Fish Oil Powder Research Articles

Suitable coating material for microencapsulation of spray-dried fish oil.

This study was conducted to screen the most suitable coating material for the production of microencapsulated fish oil powder using ternary blends of maltodextrin (15, 25% w/w), Arabic gum (2.5, 7.5% w/w), and methylcellulose (0.5, 1.5% w/w). The physical properties of fish oil emulsion and encapsulated powders were evaluated. Arabic gum (5% w/w) showed the most significant (p < 0.05) effect on the surface mean diameter of the droplets in the emulsion. Maltodextrin had the most significant (p < 0.05) effect on the centrifuge stability of the emulsion and the amount of surface oil of the powder at 15 and 20% (w/w) respectively, whereas methylcellulose (0.5% w/w) had the most significant (p < 0.05) effect on the width distribution of the droplets in the emulsion. The total optimal area leading to the formation of coating material with desirable physical properties was expected to be obtained by the combination of 16% (w/w) maltodextrin, 6.5% (w/w) Arabic gum, and 0.88% (w/w) methylcellulose respectively.

Effects of storage time on compositional, micro-structural, rheological and sensory properties of low fat Iranian UF-Feta cheese fortified with fish oil or fish oil powder.

The fish oil (FO), and fish oil powder (FOP) at 10% of recommended daily intake (RDI) were used to make two types of fortified feta cheeses. The physicochemical, rheological and sensory properties of ripened samples at 0, 30, and 60th days of cold store (5°C) showed that the FO samples had a faster pH reduction, higher MSNF (milk solid non-fat) increase (p < 0.05) and more pores formation. Storage (G') and loss (G") moduli for both samples decreased until the 30th day of cold storage and then increased until the end of the storage time but both of them were higher for FOP samples. The index of secondary lipid oxidation or thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) of FO was lower than FOP samples. Although the polyunsaturated fatty acids of both samples were much higher than common feta cheese, their degradation in FO was less than FOP samples after storage. The sensory scores of FO were significantly higher than FOP sample (P < 0.05), and it obtained up to 70% of overall acceptability after 30 and 60days storage for its better hardness, texture and flavor.

Omega-3 fatty acids in ileal effluent after consuming different foods containing microencapsulated fish oil powder – an ileostomy study

The intestinal absorption of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 LCPUFA), [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)], after consuming fish oil gelatine capsules or different food products fortified with microencapsulated fish oil, was determined using human ileostomates. The total amount of ω3 LCPUFA consumed per dose of fish oil capsule was 266 mg while that for fortified orange juice, yoghurt and cereal bar was 284 mg per serving of food product. In a time course experiment ω3 LCPUFA was measured in ileal effluent over 24 h post ingestion. Only 0.58-0.73% of the total ω3 LCPUFA dose was recovered in the ileal effluent irrespective of whether the fish oil was delivered in a gelatine capsule or in the form of a microencapsulated powder incorporated into fortified foods. Excretion of ω3 LCPUFA was detected in the 2-18 h effluent collections with none detected at 0 h or 24 h. post ingestion. The transit time of the minimal amount of ω3 LCPUFA that remained in the ileal effluent was dependent on the method of delivery of the fish oil. The ω3 LCPUFA content in the ileal effluent peaked at 2-8 h and declined after 10 h after consumption of fish oil capsules and fortified orange juice. In contrast, two peaks in ω3 LCPUFA content were observed in the ileal effluent, first at 2-8 h and again at 14-16 h, after consumption of fortified yoghurt and cereal bar. The highest recovery of the small amount of ω3 LCPUFA in the ileal effluent at 14-16 h was obtained when fortified cereal bar was consumed. The results suggest that the delivery of fish oil through food products fortified with microencapsulated fish oil does not compromise the bioavailability of the ω3 LCPUFA as evidence by no statistical differences detected in the remaining portion of ω3 LCPUFA in the ileal effluent (p = 0.58). However, the food matrix in which the microencapsulated oil was delivered may alter the transit kinetics of the ω3 LCPUFA through the small intestine.

In vitro lipolysis of fish oil microcapsules containing protein and resistant starch

Microencapsulated fish oil powders (50% oil:25% protein:25% starch) were prepared using a physical blend or a heated mixture of sodium caseinate and pre-processed resistant starch as encapsulants. The in vitro digestibility of microcapsules by lipase, amylase and proteases were examined. Heat treatment of the encapsulants and exposure of microcapsules to simulated gastric fluid (SGF) prior to addition of lipase, trypsin and amylase altered the susceptibility of the microcapsules to digestion. Lipolysis of microcapsules occurred in the presence of lipase alone and was increased in the presence of amylase and/or trypsin. Pre-exposure of microcapsules to SGF had different effects on lipolysis, which depended on the nature of the encapsulant material. Lipolysis in the presence of lipase alone was due to the displacement of the interfacial layer. Increased lipolysis in the presence of amylase and/or trypsin was attributed to the digestion of the encapsulant, which facilitated displacement of the interface of oil droplets by bile salts.

Microencapsulation of Fish Oil by Spray Granulation and Fluid Bed Film Coating

The stability of microencapsulated fish oil prepared with 2 production processes, spray granulation (SG) and SG followed by film coating (SG-FC) using a fluid bed equipment, was investigated. In the 1st process, 3 types of fish oil used were based on the ratios of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (10/50, 33/22, and 18/12). Each type was emulsified with soluble soybean polysaccharide (SSPS) and maltodextrin to produce 25% oil powders. In the 2nd process, 15% film coating of hydroxypropyl betacyclodextrin (HPBCD) was applied to the granules from the 1st process. The powder stability against oxidation was examined by measurement of peroxide values (PV) and headspace propanal after storage at room temperature and at 3 to 4 degrees C for 6 wk. Uncoated powder containing the lowest concentration of PUFA (18/12) was found to be stable during storage at room temperature with maximum PV of 3.98 +/- 0.001 meq/kg oil. The PV increased sharply for uncoated powder with higher concentration of omega-3 (in 33/22 and 10/50 fish oils) after 3 wk storage. The PVs were in agreement with the concentration of propanal, and these 2 parameters remained constant for most of the uncoated powders stored at low temperature. Unexpectedly, the outcomes showed that the coated powders had lower stability than uncoated powders as indicated by higher initial PVs; more hydroperoxides were detected as well as increasing propanal concentration. The investigation suggests that the film-coating by HPBCD ineffectively protected fish oil as the coating process might have induced further oxidation; however, SG is a good method for producing fish oil powder and to protect it from oxidation because of the "onion skin" structure of granules produced in this process.

Oxidative Stability of Microencapsulated Fish Oil Powders Stabilized by Blends of Chitosan, Modified Starch, and Glucose

Various indices of lipid oxidation were used to assess the oxidative stability of microencapsulated fish oil powders prepared from tuna oil-in-water emulsions (pH 4.9 or 6.0) containing chitosan, an emulsifying starch, and glucose. There were good agreements among the induction period for oxidation under accelerated conditions (80 degrees C, 5 bar oxygen), the development of oxidation volatile markers from fish oil (namely, propanal, 1-penten-3-ol, 1-penten-3-one, 2,4-(Z,E)-heptadienal, and 2,4-(E,E)-heptadienal), and the loss of eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA) over four weeks of storage at 25 degrees C. All indices of oxidation showed that powders prepared from emulsions at pH 6.0 were more stable to oxidation than corresponding formulations at pH 4.9. It is suggested that the increased electrostatic interactions between the chitosan and emulsifying starch at the higher pH contributed to the increased stability of the microcapsule powders.

Possibilities of Fisherman’s Friend Type Lozenges Fortification with Omega‐3 LC PUFA by Addition of Microencapsulated Fish Oil

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of fish oil powder addition on sensory quality and oxidative stability of Fisherman’s Friend type lozenges. Microencapsulated fish oil (MFO) was used for lozenge formulation. Sensory quality of the moderate and strong mint flavored lozenges was not significantly affected by fish oil powder addition up to 60 and 80 g kg−1, respectively. Higher MFO addition resulted in significant reduction in the sensory quality and increases in fishy off‐flavor intensity. During 4 months of storage in air permeable packages, a gradual decrease in sensory quality and an increase in fishy off‐flavor were detected in lozenges containing MFO, which were more significant in moderately flavored than in strongly flavored ones. The peroxide value increased significantly during air storage. However, the peroxide value of vacuum stored samples increased slightly whereas sensory scores remained stable. A recommendation to pack and store the MFO lozenges under limited oxygen is suggested due to the low stability of the MFO product. A dose of 5 lozenges fortified with MFO might provide 40 mg of omega‐3 LC PUFA elevating its average level in the diet.

The Determination of n‐3 Fatty Acid Levels in Food Products Containing Microencapsulated Fish Oil Using the One‐Step Extraction Method. Part 1: Measurement in the Raw Ingredient and in Dry Powdered Foods

AbstractAn optimized one‐step extraction and methylation method (OSE) for the determination of n‐3 fatty acid levels in microencapsulated fish oil products has been described. Validation of the method for the food ingredient powder MEG‐3® (a commercial microencapsulated fish oil product manufactured by Ocean Nutrition Canada Ltd, with a gelatin shell matrix) has been demonstrated and compared to a method that combines enzymatic digestion of the shell material, gravimetric determination of released oil payload and an official method of fish oil analysis. Excellent agreement between the two methods was also achieved using a microencapsulated standard of pure ethyl palmitate. The OSE method was applied to an infant formula containing microencapsulated fish oil powder and is shown to be a valid method for such dry powdered foods.

Sensory Assessment of Microencapsulated Fish Oil Powder

AbstractThe aim of the study was to investigate the influence of microencapsulation by spray drying on fish oil sensory quality. Evaluated fish oil powders were coated with modified cellulose, skim milk powder and a mixture of fish gelatin and cornstarch. Samples were stored in the presence of air and under vacuum and then sensory evaluated. It was shown that fish oil powders were very susceptible to oxidation resulting in off‐flavor formation. Odor profiles of samples stored in the presence of air were unstable and showed increases in undesirable odor attributes, which were significantly correlated with peroxide value, especially in the case of samples formed by spray drying. Elimination of air from the packaging improved stability of all samples during storage in both odor profile and peroxide value. The main conclusion of this study is that microencapsulation, especially by spray drying, provokes strong changes in fish oil sensory quality. Microencapsulated fish oil powder is not stable and rapidly oxidizes in the presence of air. However, its stability may be improved when stored under vacuum.

Evaluation of sensory quality of instant foods fortified with omega-3 PUFA by addition of fish oil powder

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of fish oil powder fortification on sensory quality of selected instant foods. Two kinds of fish oil powders were tested. Upper levels of addition of fish oil powders to various instant foods, which not significantly influenced sensory quality, were established. In the storage test milk-rice kid cereal food with and without flavourings were fortified with fish oil powder and sensory evaluated. Decrease of sensory quality of samples stored in the air-permeable conditions was detected after 1 week (not flavoured) and 3 weeks (flavoured). However, vacuum-packed samples showed no changes in sensory quality. Presence of flavourings allowed higher levels of fish oil addition to instant foods due to masking of undesirable off-flavours. The authors concluded that it is possible to fortify instant foods with microencapsulated fish oil at limited levels, especially when spray-dried powders are used. One portion of fortified instant foods might provide up to 16% of the minimal recommended daily intake of long chain omega-3 PUFA.

Maillard Reaction Products as Encapsulants for Fish Oil Powders

ABSTRACTThe use of Maillard reaction products for encapsulation of fish oil was investigated. Fish oil was emulsified with heated aqueous mixtures comprising a protein source (Na caseinate, whey protein isolate, soy protein isolate, or skim milk powder) and carbohydrates (glucose, dried glucose syrup, oligosaccharide) and spray‐dried for the production of 50% oil powders. The extent of the Maillard reaction was monitored using L*, a*, b* values and absorbance at 465 nm. Encapsulation efficiency was gauged by measurement of solvent‐extractable fat and the oxidative stability of the fish oil powder, which was determined by assessment of headspace propanal after storage of powders at 35 °C for 4 wk. Increasing the heat treatment (60 °C to 100 °C for 30 to 90 min) of sodium caseinate‐glucose‐glucose syrup mixtures increased Maillard browning but did not change their encapsulation efficiency. The encapsulation efficiency of all heated sodium caseinate‐glucose‐glucose syrup mixtures was high, as indicated by the low solvent‐extractable fat in powder (&lt;2% powder, w/w). However, increasing the severity of the heat treatment of the sodium caseinate‐glucose‐glucose syrup mixtures reduced the susceptibility of the fish oil powder to oxidation. The increased protection afforded to fish oil in powders by increasing the temperature‐time treatment of protein‐carbohydrate mixtures before emulsification and drying was observed irrespective of the protein (sodium caseinate, whey protein isolate, soy protein isolate, or skim milk powder) and carbohydrate (glucose, glucose/dried glucose syrup, or oligosaccharide/dried glucose syrup) sources used in the formulation. Maillard reaction products produced by heat treatment of aqueous protein‐carbohydrate mixtures were effective for protecting microencapsulated fish oil and other oils (evening primrose oil, milk fat) from oxidation.

Effects of antioxidants and humidity on the oxidative stability of microencapsulated fish oil

AbstractThe effects of various antioxidants and RH on the oxidative stability of microencapsulated fish oil powder were investigated using PV and thiobarbituric acid tests. The micorencapsulation process provided high encapsulation efficiency (≥88% of extractable fish oil). Without antioxidants, the encapsulated fat was 10 times more stable against oxidation than the surface fat, as determined by PV. α‐Tocopherol, which is a lipophilic antioxidant, showed a greater antioxidative effect in both surface and encapsulated fats than ascorbyl palmitate, which is an amphiphilic antioxidant. According to TBARS values, the longest lag period was observed at 0% RH. Addition of &gt;200 ppm α‐tocopherol in a 10–30% RH range prolonged the oxidative stability of the microencapsulated fish oil powder.

Microencapsulation and oxidative stability of spray-dried fish oil emulsions

Emulsions of menhaden oil and sodium caseinate (NaCas) incorporating carbohydrates of varying dextrose equivalence (DE) were spray-dried to yield encapsulated fish oil powders. The effects of carbohydrate DE (5.5-38), core/wall ratio and NaCas/carbohydrate ratio on microencapsulation efficiency (ME) and oxidative stability of spray-dried emulsions were examined. The effect of α-tocopherol or Trolox C addition on the oxidative stability of herring oil emulsions and powders was also determined. ME of fish oil powders was greater than 90% in most cases. Peroxide value (PV) of menhaden oil powders decreased on increasing the DE of carbohydrates. PV of menhaden oil powders increased as core/wall ratio increased from 0.33-1.0. NaCas/DE 28 ratio did not affect PV values of powders. The addition of α-tocopherol or Trolox C decreased PV throughout the storage period; this effect was most pronounced for α-tocopherol added to the oil at a concentration of 100 ppm. Addition of α-tocopherol delays the onset of oxidation in stored fish oil powders.

Microencapsulation and oxidative stability of spray-dried fish oil emulsions.

Emulsions of menhaden oil and sodium caseinate (NaCas) incorporating carbohydrates of varying dextrose equivalence (DE) were spray-dried to yield encapsulated fish oil powders. The effects of carbohydrate DE (5.5-38), core/wall ratio and NaCas/carbohydrate ratio on microencapsulation efficiency (ME) and oxidative stability of spray-dried emulsions were examined. The effect of alpha-tocopherol or Trolox C addition on the oxidative stability of herring oil emulsions and powders was also determined. ME of fish oil powders was greater than 90% in most cases. Peroxide value (PV) of menhaden oil powders decreased on increasing the DE of carbohydrates. PV of menhaden oil powders increased as core/wall ratio increased from 0.33-1.0. NaCas/DE 28 ratio did not affect PV values of powders. The addition of alpha-tocopherol or Trolox C decreased PV throughout the storage period; this effect was most pronounced for alpha-tocopherol added to the oil at a concentration of 100 ppm. Addition of alpha-tocopherol delays the onset of oxidation in stored fish oil powders.