Mixture Of Fish Oil Research Articles

Effects of Dietary Fatty Acids on Hepatic Function and Gene Expression in a Model of Hepatic Steatosis

NADPH‐cytochrome P450 reductase (POR) is required for the function of many microsomal enzymes, including cytochrome P450 monooxygenases In liver, the P450 enzymes play major roles in the metabolism and detoxification of nutrients, pharmaceuticals and toxic compounds. Deletion of the POR gene in mice (liver‐POR‐null), results in reduced serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels and sizable accumulation of triglycerides resulting in steatosis, which may result in inflammation and fibrosis. In previous work, we reported liver‐POR‐null animals have reduced expression of genes involved in elongation and desaturation of PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acid), which leads to a reduced capacity to synthesize HUFA (highly unsaturated fatty acid). In the present studies, we have examined the fates and regulatory effects of feeding mice diets that are enriched in saturated fat from lard (16:0 and 18:0), PUFA from canola oil (18:2 and 18:3), and HUFA from a fish and fungal oil mixture (20:4, 20:5 and 22:5). The results point to very profound and unique differences in the storage capacity for these fats in adipose tissue, metabolic fates in liver, and effects on gene expression in liver. The deletion of POR exacerbates the problems associated with dietary fat and leads to additional gene expression changes that favor steatosis and inflammation. This work was supported by a grant from the Charitable Leadership Foundation.

Oxidative stability of fish oil enriched drinking yoghurt

The oxidative stability of fish oil enriched drinking yoghurt as well as the antioxidative effect of citric acid ester, vitamin K and disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were investigated by measuring peroxide value and volatile secondary oxidation products and by sensory analysis. No oxidation was observed in yoghurt stored at 2 °C for up to 19 days, with or without addition of citric acid ester. Fish oil enriched yoghurt was also very stable even when compared to yoghurt with added rapeseed oil or a mixture of rapeseed oil and fish oil stored for up to 29 days. The addition of 50 μ m iron to yoghurt did not promote oxidation. The results obtained may indicate an antioxidative effect of EDTA and pro-oxidative effect of vitamin K. All yoghurts had similar viscosity and droplet size. In summary, fish oil enriched drinking yoghurt is very stable towards oxidation.

Effects of dietary lipid sources on growth and fatty acid composition of juvenile shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary lipid sources on the growth performance and fatty acid (FA) composition of juvenile shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Six isoenergetic and isonitrogenous semi-purified diets containing casein, solvent-extracted soybean meal and gelatin as protein sources, were supplemented with 60 g kg−1 of lipid sources. The lipid sources included: pollack fish oil (PO), pork lard (PL), soy oil (SO), peanut oil (PN), rapeseed oil (RO) and a mixture of pollack fish oil and soy oil (POSO 1 : 1 w/w). Each diet was fed to juvenile shrimp (0.10 g average weight) four times daily in triplicate tanks to apparent satiation (feeding ratio was about 8%) for 8 weeks. At the end of the experiment, weight gain, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio were significantly higher for shrimp fed the diet containing PO and the POSO mixture oil than the other lipid sources. The nutritional values of SO, RO, PN and PL were similar. Shrimp fed on PO, mixture oil of POSO and SO had better survival rates than the other lipid sources, and shrimp fed the PL had the lowest survival rate. There were significant differences in lipid contents of whole body and hepatopancreas amongst the dietary treatments; however, lipid contents of tail muscle were not significantly affected by the dietary lipid sources. Shrimps fed POSO diet had higher protein content in whole body than those fed the other lipid sources, and shrimp fed PO diet had highest crude protein content of the tail muscle. A high correlation was found between dietary FA composition and FA composition of whole shrimp. FA composition of the whole body was generally affected by dietary lipid sources, especially dietary unsaturated FA.

Influence of dietary lipids on the fatty acid composition and stearoyl-CoA desaturase expression in hybrid tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus) under cold shock

To improve hybrid tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus) survival under cold shock, the influence of diets containing various dietary lipids was investigated. Four different diets were used which consisted of 12% fish oil, 12% palmitoleic oil 12% coconut oil, and a mixture of fish oil (7%) and corn oil (5%). Our results showed that during cold shock, the proportion of saturated fatty acids in the fish steadily and significantly decreased for all of the diets, but the proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids increased. Proportions of polyenoic fatty acids initially increased then stabilized for the mixed, fish, and coconut oil diets, but did not significantly increase until day 4 for the palmitoleic oil diet. The stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) activity was the lowest on day 0 and then gradually increased for all diets. At any point, the enzymatic activity of SCD was the highest for fish on the mixed and the coconut oil diet, followed by the palmitoleic oil diet, and was lowest for the fish oil diet. The expression of SCD mRNA steadily increased for all diets, but increased more substantially for the mixed diet. On day 6, the expression was the highest for fish on the mixed diet, followed by the coconut oil diet, with the lowest levels for those on the palmitoleic and fish oil diets. These results show that dietary lipids strongly affect the fatty acid composition and SCD expression in tilapia under cold shock, and cold tolerance of this species is also affected.

Effect of different fat supplements used during dry period of cows on colostrum physicochemical properties

The results of certain studies indicate that a relation exists between the quality of colostrum and milk and the correct balancing of energy and protein in the diet for cows in particular during the last three weeks before parturition. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of fat additives offered to cows during the dry period on the composition and physico-chemical properties of colostrum and the pre-colostrum secretion. 24 cows were assigned to one of three groups. Group I - control, received no feed additives; II - received feed supplemented by a mixture of fish and rapeseed oil in a 1:1 ratio, III - received feed supplemented by protected fat (Brgafat). In both cases the addition of fat amounted to 360g, i.e. 2% DM. All animals received a PMR concentrate in quantities calculated according to the INRA system. From all the cows samples were taken about 48 hours before parturition of the pre-colostrum secretion and directly after calving of colostrum from the first, complete milking. The samples taken were analyzed for basic composition, for the overall number of microorganisms (ONM), somatic cell count (SSC), content of urea, coagulation time after adding rennet, thermo stability as well as potential (oSH) and active (pH) acidity. The results of the studies conducted indicate that the composition and physico-chemical properties of colostrum and pre-colostrum is differentiated. Offering protected fat as a feed additive for cows during the last three weeks of the dry period had a significant effect on the share of dry matter and crude protein in the colostrum produced. The addition of a mixture of fish and rapeseed oil did not have a similar effect.

CLA and n-3 PUFA differentially modulate clinical activity and colonic PPAR-responsive gene expression in a pig model of experimental IBD

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been proposed as important pharmaco-nutrients for modulating mucosal immunity and therapeutic responses in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We evaluated the ability of CLA and n-3 PUFA alone or in combination to modulate IBD in a pig model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. Sixty-four, 15-day-old pigs were used to evaluate the effect of CLA, n-3 PUFA and a 50:50 mixture of CLA and n-3 PUFA on growth, clinical activity and colonic PPAR-responsive gene expression. Diets were formulated to contain: 1.33% soybean oil (control); 1.33% CLA; 1.33% fish oil; or 1.33% of a 50:50 mixture of CLA and fish oil. Intestinal inflammation was induced by an intragastric challenge with DSS on day 42 of dietary supplementation. The colonic expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma), PPAR gamma- and delta-responsive genes, keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) were assayed by quantitative RT-PCR. The onset of IBD was delayed, colitis less severe and growth suppression attenuated in pigs fed CLA, which correlated with induction of colonic PPAR gamma and its responsive gene PPAR gamma-coactivator-1alpha (PGC1-alpha) and downregulation of TNF-alpha. However, dietary supplementation with n-3 PUFA alone or in combination with CLA resulted in an early onset of disease (i.e., day 2) and faster recovery on days 6 and 7, which correlated with a marked induction of the PPAR delta-responsive gene uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3). CLA and n-3 PUFA acted synergistically to upregulate colonic KGF expression in DSS-challenged pigs but n-3 PUFA blocked CLA-induced PPAR gamma activation. Dietary CLA-supplementation upregulated colonic PPAR gamma expression and contributed to delaying the onset of experimental IBD, whereas n-3 PUFA failed to protect from IBD, although it accelerated colonic regeneration and clinical remission by activating PPAR delta.

Biochemical hepatic alterations and body lipid composition in the herbivorous grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fed high-fat diets

High-fat diets may have favourable effects on growth of some carnivorous fish because of the protein-sparing effect of lipids, but high-fat diets also exert some negative impacts on flesh quality. The goal of the study was therefore to determine the effects of fat-enriched diets in juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) as a typical herbivorous fish on growth and possible lipid metabolism alterations. Three isonitrogenous diets containing 2, 6 or 10 % of a mixture of lard, maize oil and fish oil (1:1:1, by weight) were applied to fish for 8 weeks in a recirculation system. Data show that feeding diets with increasing lipid levels resulted in lowered feed intake, decreased growth and feed efficiency, and increased mesenteric fat tissue weight. Concomitantly, alteration of lipoprotein synthesis and greater level of lipid peroxidation were apparent in blood. In liver, muscle and mesenteric fat tissue, the percentages of alpha-linolenic acid and DHA were significantly increased or tended to increase with higher dietary lipid levels. Biochemical activity measurements performed on liver showed that, with the increase in dietary lipid level, there was a decrease in both mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation capacities, which might contribute, at least in part, to the specific accumulation of alpha-linolenic acid and DHA into cells more active in membrane building. On the whole, grass carp have difficulty in energetically utilising excess dietary fat, especially when enriched in n-3 PUFA that are susceptible to peroxidation.

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation during Pregnancy Alters Neonatal Behavior in Sheep

The objectives of the study were to determine whether supplementation of pregnant ewes with long-chain (n-3) fatty acids present in fish oil, in combination with dietary vitamin E, would alter neonatal behavior in sheep. Twin- (n=36) and triplet- (n=12) bearing ewes were allocated at d 103 of gestation to 1 of 4 dietary treatments containing 1 of 2 fat sources [Megalac, a calcium soap of palm fatty acid distillate or a fish oil mixture, high in 20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3)] and 1 of 2 dietary vitamin E concentrations (50 or 500 mg/kg) in a 2 x 2 factorial design. Feeding fish oil increased gestation length by 2 d and increased the proportion of 22:6(n-3) within neonatal plasma by 5.1-fold and brain by 10%, whereas brain 20:5(n-3) was increased 5-fold. Supranutritional dietary vitamin E concentrations decreased the latency of lambs to stand in ewes fed fish oil but not Megalac, whereas latency to suckle was decreased from 43 to 34 min by fish oil supplementation. Supplementation with fish oil also substantially decreased the secretion rate (mL/h) of colostrum and the yield (g/h) of fat and protein. We conclude that supplementation of ewes with fish oil decreases the latency to suckle, increases gestation length and the 22:6(n-3):20:4(n-6) ratio in the neonatal brain, and may improve lamb survival rate. However, further work is required to determine how to mitigate the negative effects of fish oil on colostrum production.

Influence of dietary lipid composition on cardiac pathology in farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.

The present study investigated the short-term (5 months) effect of replacing dietary marine oils with vegetable oils on the development of arteriosclerotic changes in the heart of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. The experiment was performed as a randomized observer-blinded and controlled trial. Farmed Atlantic salmon were randomly sampled from a study population containing 900 individuals. The salmon were divided into three groups and given diets with either 100% fish oil (Diet 1), a 50/50% mixture of fish oil and rapeseed oil (Diet 2) or 100% rapeseed oil (Diet 3). Ten sexually immature salmon from each dietary group were sampled in March and August 2002. Additionally, 47 sexually mature wild salmon were randomly collected in mid-September 2001. Serial histological sections were taken from the bulbus arteriosus and ventricle wall for histopathological evaluation of the coronary arteries and myocardium. No significant differences in mean coronary changes recorded by the main variable 'mean range lesion' (MRL) were detected between the groups in March or August. MRL increased significantly between March and August with Diet 2 (P < 0.01), was nearly significant with Diet 3 (P = 0.06) and was unchanged with Diet 1. This pattern coincided with the Diet 2 group having the highest increase in heart weight. MHC class II immunoreactive cells in the coronary changes were detected in sections from one individual in each group. Heart weight was the most dominant variable in the data set and explained linearly 15.5% of the variation in MRL. Body weight, fish length and heart weight were all significantly, positively and linearly correlated to MRL. The Diet 2 group had the highest growth rate and also exhibited a significant increase in MRL. The possible influence of diet composition on weight gain and MRL needs to be further elucidated. Increase in heart weight seems to be the dominating predictor of the appearance of MRL in Atlantic salmon. However, the present results cannot exclude the possibility that differences in fatty acid composition of fish feed can influence the development of arteriosclerotic changes in Atlantic salmon.

Biohydrogenation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the rumen and their effects on microbial metabolism and plasma fatty acid concentrations in sheep

AbstractSix cannulated wether sheep weighing 57 (s.d. 4·3) kg were used to investigate the susceptibility of unprotected and protected n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from different sources to biohydrogenation in the rumen, their uptake into plasma and effects on ruminal metabolism. The sheep were assigned to one of six dietary treatments formulated to have a similar fatty acid content (60 g/kg DM) and containing: linseed oil (LO), linseed oil absorbed into vermiculite (VLO), formic acid-formaldehyde treated whole linseed (FLS), fish oil (FO), fat encapsulated fish oil (PFO) or a mixture of fish oil and marine algae (1: 1 on an oil basis; AF), in six periods of 28 days duration in a Latin-square design. Biohydrogenation of C20:5(n-3) and C22:6(n-3) was high in FO at approximately 870 g/kg, but reduced to 625 and 625 g/kg respectively for PFO, and 769 and 601 g/kg respectively for AF. Ruminal biohydrogenation of C18:3(n-3) was similar across treatments based on linseed, averaging 860 g/kg, but C18:2(n-6) was lower (P&lt; 0·05) in animals given VLO or FLS at 792 and 837 g/kg respectively, compared with LO (907 g/kg). Duodenal flow of C18:1trans in animals given any of the diets containing fish oil averaged 8·4 g/day compared with 2·8 g/day in animals given diets based on linseed (P&lt; 0·001), whilst cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid was not significantly different among treatments. Plasma C20:5(n-3) and C22:6(n-3) proportions were highest in animals given the AF diet (11·8 and 8·2 g per 100 g of the total fatty acids respectively) and lowest in animals given LO (2·8 and 2·7 g per 100 g of the total fatty acids respectively;P&lt; 0·001). By contrast, plasma C18:3(n-3) proportions were highest in animals given the LO or VLO diets at approximately 6·9 g per 100 g of the total fatty acids, and lowest in the AF treatment at 0·9 g per 100 g (P&lt; 0·001). Duodenal non-ammonia-N flow was similar among treatments at 21·0 g/day except in animals given FLS which had the highest flow (25·9 g N per day;P&lt; 0·01). Microbial N flow was also similar among treatments whilst microbial efficiency (g N per kg OM truly degraded in the rumen) was higher (P&lt; 0·05) in animals given FLS than LO, FO or AF. By contrast, ruminal fibre digestion was higher (P&lt; 0·05) in animals given LO or FO than those offered VLO, FLS, PFO or AF. In conclusion, compared with linseed oil, absorption of linseed oil into vermiculite improved duodenal flow but not plasma levels of C18:3(n-3), whilst formic acid-formaldehyde treatment of linseed had little effect on protecting C18:3(n-3) in the rumen, although duodenal non-ammonia nitrogen flow and microbial efficiency were improved. Compared with fish oil, the provision of marine algae or fat encapsulated fish oil resulted in a lower biohydrogenation of C22:6(n-3) and C20:5(n-3), and an increased duodenal flow and plasma concentration and offers the potential to favourably manipulate the n-3 fatty acid composition of sheep meat.

Chemical, Physical, and Sensory Properties of Dairy Products Enriched with Conjugated Linoleic Acid

Recent studies have illustrated the effects of cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on human health. Ruminant-derived meat, milk and dairy products are the predominant sources of cis-9,trans-11 CLA in the human diet. This study evaluated the processing properties, texture, storage characteristics, and organoleptic properties of UHT milk, Caerphilly cheese, and butter produced from a milk enriched to a level of cis-9,trans-11 CLA that has been shown to have biological effects in humans. Forty-nine early-lactation Holstein-British Friesian cows were fed total mixed rations containing 0 (control) or 45 g/kg (on dry matter basis) of a mixture (1:2 wt/wt) of fish oil and sunflower oil during two consecutive 7-d periods to produce a control and CLA-enhanced milk, respectively. Milk produced from cows fed the control and fish and sunflower oil diets contained 0.54 and 4.68g of total CLA/100g of fatty acids, respectively. Enrichment of CLA in raw milk from the fish and sunflower oil diet was also accompanied by substantial increases in trans C18:1 levels, lowered C18:0, cis-C18:1, and total saturated fatty acid concentrations, and small increases in n-3 polyunsatu-rated fatty acid content. The CLA-enriched milk was used for the manufacture of UHT milk, butter, and cheese. Both the CLA-enhanced butter and cheese were less firm than control products. Although the sensory profiles of the CLA-enriched milk, butter, and cheese differed from those of the control products with respect to some attributes, the overall impression and flavor did not differ. In conclusion, it is feasible to produce CLA-enriched dairy products with acceptable storage and sensory characteristics.

Effects of dietary lipid source on spawning performance of Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus) broodstock reared at different water salinities

The effects of dietary lipid source and water salinity on spawning performance of Nile tilapia broodstock and growth of their larvae were studied. Three isonitrogenous (40% crude protein), isocaloric (18.6 MJ GE/kg) diets containing three different oil sources, soybean oil (SBO), fish oil (FO) and soybean oil/ fish oil mixture (oil mix), were prepared. The diets were fed twice a day to satiation to duplicate groups of broodfish (19.2 g) at a female/male ratio of 3:1, reared at three salinities (0‰, 7‰ and 14‰), for 165 days. The size at first maturation was not significantly affected by dietary oil source and salinity. Spawning intervals of broodfish reared at 0‰ were not significantly affected by dietary oil source. At 7‰ and 14‰, fish fed FO or oil mix spawned more frequently, at shorter intervals, than those fed SBO. Dietary FO increased the absolute fecundity and number of eggs per spawn at each salinity. At 0‰, spawning performance and larval weight were not significantly affected by dietary oil source. At 7‰ and 14‰, fish fed SBO needed more time for egg hatching and yolk-sac absorption and resulted in poorer larval weight than those fed FO or oil mix. This result revealed that Nile tilapia broodfish reared in brackishwater require a source of dietary n−3 HUFA for optimum spawning performance, while plant oil (SBO) may meet the requirements of broodfish reared in freshwater.

Effect of forage type and proportion of concentrate in the diet on milk fatty acid composition in cows given sunflower oil and fish oil

AbstractBased on the potential benefits ofcis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) for human health there is a need to develop effective strategies for enhancing milk fat CLA concentrations. In this experiment, the effect of forage type and level of concentrate in the diet on milk fatty acid composition was examined in cows given a mixture of fish oil and sunflower oil. Four late lactation Holstein-British Friesian cows were used in a 4 × 4 Latin-square experiment with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments and 21-day experimental periods. Treatments consisted of grass (G) or maize (M) silage supplemented with low (L) or high (H) levels of concentrates (65 : 35 and 35 : 65; forage : concentrate ratio, on a dry matter (DM) basis, respectively) offered as a total mixed ration at a restricted level of intake (20 kg DM per day). Lipid supplements (30 g/kg DM) containing fish oil and sunflower oil (2 : 3 w/w) were offered during the last 14 days of each experimental period. Treatments had no effect on total DM intake, milk yield, milk constituent output or milk fat content, but milk protein concentrations were lower (P&lt; 0.05) for G than M diets (mean 43.0 and 47.3 g/kg, respectively). Compared with grass silage, milk fat contained higher (P&lt; 0.05) amounts of C12:0, C14:0, trans C18:1and long chain ≥ C20 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and lower (P&lt; 0.05) levels of C18:0and trans C18:2when maize silage was offered. Increases in the proportion of concentrate in the diet elevated (P&lt; 0.05) C18:2(n-6) and long chain ≥ C20 (n-3) PUFA content, but reduced (P&lt; 0.05) the amount of C18:3(n-3). Concentrations oftrans-11 C18:1in milk were independent of forage type, but tended (P&lt; 0.10) to be lower for high concentrate diets (mean 7.2 and 4.0 g/100 g fatty acids, for L and H respectively). Concentrations oftrans-10 C18:1were higher (P&lt; 0.05) in milk from maize compared with grass silage (mean 10.3 and 4.1 g/100 g fatty acids, respectively) and increased in response to high levels of concentrates in the diet (mean 4.1 and 10.3 g/100 g fatty acids, for L and H, respectively). Forage type had no effect (P&gt; 0.05) on total milk conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) (2.7 and 2.8 g/100 g fatty acids, for M and G, respectively) orcis-9,trans-11 CLA content (2.2 and 2.4 g/100 g fatty acids). Feeding high concentrate diets tended (P&lt; 0.10) to decrease total CLA (3.3 and 2.2 g/100 g fatty acids, for L and H, respectively) andcis-9,trans-11 CLA (2.9 and 1.7 g/100 g fatty acids) concentrations and increase milktrans-9,cis-11 CLA andtrans-10,cis-12 CLA content. In conclusion, the basal diet is an important determinant of milk fatty acid composition when a supplement of fish oil and sunflower oil is given.

Sensory stability and oxidation of fish oil enriched milk is affected by milk storage temperature and oil quality

Abstract The experiments evaluated the influence of fish oil quality and cold storage temperature on the oxidative stability of milk emulsions containing 1.0% w/w milk fat and 0.5% w/w of either a pure fish oil or a fish oil:rapeseed oil mixture. The results showed that it was possible to produce a pasteurised milk product enriched with the important n-3 PUFA from fish oil with acceptable sensory characteristics if (1) the emulsions were based on a mixture of fish oil and rapeseed oil and (2) the initial peroxide value (PV) of the added oil blend was below 0.5 meq kg −1 . The sensory analysis showed a clear distinction between emulsions based on oil with PV 0.1 and 0.5 meq kg −1 , whereas the PV and the gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of volatile oxidation products were not sensitive enough to reveal these differences clearly. The GC analyses showed that the onset of formation of the volatiles was earlier with increased storage temperature in the range of 2–9 °C.

지방첨가원에 따른 젖소의 반추위 발효성상 미생물 합성 효율 및 영양소 소화율 영향 연구

사료 지방의 종류에 따른 반추위 내 발효성상, 미생물 합성 효율 및 영양소 소화율을 조사하기 위하여 반추위와 십이지장에 누관이 설치된 4마리의 홀스타인 젖소를 4 <TEX>${\times}$</TEX> 4 라틴 방각법 대사실험을 수행하였다. 공시축들은 조사료 60% 및 농후사료 40% 비율의 완전혼합사료 형태로 급여하였다. 농후사료 내 지방원으로써 Megalac(MEG), 포름알데히드 처리 아마 종실(LIN), 어유와 포름알데히드 처리 아마종실 혼합(MIX; 50 : 50, oil basis), 그리고 농후사료 내 지방을 첨가하지 않고 아마유를 십이지장에 하루 500g 주입한 것(OIL)을 포함하여 총 4개의 처리구를 두었다. 반추위 pH는 OIL 처리구에서 가장 낮았으나(P < 0.05), Ammonia N 농도는 처리구들간 통계적 유의차가 없었다. Total VFA, acetate, propionate, iso-butyrate 및 iso-valerate 농도 또한 처리구들간 통계적 유의차이가 없었다. 반면에 butyrate와 valerate는 OIL 처리구에서 가장 높았고, MEG 처리구에서 가장 낮았다(P < 0.05). DM, OM, NDF 및 ADF 섭취량은 OIL 처리구에서 가장 낮았다(P < 0.01). 그러나, 십이지장으로의 영양소들의 flow, 반추위와 전장 소화율은 처리구들간에 통계적 유의차이가 없었다. 질소 (N) 섭취량은 OIL 처리구에서 가장 낮았다(P < 0.01). 십이지장으로의 total N, nonammonia N 및 microbial N flow는 처리구들간 통계적 유의차이가 없었다. 그리고, 미생물합성효율, ammonia N 및 total N의 반추위 및 전장 소화율 또한 처리구들간에 통계적 유의차이가 없었다. 따라서, 본 실험결과는 사료 내 6% 정도의 지방원료 첨가는 형태와 종류에 상관없이 반추위 발효성상, 미생물 합성 효율, 반추위 및 전장 내 영양소 이용효율을 감소 시키지 않음을 나타내고 있다. Four Holstein cows were used in a 4 <TEX>${\times}$</TEX> 4 Latin square experiment to study effects of fat sources on rumen metabolism and digestibility of nutrients. All cows were fed a total mixed diets containing 60% silage and 40% concentrate. The four concentrates were formulated to contain either Megalac(MEG), formaldehyde-treated whole linseed(LIN), a mixture (50 : 50, oil basis) of fish oil and formaldehyde-treated whole linseed(MIX), or no fat source in the concentrate but 500g per day of linseed oil being infused into the duodemm (OIL). The rumen pH was lowest in OIL among the treatments(P < 0.05), but ammonia N concentration in the rumen was not significantly different among the treatments. The differences of total VFA, acetate, propionate, iso-butyrate and iso-valerate concentrations were not significant among the treatments. While, butyrate and valerate were highest in OIL and lowest in MEG(P < 0.05 and P <0.01, respectively). In addition, A:P ratio was also highest in OIL and lowest in MEG(P < 0.05). As expected, intake of nutrients(DM, OM, NDF and ADF) was lowest in OIL among the treatments(P < 0.01). However, all nutrients flow to the duodenum, and digestion in the rumen and total tract were not significantly different among the treatments. Intake of N was highest in MEG, but lowest in OIL treatment(P < 0.01). Duodenal flow of total N, nonammonia N and microbial N was not significantly different across the treatments. In addition, microbial synthesis and ammonia N and total N digestibility were not affected by different dietary fat sources. The present results show that fermentative characteristic and microbial efficiency in the rumen, and nutrients digestibility in the rumen and total tract were not depressed by supplementation of as much as 6% dietary fat sources.

Effect of Erabu sea snake Laticauda semifasciata oil intake on maze-learning ability in mice

: The oil of Erabu sea snake Laticauda semifasciata, a marine reptile, is used as a health promoting food in Japan. The aims of the present study were to determine the effect of Erabu sea snake oil on the learning ability in mice. Male mice (6 months old) were fed a diet containing 5% lard, 5% Erabu sea snake oil, or 5% fish oil mixture, containing the same percentages (12.8%) of docosahexaenoic acid as the sea snake oil. Maze-learning ability was assessed 4 months after the start of the experiment and the brain fatty acid composition was measured after 4.5 months. In the third trial run of the maze-learning task, the number of times that a mouse strayed into blind alleys in the maze was significantly lower in the sea snake and fish oil mixture groups than in lard group. These results suggest that sea snake oil exerts an equivalent influence on the learning ability in mice to that of fish oil.

Effects of fish oil type, lipid antioxidants and presence of rapeseed oil on oxidative flavour stability of fish oil enriched milk

AbstractAs a part of our ongoing experiments on optimization of the oxidative stability of fish oils in genuine food systems, this study investigated the oxidative deterioration of fish oil enriched milk emulsions during cold storage. The experimental data showed that addition of rapeseed oil to fish oil (1:1) prior to emulsification into milk significantly protected the emulsions against oxidative deterioration. Addition of propyl gallate and a citric acid ester to the fish oil prior to emulsification also protected the fish oil enriched milk during storage. Emulsions containing a rapeseed:fish oil mixture were oxidatively stable during 11 d at 2 °C. Thus, no additional inhibitory effect of the added antioxidants was observed. The peroxide value and concentrations of five selected volatiles derived from n‐3 PUFA degradation in rapeseed:fish oil mixture emulsions were not significantly different from the corresponding levels in neither the emulsion containing only rapeseed oil nor the milk. It is proposed that the tocopherols in rapeseed oil may be the protective factor. Three‐way chemometric exploratory data analysis was implemented in form of a parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). The PARAFAC model provided an overview of the obtained data with significantly enhanced interpretability, and revealed information about groupings and correlations in our data.

FISH OIL WITH ESSENCE OF CHICKEN DECREASES SERUM AND HEPATIC TRIACYLGLYCEROL IN HAMSTERS FED AN ATHEROGENIC DIET

ABSTRACTThe aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of a mixture of dietary chicken essence and fish oil on possible lowering of blood and hepatic lipids in hamsters. Forty male hamsters were randomly divided into four groups and fed a chow diet, high fat/cholesterol diet (HFC), HFC diets containing 4% (HFC4) or 8% (HFC8) fish oil with essence of chicken for 42 days. The experimental diets contained 10% (w/w) fat. Hamsters fed HFC diets containing either 4 or 8% fish oil with essence of chicken showed significantly decreased serum triacylglycerols (TG) compared to hamsters fed HFC diets. In addition, hamsters fed HFC8 diets exhibited significantly reduced hepatic TG than those fed HFC diet. However, hamsters fed HFC4 or HFC8 diets significantly increased low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) when compared with those on HFC diet. These results suggest that 4% (or more) fish oil with essence of chicken might significantly lower serum TG and hepatic TG in hamsters, but seem to increase serum cholesterol levels on HFC diets.

Olive oil increases the number of triacylglycerol-rich chylomicron particles compared with other oils: an effect retained when a second standard meal is fed , , ,

Compared with the postprandial events after a single meal, different events occur when a second meal is ingested 4-6 h after a first meal. There is a rapid appearance of chylomicrons in the circulation carrying fat ingested with the first meal, with a peak 1 h after the second meal. Our goal was to examine whether different dietary oils have effects on the storage of triacylglycerol as a result of differences in their digestion, absorption, and incorporation into chylomicrons. A single-blind, randomized, within-subject crossover design was used to study the effects of palm oil, safflower oil, a mixture of fish and safflower oil, and olive oil on postprandial apolipoprotein (apo) B-48, retinyl ester, and triacylglycerol in the S(f) > 400 fraction with the use of a sequential meal protocol. For triacylglycerol, retinyl ester, and apo B-48, the time to reach peak concentration was significantly earlier after the second meal than after the first meal (P < 0.005). This was apparent with each of the dietary oils. The pattern of the apo B-48 response differed significantly among the dietary oils, with olive oil resulting in higher concentrations after both meals (P = 0.003). The ratio of triacylglycerol to apo B-48 was significantly lower after olive oil feeding than after feeding with the other oils (P = 0.02). The rapid entry of chylomicrons after the ingestion of a second meal 5 h after a first meal was seen with all of the oils investigated. The short-term ingestion of olive oil produced more chylomicrons than did the other dietary oils, which may have been due to differences in the metabolic handling of olive oil within the gut.

The effects of Erabu sea snake oil on the plasma lipids and glucose, and liver lipids in mice

The aims of this study were to determine the effects of Erabu sea snake Laticauda Semifasciata, a marine reptile, oil on plasma and liver lipids and plasma glucose in mice. Male mice (6 months old) were fed a diet containing 5% lard, 5% Erabu sea snake oil, or 5% fish oil mixture, which had the same percentage of docosahexaenoic acid as the Erabu sea snake oil, for 4 months. The plasma and liver total cholesterol, triacylglycerol and phospholipid concentrations, and plasma glucose concentrations were significantly lower in mice fed the sea snake oil diet than in those animals fed the lard diet. There were no significant differences in plasma and liver lipid components between the lard and fish oil mixture diet groups. There were no marked differences in plasma or liver fatty acid composition between the animals fed sea snake oil and those fed the fish oil mixture. These results indicate that a diet of Erabu sea snake oil has a lowering-effect on plasma and liver lipids and plasma glucose in mice and is more effective than a fish oil mixture.