Salmon Research Articles

Diversity of Ichthyofauna and their Abundance in Ghaghara River, Siwan District, Bihar, India

The Ghaghara River, a significant tributary of the holy River Ganga, travels across northern India., providing essential water resources for agriculture, communities and biodiversity. The river's fish diversity is vital for maintaining local ecological balance and supporting livelihoods. Fish biodiversity and different diversity indices were evaluated in the study area from August 2021 to July 2022. Data was collected from four locations namely Darauli (S-1), Rakauli (S-2), Phulwariya (S-3) and Semariya (S-4) of the Ghaghara River and we found 61 species belongs to 47 genera, 21 families and 07 orders. Cypriniformes were the most common order, accounting for 42% of fish species, followed by Siluriformes (31%), and Perciformes (18%). The most prevalent family is Cyprinidae, which accounts for 39.3% of the fish fauna (24 species), followed by Bagridae (06 species) and Sisoridae (4 species). Total number of individuals, relative abundance (percentage catch), minimum and maximum size of each species were calculated. However, the river’s aquatic ecosystems, particularly its fish populations are increasingly under threat due to human activities, including habitat degradation, pollution, overfishing and the construction of hydropower projects. This study aims to assess the fish diversity of the Ghaghara River and explore the current conservation challenges and opportunities.

EXPLORING THE LINK BETWEEN WATER CHEMISTRY VARIATION AND FISH DIVERSITY IN RIVER JHELUM: A META-ANALYSIS

This study aimed to establish a connection between changes in the water chemistry of the river Jhelum and the diversity, richness, and abundance of species over time. Empirical evidence was reviewed from existing literature on fish species diversity and physicochemical parameters. A comparison was made between the upper and lower sections of the river, considering both spatial and temporal aspects. The dominant fish family in the river was Cyprinidae, consisting of eight species, followed by Nemachilidae, with only two species. Regarding diversity indices, the upper stretch exhibited values of 2.192 for the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'), 0.104 for Simpson's dominance index (D), 0.896 for the heterogeneity index (1-D), 1.436 for Margalef's index (d), and 0.350 for Pielou's evenness index (J'). Conversely, the lower stretch showed values of 1.978, 0.145, 0.855, 1.144, and 0.323, respectively. These findings indicated a decline in fish species diversity, richness, and relative abundance in the lower section. These results align with existing literature, suggesting that water pollution is more severe in the lower stretch compared to the upper stretch. However, correlation analysis revealed that, except for dissolved oxygen and ortho phosphorous, there is a negative relationship between water quality parameters and fish diversity, which, while present, is not significant enough to impact the river's fish diversity substantially. This suggests that other anthropogenic activities, such as sand mining, overfishing, and exotic common carp in the river, are responsible for the decreased fish diversity downstream in the river Jhelum. Further research is needed to investigate the effects of other hydrological parameters, such as precipitation, evapotranspiration, surface runoff, water velocity, and depth, on the fish diversity of the river Jhelum. Such studies would provide additional empirical evidence for protecting the aquatic fish biodiversity in the river Jhelum.

Purification, characterization, optimization, and docking simulation of alkaline protease produced by Brevibacillus agri SAR25 using fish wastes as a substrate.

Recycling of protein-rich environmental wastes and obtaining more valuable products from these recycled products is a topic of interest for researchers. This study aims to produce, purify, and characterize the physicochemical and structural properties of the protease enzyme produced from Brevibacillus agri SAR25 using salmon fish waste as substrate and also to evaluate the effect of protease on the chicken feather, enzyme-ligand interactions, and active site surface area. The production of protease was optimum on 50g/L fish waste, pH8, 40°C, 96h, and 150rpm. The alkaline protease was isolated using three-phase partitioning (TPP), a straightforward and efficient one-step method for purifying enzymes in industrial applications. TPP achieved a purification efficiency of 115% with a 3.1-fold increase in concentration. As a result, the molecular weight of the purified protease was determined to be 50kDa under optimal conditions of pH9 and 45°C. The 3D structure of the alkaline protease enzyme with the determined ligands was predicted by homology modeling using UCSF Chimera 1.17.3 software. Tween-20 ligand showed the best binding affinity by hydrogen bonding with amino acids 106A, Asn 133A, Gly 198, Asn 226, Glu 232 and hydrophobic interaction with His 135, Leu 283 in the active site of the alkaline protease enzyme, thus leading to the discovery of new semisynthetic enzymes of salmon fish waste. The activity and stability of Brevibacillus agri SAR25 alkaline protease over a wide range of temperatures and pH, and its relatively high stability in the presence of various metal ions, organic solvents, and surfactants indicate that it can be used as a biocatalyst for different industrial applications. This could lead to the creation of new enzymes made from recycled biological materials.

The role of river connectivity in the distribution of fish in an anthropized watershed.

The ongoing biodiversity crisis is especially severe in freshwater habitats. Anthropized watersheds, such as the Seine-Normandie basin in France, are particularly affected by human interference. The study of fish species distribution in watersheds often relies on environmental drivers such as land use or climate. Yet, fish are also exposed to river connectivity constraints, such as dams, that are understudied despite their potential impact on fish dispersal. For this study, we investigated the role of local and whole-basin longitudinal connectivity in fish distribution. We designed connectivity indices based on river network characteristics and specific mobility for 33 species and included these indices in species distribution models, taking into account habitat suitability, to quantify their role in species distribution. Keeping the best index for each species, an average of 29% - and up to 57% - of explained fish distribution, depending on species, was tied to connectivity. We found that high connectivity often had a significant and positive linear effect on species presence probability. Using a scoring system across multiple indices, we found connectivity indices that took local context into account (e.g. the ecological zonation of the river) performed consistently better than others. Indices that took only dispersal limitation into account scored higher for 12 species, while barriers, alone, were the most important constraint for 10 species, the remaining 11 being associated with both. This work points to fragmentation as a cause for lower likelihood of presence for many non-diadromous river fish species. It highlights the importance of considering both physical and functional connectivity constraints in fish distribution and provides additional insights for river management and restoration.

Longitudinal fish species diversity and distribution in a medium-sized Afro-tropical river in the Lake Victoria Basin

Despite significantly influencing fisheries characteristics of major global basins, medium-sized rivers such as Awach Kibuon remain the least studied. This study evaluated longitudinal fish species diversity, distribution, and environmental influence in Awach Kibuon River, Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya, to inform sustainable management of fisheries resources within the region. Nine sites located in different zones of the river were sampled monthly for eight months in 2019 and 2020. Fish samples were collected for 45 minutes using a backpack electrofisher on a 50-m river reach in every sampling site. Selected physico- chemical parameters (pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, conductivity, and turbidity) were measured in situ using standard methods. Longitudinal river fish diversity was assessed using species richness, Simpson's Index (D), Shannon-Weiner Index (H′), and Pielou's Evenness Index (J). A total of 983 fish specimens belonging to 21 species, 12 genera, seven families, and six orders were caught during sampling. Cyprinidae was the most dominant family, represented by nine species, followed by Claridae, Mochokidae, and Cichlidae, represented by three species each. Longitudinal species richness, abundance, and diversity indices deviated from the expected downstream increase. Upstream stations had no fish, whereas midstream and river mouth stations had moderate and high species diversity, respectively. Pearson's correlation analyses showed that temperature, conductivity, TDS, depth, and velocity influenced fish species richness in the river. The above findings call for the inclusion of medium- sized rivers in fisheries management plans of Great Lakes Basins for sustainability.

Comparison of microbial and chemical changes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fillets reared in earthen basins, river cages and river fish during storage in refrigerator

The factors that greatly affect the quality of fish meat are type of nutrition and nutritional conditions, their effects are found in the muscle structure and stability of fish meat during the storage period. To conduct this study, fish were stored for 14 days at a temperature of 4 °C. During the refrigerated storage period of fish fillets, the approximate composition of fish fillets (moisture, protein, fat and ash) was measured, and the quality factors of fish were recorded. The results also showed that the highest amount of moisture and the lowest amount of fat were in fish cultured in earthen ponds, and the amount of protein did not change significantly between the different treatments, the amounts of TBA, FFA and TVN increased during the refrigerated storage period, and the pH changes were not regular between the different treatments. The highest amount of TBA and FFA was between the different treatments. It was also noted that the highest amount of moisture was in river fish. Comparison of the results of the different qualitative factors between the three treatments showed that treating fish in an earthen pond environment compared to the two treatments is more susceptible to spoilage during the refrigerated storage period. While the microbiological studies were conducted.

Application of Non-Equilibrium Low-Temperature Plasma for Skin Modification of Marine and River Fish Skins

Application of Non-Equilibrium Low-Temperature Plasma for Skin Modification of Marine and River Fish Skins

Freshwater fish in mid and northern German rivers – Long-term trends and associated species traits

To understand biodiversity change and support conservation decision-making, estimates of species' long-term population trends at regional and national scales are essential. However, such estimates are missing for many freshwater taxa, despite the diverse range of threats that they face. For this study, we mobilised monitoring data on riverine freshwater fish abundance collected across different regions of Germany. We applied generalized mixed effect models to estimate the population trends for 55 native species and 11 non-native species between 2004 and 2020. In addition, we used boosted regression trees to identify trait-based predictors of species trends and assessed their predictive ability. We found evidence of increasing abundance trends for 14 species and decreasing trends for 15 species; while the remaining species were mostly stable (26 species). Native species were more typically decreasing than increasing (14 vs 10 species); while non-native species were more often increasing (4 vs 1 species). Important traits associated with trends were maximum length, spawning temperature, and water quality tolerance, with small species, those spawning at high temperatures, and those preferring unpolluted waters, being most likely to have positive trends. Despite these associations, overall trait-based models showed limited power to predict trends in terms of direction as well as magnitude. Our results highlight the ongoing change in riverine fish communities and the importance of on-going species-level monitoring. The trait-based associations also indicate climate change and invasive species as important drivers of change in European freshwater rivers.

The Role of Underwater Soundscapes in Shaping the Distribution of Cobitidae Fish: Insights From Multiple Environmental Factors

ABSTRACTSound is critical in fish behaviours, including reproduction, feeding, predator avoidance and habitat selection. To investigate the impact of underwater soundscape on the distribution of Cobitidae fishes, we surveyed the status of Cobitidae fish resources and the underwater soundscape along with related environmental factors at 12 sampling sites downstream of the Songxin Hydropower Station in the Heishui River, a major tributary of the Jinsha River in China. Generalised additive models (GAMs) were employed to identify the primary environmental factors influencing the distribution of Cobitidae fishes and we analysed the correlation between the abundance of Cobitidae fish and primary environmental factors. The study revealed that the water depth, flow velocity, water temperature and sound pressure level (SPL) all had highly significant effects on the distribution of Cobitidae fishes (p < 0.001), with SPL showing the lowest relative importance among these factors. Water depth positively correlated with Cobitidae fish abundance, whereas water temperature, SPL and flow velocity showed negative correlations. This study preliminarily explored the response relationship between the distribution of Cobitidae fish and four main environmental factors, offering a technical foundation for predicting the distribution of Cobitidae fishes in rivers and for implementing conservation measures of fish such as suitable habitat creation.

Burden and risk factors of suspected cholangiocarcinoma in high Opisthorchis viverrini endemic rural communities in southern Lao PDR.

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a major contributor to hepatobiliary mortality in the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). Infection with the carcinogenic trematode Opisthorchis viverrini (OV), acquired through consumption of insufficiently-cooked river fish, is a known risk factor for the development of CCA. Together with OV, other risk factors contribute to the pathogenesis of CCA. We conducted this study to identify the burden of CCA and identify risk factors in high-risk communities in Lao PDR. A cross-sectional study was performed in Champasack and Savannakhet provinces, southern Lao PDR, where OV infection is highly endemic. We assessed hepatobiliary morbidity with abdominal ultrasound (US). In addition, multiple risk factors known or suspected to be associated with CCA were assessed such as OV infection (examined by Kato-Katz technique for stool examination), lifestyle risks (e.g. smoking and alcohol consumption by face-to-face questionnaire), co-morbidity (e.g. diabetes mellitus) and hepatitis B infection status, both serologically tested. In 3,400 participants, the overall prevalence of suspected CCA was 7.2% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 5.4-9.6). The suspected CCA prevalence increased with age, and was higher in men at all ages. Almost all participants (88.3%) were infected with OV. In the multivariate regression analysis, suspected CCA was positively associated with OV infection (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.4, 95% CI 1.7-6.5), and a history of cholecystectomy (aOR 2.7, 95% CI 1.5-4.9). Our CCA screening in high OV prevalence rural areas of Lao PDR uncovers a high public health burden, primarily driven by elevated OV infection rates. Urgent interventions are needed to curb OV infection in these communities. Age and gender disparities in suspected CCA prevalence highlight the need for targeted efforts. Beyond OV, notable factors like a history of cholecystectomy offer valuable insights for preventive strategies. This research enhances our understanding of hepatobiliary morbidity and informs public health initiatives in Lao PDR.

Comparing conventional tagging methods and acoustic telemetry to inform management of Lake Whitefish in Lake Michigan

AbstractObjectiveStudies of fish movement using conventional tags or acoustic telemetry have different benefits and biases that can influence how conclusions are used in a management context. Our objective was to determine whether these two methods provided similar inferences regarding movements and spawning site fidelity of Lake Whitefish Coregonus clupeaformis in Lake Michigan. Additionally, we assessed movement patterns and used telemetry to assess residency time of Lake Whitefish to provide managers with information on which stocks might be exposed to harvest in different regions.MethodsLake Whitefish were tagged during spawning in (1) North and Moonlight bays, (2) Big Bay de Noc, (3) the Menominee River, and (4) the Fox River. Proportions of fish moving between southern Green Bay, northern Green Bay, and Lake Michigan were compared between tag types. Spawning site fidelity was estimated for each tagging site. Seasonal residency indices were calculated using acoustic telemetry detections.ResultEstimates differed between the two methods, but overall trends were similar. Fox River fish rarely left southern Green Bay, and fish tagged in North and Moonlight bays rarely entered Green Bay (<10% of individuals). Big Bay de Noc and Menominee River fish moved into other regions more often (>50% of individuals). The residency indices indicated that Big Bay de Noc fish spent most of their time in Lake Michigan while Menominee River fish spent little time in northern Green Bay despite transitioning to the region. Compared to telemetry, conventional tag recoveries underestimated the proportion of individuals moving among regions. Spawning site fidelity estimates (28–100%) varied among tagging groups and between methods.ConclusionOur results suggest that data from conventional tags can inform management at broad geographic scales. However, acoustic telemetry can provide fine‐scale information. Information gained from telemetry can be useful in understanding exposure to fishing mortality, which may be valuable for informing management decisions.

The seeing eye, the narrating I: Animals in Eben Venter’s Decima (2023)

Eben Venter’s 2023 novel, Decima, centres on the titular rhinoceros living in the Great Fish River Reserve, South Africa, under constant threat of poachers after her horn. Decima shares the narrative with human characters, some out to harm her (poachers, the rhinoceros-horn kingpin, practitioners of Traditional Chinese Medicine—TCM) and those willing to protect her (scientists intent on debunking the efficacy of TCM, conservationists working at the reserve). The novel’s remarkable quirk is that we are privy to Decima’s thoughts, feelings and her perceptions. The relationship between how animals look and how that looking is narrated, by both the narrator and the animals themselves, is the concern of this article. The various eyes that look within and look out of the text serve to validate the experiences of the beings who observe. This is especially true of the novel’s animals—Venter reminds us through their eyes, which the novel designates as indexes of life and power, that animals can look back, that what they perceive in the material world and internally with their mind’s eye is a story of which they are in full possession, but one we may never know completely.

Enhancing Bio-Cultural Management in Indigenous Marine Areas in Chile

This article deepens the understanding of bio-cultural management through the establishment of Indigenous Marine Areas (IMAs) in Chile. While ecological conservation management has struggled due to governmental, top-down approaches, this research aims to show how the establishment of Indigenous Marine Areas (IMAs) has allowed Indigenous communities in Chile safeguard their customary uses and bio-cultural management. Based on analysis of three detailed case studies from a review of ten decreed IMAs, it discusses how IMAs are spatially prioritising the protection of habitats, species, and cultural relations, from different threats such as salmon aquaculture and fishing. The research develops the blue democracy approach, including participatory GIS, and semi-structured interviews to elicit local ecological knowledge (LEK) and values. Greater recognition of the network of IMAs can allow for greater momentum in monitoring and protection of marine ecosystems and Indigenous culture, where indigenous leadership over marine management is empowered.

Jump nets passively isolate lice-infected salmon and enable targeted treatment using cleaner fish

Ectoparasitic salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) are one of salmon aquaculture's greatest economic and environmental problems, which farmers expend considerable resources to control. Cleaner fish are a widely used method of continuous control and are deployed within farms to eat lice off salmon. There are concerns regarding the efficacy and welfare of cleaner fish in commercial farms, with a clear need for improvements. One way to improve efficacy is to increase encounter rates between salmon and cleaner fish by increasing their spatial overlap within cages. Here, we used ‘jump nets’—floating net pens deployed within sea-cages to passively collect jumping salmon—to selectively capture and treat lice-infected salmon using cleaner fish. We tested: i) if jump nets selected salmon with higher lice loads than the overall cage population, ii) if salmon jumped into nets with cleaner fish more frequently than those without cleaner fish, and iii) if lice levels were reduced in jump nets stocked with cleaner fish compared to jump nets with no cleaner fish. Jump nets caught salmon with 1.2 times higher lice loads than fish populations in cages. Remarkably, salmon jumped 1.6 times more frequently into nets with cleaner fish than those without – a result consistent across both species of cleaner fish tested and at 5 out of 6 sampling times. The prevalence of adult stages of salmon lice on salmon was reduced by both lumpfish (25 % lower) and ballan wrasse (14 % lower) over a 3-day period. Our results reveal that passive capture can be used for selective lice treatment using cleaner fish or other lice treatment methods.

Comparison of EfficientNetB1 Model Effectiveness in Identifying Fish Diseases in South Asian Fish Diseases and Salmon Fish Diseases

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the EfficientNetB1 model in identifying fish diseases across two distinct datasets: South Asian Fish Diseases and Salmon Fish Diseases. The South Asian Fish Diseases dataset includes seven categories: red bacterial disease, aeromoniasis, gill bacterial disease, fungal saprolegniasis, parasitic disease, and white tail viral disease. The Salmon dataset is divided into two parts: FreshFish and InfectedFish. Using the EfficientNetB1 algorithm, each dataset was separately trained and tested to predict species and disease. Results showed an accuracy of 98.14% for the South Asian Fish Diseases dataset and 99.18% for the Salmon Diseases dataset. These findings support the argument that the model possesses sufficient capability to detect diseases affecting various fish species. This suggests that the model could be a valuable tool in the aquaculture industry for disease management and detection strategies.

Species diversity and the spread of invasive fish in the Upper Bengawan Solo River, Central Java, Indonesia

Species diversity and the spread of invasive fish in the Upper Bengawan Solo River, Central Java, Indonesia

Comparison of the potential risk from arsenic exposure when eating fish grown in natural and artificial conditions, using the example of rainbow trout

Introduction. Due to the increasing share of fish and fish products in the human diet, hygienic problems are also increasing, especially with the growing of aquaculture sector. The task of determining the level of arsenic toxicity is becoming extremely important. Although the toxicity mechanisms of inorganic arsenic are generally well understood, the impact of speciation of its other (organic) compounds on the likelihood of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects has been largely unexplored. Material and methods. The objects of study were samples of fillet and caviar of salmon fish – rainbow trout (wild and aquaculture). The quantitative determination of arsenic-containing substances was carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma. The samples were prepared using microwave methods. The risk level was calculated based on recommendations R 2.1.10.3968–23. Results. As the result of this work the information about concentration of arsenic (organic and inorganic compounds) in fillets and caviar of fish from the salmon family - rainbow trout was shown. It has been established that the content of inorganic and organic arsenic compounds practically does not differ, depending of the habitat of trout. The levels of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk of inorganic arsenic were calculated. Limitations. Determination of arsenic concentration was carried out in rainbow trout, which had been grown in natural and artificial conditions. Conclusion. It has been established that inorganic arsenic makes the greatest contribution to the health risk. However, the magnitude of the risk does not exceed the acceptable sanitary and hygienic standards, while the conditions for growing fish have practically no effect on these values.

Emerging pollutants: Risks in salmon fish migration. A review

The release of pollutants into the environment is a serious ecological problem due to the significant risks they pose both to ecosystems and to human health. The review considers the issues of detection and distribution of new pollutants, as well as sources of their entry into the environment and potential impact on ecosystems. The problem of wastewater pollution is especially urgent in the context of conservation of salmonid fish species. Pharmaceutical and veterinary drugs, components of personal hygiene products, microplastics, per- and polyfluorinated substances, brominated flame retardants, oil and a number of other toxicants enter freshwater bodies, which are especially important for the early stages of the salmon development and its following migration. The presence of pollutants in the aquatic environment depends on a source, their ability to bioaccumulate, as well as to degrade in the processes of biological and abiotic purification. High-resolution mass spectrometry in combination with gas or liquid chromatography can be recommended for detection of new pollutants. Due to high mass measurement accuracy and high specificity, this method is able to effectively identify pollutants even in the complex fish matrix. When conducting non-targeted and targeted screening with highly sensitive full scanning, it is advisable to use high-resolution mass analyzers (TOF, Q-TOF, Q-Orbitrap), which allow determining a number of new compounds. A promising direction in the complex assessment of the impact of pollutants on salmon fish species and the identification of indicators characterizing this impact is metabolomics. It is based on the study of low-molecular organic compounds — metabolites, both intermediate and final metabolic products in body fluids and tissues. Metabolomic profiling allows identifying important markers of the state of a water body under the influence of pollutants, which is necessary for the development of comprehensive regulations and guidelines for the effective handling of these pollutants.

Increased diversity of macroinvertebrates, but not fish, near wastewater outfalls in the Red River Basin, Oklahoma

The reuse of wastewater for beneficial purposes (e.g. irrigation) can boost water sustainability, but may have positive or negative impacts on the environment. In some drought-prone or over-allocated river basins, wastewater is an important component of stream flows and may buffer river ecosystems from drought. In these locations, wastewater may have a net positive impact on river ecosystems and its capture and reuse would be harmful to these ecosystems. In other locations, wastewater may have a net negative impact if the quality of the wastewater (i.e. concentrations of contaminants and nutrients) is lower than that of the receiving water body. In this study, we quantified the effects of wastewater on fish and macroinvertebrate communities in the Red River, Oklahoma. We investigated two competing hypotheses. First, we hypothesized that if wastewater flows buffer aquatic communities from drought, then measures of biodiversity should be higher at sampling sites near wastewater outfalls than at sites not near wastewater outfalls. Second, we hypothesized that if wastewater outfalls negatively impact water quality or homogenize the flow regime, then measures of biodiversity should be lower at sites near wastewater outfalls. To test these competing hypotheses, we calculated a suite of biodiversity indices at 320 biological sampling sites in the Red River Basin and analyzed for significant differences in communities based on proximity to wastewater outfalls. We found that proximity to upstream wastewater outfalls had significant positive impacts on macroinvertebrate community biodiversity, but we did not find any significant relationships with fish community diversity. Findings from this study provide insight to management decisions on wastewater reuse initiatives in beneficial subbasins while minimizing harmful ecological impacts.

Genetic Identification of Endemic Fish Nomorhamphus liemi Vogt, 1978 from Sigi, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

Sulawesi Island is geographically included in the Wallacea region, a transitional area between the Oriental and Australian zones, which makes Sulawesi’s fresh waters have a high level of fish species diversity. Some fish species found in Sulawesi freshwater are endemic. Research on Sulawesi endemic fishes in rivers is not as much as research on endemic fishes in lakes. Nomorhamphus liemi or locally known as angculung is one of Sulawesi’s endemic fishes. This species belongs to the sub-family Zenarchopterinae. The majority of species from the Zenarchopterinae sub-family are sexually dimorphic. This study aimed to molecularly identify angculung fish species using COI markers in the region. A total of nine angculung fish were collected and preserved using 96% alcohol. In the laboratory, tissue taken from the back of the dorsal fin was isolated and extracted, then amplified by PCR before sequencing. Sequencing results were validated on BLASTn, showing that nine samples belonged to Nomorhamphus liemi with 98-99% sequence similarity. The nucleotide base sequences were then analyzed using MEGA 7.0 software. The genetic distance of mackerel in these waters showed a close relationship. Phylogeny tree results showed population mixing so that mackerel in these waters can be managed in one management unit, especially in Sulawesi.