, according to statistics, it is very significant. Conclusion: that there is an influence of cadre training in the promotional and preventive dental health program efforts of the Naga village indigenous community in maintaining the cleanliness of the teeth and mouth of local residents.

Feeding ecology and reproductive success of the Little Bittern Ixobrychus minutus in differently managed pond habitats

Knowledge of the relationships between food habits and habitat is crucial for the assessment of habitat quality for birds. The present study investigated the diet and reproductive success of Little Bitterns Ixobrychus minutus nesting on cyprinid fish ponds, an important breeding habitat of this species in central and eastern Europe. Being subject to different management practices, fish ponds provide food resources of uneven availability for this small heron. Prey items regurgitated by nestlings were examined, and breeding success was estimated on monoculture ponds stocked either with small fish (of a size suitable for feeding nestlings) or large fish (unavailable to Little Bitterns and adversely affecting their non-fish prey), on abandoned ponds dominated by small fish but with large fish also present, and on angling ponds dominated by large sport fish but harbouring significant numbers of small fish as well. A total of 1356 prey items from 78 broods were identified. Although Little Bitterns exhibited dietary flexibility in response to the contrasting availability of prey on their nesting ponds, the bulk of the nestlings’ diet consisted of fish. The size of fish brought to the nest increased significantly with brood age, showing that parents adjusted the prey size to the gape constraints of their young. The chick production determined for 73 broods did not differ with respect to pond management, but the dietary composition indicated that to compensate for food shortages, birds nesting on ponds containing mainly large fish made foraging flights to food-richer ponds. The abundance of small-sized fish prey may be a factor limiting the breeding success of small- and medium-sized predatory waterbirds and should be taken into consideration in management strategies of habitats dominated by fish.

Towards an improved internet of things sensors data quality for a smart aquaponics system yield prediction

The mobile aquaponics system is a sustainable integrated aquaculture-crop production system in which wastewater from fish ponds are utilized in crop production, filtered, and returned for aquaculture uses. This process ensures the optimization of water and nutrients as well as the simultaneous production of fish and crops in portable homestead models. The Lack of datasets and documentations on monitoring growth parameters in Sub-Saharan Africa hamper the effective management and prediction of yields. Water quality impacts the fish growth rate, feed consumption, and general well-being irrespective of the system. This research presents an improvement on the IoT water quality sensor system earlier developed in a previous study in carried out in conjunction with two local catfish farmers. The improved system produced datasets that when trained using several machine learning algorithms achieved a test RMSE score of 0.6140 against 1.0128 from the old system for fish length prediction using Decision Tree Regressor. Further testing with the XGBoost Regressor achieved a test RMSE score of 7.0192 for fish weight prediction from the initial IoT dataset and 0.7793 from the improved IoT dataset. Both systems achieved a prediction accuracy of 99%. These evaluations clearly show that the improved system outperformed the initial one.•The discovery and use of improved IoT pond water quality sensors.•Development of machine learning models to evaluate the methods.•Testing of the datasets from the two methods using the machine learning models.

Tracking Microbial Diversity and Hygienic-Sanitary Status during Processing of Farmed Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Aquaculture is becoming a strategic sector for many national economies to supply the increasing demand for fish from consumers. Fish culture conditions and processing operations can lead to an increase in microbial contamination of farmed fish that may shorten the shelf-life of fish products and byproducts, and ready-to-eat fishery products. The objective of this study was to evaluate the hygienic-sanitary status of water, environment, and processing of fresh-farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillets produced in a local fish farm in Andalusia, Spain. To achieve this, a longitudinal study was carried out by collecting environmental (air and food-contact surfaces), water from fish ponds, and rainbow trout samples. Thereby, seven sampling visits were performed between February 2021 and July 2022, where foodborne pathogens and spoilage microorganisms, together with physicochemical parameters, were analysed in the collected samples. Further, microbial identification of microbiota was achieved through a culture-dependent technique using blast analysis of 16S RNA gene sequencing. The results showed that Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella were not detected in the analysed samples. Regarding the hygienic-sanitary status of the fish farm, the slaughtering bath, the eviscerating machine and the outlet water from fish ponds presented the highest counts of coliforms, Enterobacteriaceae, and Aerobic Mesophilic Bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus and sulphite-reducing Clostridium were identified in the conveyor belts, fish flesh, and viscera. The 16S RNA identification confirmed the presence of viable spoilage bacteria such as Citrobacter gillenii, Macrococcus caseolyticus, Hafnia paralvei, Lactococcus lactis, Lactococcus cremoris, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, Morganella morganii, and Shewanella. Three of these genera (Citrobacter, Hafnia, and Pseudomonas) were present in all types of samples analysed. The results evidenced potential transmission of microbial contamination from contaminated packaging belts and boxes, evisceration and filleting machines to flesh and viscera samples, thus the establishment of control measures should be implemented in fish farm facilities to extend the shelf-life of farmed fishery products.

Problems of Mangrove Forest Deporestation with the Status of Other User Areas for the Development of Residential Areas and Pond Activities in Kotabaru Regency From A Criminal Perspective

The purpose of carrying out this journal is to find out that deforestation of mangrove forests in Kotabaru Regency carried out by the community is an environmental crime and they want to know the sanctions that can be imposed on perpetrators of mangrove forest deforestation in Kotabaru Regency which cause damage to the mangrove forest ecosystem.
 The results of this writing are that the act of deforestation of mangrove forests in Kotabaru Regency, South Kalimantan Province is caused by the local government's RTRWK inventory process being less than thorough because there are still mangrove forests that are included in residential areas and fisheries cultivation areas. Furthermore, the act of mangrove deforestation is a criminal act of environmental destruction because it pollutes and destroys the surrounding environment, destroying mangrove forests, and destroying the mangrove ecosystem.
 Normative research type, doctrinal legal research type using philosophical thinking by finding a concept, research approach, statutory approach, and conceptual approach. Prescriptive nature of research types and primary secondary and tertiary research.
 There are still mangrove forest plants based on the author's research which are located on the sea coast of Silver Street, Semayap Village, Kotabaru Regency which extends to the Semayap Village housing complex which is a residential area in the RTRWK Kotabaru Regency is located in a residential area, so the author can conclude that the regional government's inventory process in the RTRW process is not thorough enough and the need for the RTRWK to be revised again, as well as the sea coast area, city boundaries, the village of Stagen District. Kotabaru with the presence of fish and shrimp ponds included in the RTRWK for cultivation areas, the writer can conclude that the regional government inventory process in the RTRW process is not thorough enough and the RTRWK needs to be revised again so that the writer concludes that the local regional government is also responsible for the deportation carried out by residential business actors. and pond cultivation on the side of Silver Street, Semayap Village, Kotabaru Regency up to the Semayap housing complex as well as fish pond cultivation on the coast at the city limits of Stagen Village, Kec. North Sea Island District. new city. The current impact is that this location often floods when the sea water is at high tide. The act of deforestation of mangrove forests in Kotabaru Regency, South Kalimantan Province is an environmental crime. Sanctions that can be imposed on the perpetrators are Article 98 paragraph (1) of the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 32 of 2009 concerning Protection and Management of the Environment Article 35 Letter e of the Republic of Indonesia Law Indonesia Number 27 of 2007 concerning Management of Coastal Areas and Small Islands and article 73 letter b of Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 27 of 2007 concerning Management of Coastal Areas and Small Islands and the regional government should be asked for criminal liability in article 112 and article 113 UUPPLH.

Implementation of adiwiyata program at SMA N 1 Godean

The research conducted aims to describe the implementation of the Adiwiyata program at SMA N 1 Godean. This research is included in qualitative research with a descriptive approach. The data collection techniques are through interviews, observation, and documentation. The results obtained are that SMA Negeri 1 Godean has implemented the Adiwiyata program as well as possible. This can be seen from the condition of the school field which is spacious and lush, the green house and fish pond are in a well-maintained condition, the prayer room, restroom, and canteen are in a very decent condition. In addition, this high school has also minimized the use of plastic, sorted waste, recycled organic waste into compost, and managed water to be suitable for use. This achievement cannot be separated from the role of all school members. In the current Adiwiyata program, SMA N 1 Godean has entered the Provincial level and is preparing for the National level in 2023.

Catfish population and organic media composition affect rice growth and yield in aquaculture-hydroponic systems

Aquaculture and hydroponic systems have been integrated using a variety of designs using fish and plants. Aquaculture and hydroponics are combined with proper management of the plant nutrients using closed and recirculating systems. Catfish and paddy rice are both widely grown by farmers in Indonesia. Aquaculture-hydroponic systems integration with padi rice and catfish is rarely based on research, though. This study was conducted in the fish pond at Tadulako University’s Agriculture Faculty. The split-plot method was used to carry out an experimental design with two (two) components. The catfish population density is the first key plot element, with K0 (without catfish), K1, K2, and K3 (450 population/pond) corresponding to 150, 300, and 450, respectively, catfish per pond. The second sub-plot component is the organic media composition ratio of rice husk charcoal to compost (M1:1, M2:2, and M3:1). The findings demonstrated that as catfish populations and organic compost media (K3M3) were increased, rice growth and yield rose linearly. An integrated farming system could use the integration of a catfish aquaculture system and a hydroponic rice system.

Why bundengan musicians always drench their instruments prior to playing

Bundengan is an indigenous musical instrument from Indonesia. It evolved from a bamboo-woven dome originally used by duck herders as a portable shelter during rain and sun. By embedding strings and bars into the dome, the herders turned this shelter into a unique instrument, under which they sit and play music. Bundengan musicians have learned from experience that the instrument sounds better when played under the rain. Nowadays, they use various ways to drench their instruments prior to playing, such as soaking it in fish ponds or putting it under the shower. We explore the physics of why wetter bundengan sounds better. First, we analyze the construction steps of the bamboo dome: the weaving of the bamboo splits, the bending of the woven splits, the layering of bamboo culm sheaths on the woven splits, and the deformation of the sheaths during wetting. Second, we analyze the coupling between the mechanical vibrations in the dome and the acoustical waves from the instrument. Certain conditions of the coupling may lead to an evanescent acoustical field dominating over the radiating acoustical field, which may explain why the best bundengan sound is confined only to under the dome, where the musicians sit.