Growth Performance Of Fish Research Articles

Evaluating the Effect of Live Brine Shrimp (Artemia franciscana) on Growth Performance in Ornamental Fish, Cyprinus rubrofuscus (Lacepede, 1803)

Feeding is a critical factor for both cultured and ornamental fish species. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of live brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana) on the growth and biochemical composition of fish. In the present study, sixty days feeding trail was conducted on the growth performance of ornamental fish, koi carp (Cyprinus rubrofuscus). The type of food such as live feed, nutrient-enriched prepared feed and commercial feed exerted a significant impact on the growth and body composition of fish. The specific growth rate is high in live brine shrimp fed fishes followed by prepared food. After 60 days experiment showed that the maximum length and weight of live brine shrimp fed fishes were 7.5 ± 0.9 cm and 5.3 ± 1.7 gm, respectively. The survival rates of the fish were 100 % under all feeding groups. The biochemical profiles of the fish varied significantly between the different feeding regimes. These results suggest that live feed is more effective than pelletized feed for ornamental fish culture.

Assessment of Bacillus species capacity to protect Nile tilapia from A. hydrophila infection and improve growth performance.

The present study evaluated the capacity of three Bacillus species to improve health status and growth performance of Nile Tilapia fed with high levels of soybean meal and challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. In vitro experiments showed that β-hemolysin and metalloprotease enzymes were produced by A. hydrophila throughout the exponential growth phase. In vivo experiments showed that 107 colony-forming units (CFUs)/ml of this pathogen killed 50% of control group fishes in 13 days. To evaluate the influence of Bacillus strains on health status and growth performance in Nile Tilapia, 180 fishes (33.44 + 0.05 g) were distributed in 12 tanks of 200 L each, and animals were fed twice per day until satiety. 1) Control group without Bacillus, 2)Bacillus sp1, 3) Bacillus sp2, and 4) Bacillus sp3 groups were formulatedcontaining 106 CFU/g. After 40 days of feeding, the fishes were intraperitoneally injected with 1 ml of A. hydrophila at 2 × 107 CFU/ml, and mortality was recorded. The results showed that cumulative mortality rate was significantly (p< 0.05) lower in the Bacillus sp1 (25%), sp2 (5%), and sp3 (15%) groups, than the control group (50%). Weight gain was also significantly better (p< 0.05) in the Bacillus sp1 (36%), sp2 (67%), and sp3 (55%) groups with respect to the control group (30%). In conclusion, functional diet formulated with high levels of soybean meal and supplemented with Bacillus sp2 could be an alternative to protect Nile tilapia cultures from A. hydrophila infections and improve fish growth performance.

Effect of fermented grain cereal milling by-product on the enhancement of physiological and reproductive parameters of goldfish (Carassius auratus) broodstock

The aim of this work was to assess the effect of feeding goldfish (Carassius auratus) broodstock with diets containing dietary fermented grain cereal milling by-product with Saccharomyces cerevisiae 5, 10, 20 g/Kg diet (FY) (a carbohydrate source) on fish growth, health, maturity, and reproductive performance. The broodstock were divided into four groups: FY0, FY5, FY10, and FY20 diet, and control (FY0) fed a basal diet for 68 days. Growth-related parameters, biochemical composition, and blood biochemical parameters were measured. For maturity progress ovarian histology, gonadotropins and sex steroid hormones (T and E2) were noticed, and to evaluate reproductive performance, fecundity and gonadosomatic index (GSI%) were evaluated. Adding FY to the experimental diets improved broodstock growth and hematological markers. Additionally, it enhanced the ovarian growth (GSI% and fecundity), which augmented significantly (p ≤ 0.05) in FY10 and. FY20 treated sets. Dietary FY significantly increased serum levels of globulin, albumin, total protein, and glucose compared with the control. In addition, gonadotropins and sex hormones were significantly elevated in a dose-dependent mode with increasing FY levels. This study demonstrated positive physiological effects with improving reproductive parameter response after FY dietary addition. The group fed FY20 exhibited the better growth performance than the other treatments. Therefore, nutritional FY management could be employed as a tactical approach to improve reproductive ability and maintain goldfish production.

The Impact of Microalgae-Based Diet Enriched Mesocyclopsaspericornis Copepod on the Growth Performance and Biochemical Assessment of Ornamental Fish (Brachydanio rerio)

The cultivation of emerging species in aquaculture and the aquarium industry presents challenges, particularly during the sensitive larval stage, which often has a small mouth. Developing appropriate early feeding protocols is crucial. Copepods have gained recognition as a viable alternative to traditional live fish feeds, as they are natural prey for many fish species and do not necessarily require additional nutritional enrichment. This study aimed to assess the effect of enriching Mesocyclopsaspericornis with different microalgae (Spirulina, Azolla, Chlorella) when fed to Brachydanio rerio, focusing on growth, survival, and biochemical performance of the ornamental fish. Results revealed that Brachydanio rerio exhibited the highest specific growth rate (SGR) when fed with copepods enriched with Spirulina (1.49±0.022), and the highest survival rate was observed when copepods were enriched with Spirulina (93.4±2.549). Further analysis of the biochemical composition of enriched copepods indicated that Chlorella resulted in the highest protein and carbohydrate content, along with lower lipid content compared to other enrichment groups. This suggests that microalgae, particularly Spirulina and Chlorella can serve as a potential feed to enhance the nutritional status of copepods and support the early stages of fish development.

Dietary Taurine Improves The Growth Performance, Health Status and Liver Histopathology of Meagre (Argyrosomus Regius) Fed A Reduced Fish Meal Diet

Abstract Research has focused on alternative plant materials or additives that can be used instead of fish meal due to limited stocks and increased feed prices, although it is important for carnivorous fish species. Taurine is a functional amino acid supplemented to low fish meal diets to improve the growth performance of fish. In this study, eight experimental diets with 0%, 0.5%, 1% and 2% ratios of taurine supplemented (T0, T0.5, T1 and T2) high (HFM) and low fish meal (LFM) diets were prepared (defined as HFMT0, HFMT0.5, HFMT1, HFMT2, LFMT0, LFMT0.5, LFMT1 and LFMT2). The experiment was carried out in twenty-four 400 L rectangular fiberglass tanks conducted in a marine water system, and fish (initial mean weight of 23.5 g) were stocked in each tank. The nutrition trial was carried out for 90 days with three replicates. Meagre fed with the HFMT1 diet had a higher final mean weight (FMW) and specific growth rate (SGR) than fish fed with HFMT0 and all LFM diets. Including taurine in all LFM diets also enhanced growth performance. The FMW and SGR of fish fed the LFMT0.5 diet were similar when compared to HFMT0 (P&gt;0.05) and increased compared to that of other LFM diets with taurine (P&lt;0.05). Meagre fed the LFM0.5 diet had a lower feed conversion rate (FCR) than those provided for all HFM diets, although there was no significant difference between treatments. Dietary taurine has decreased the hepatosomatic index (HSI), viscerosomatic index (VSI) and total ammonia-nitrogen excretion (TAN), irrespective of taurine and fish meal levels. Including dietary taurine at both fish meal levels enhances the number of red blood cells (RBC) and whole-body amino acids of meagre. The most remarkable conclusion of this study is the inclusion of taurine in low fish meal diets improved growth performance and profitability in meagre, and the level of 0.5% has been recommended.

Integrating of the domestic goat into the rice-fish coculture systems: Rice paddy yield, diet, growth parameters, and intestine microbiota of common carp Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758)

Feeding the World while ensuring food security and biodiversity conservation is one of the sustainable development challenges. Integrating farming systems holds great promise for enhancing agricultural sustainability. To reach this goal, the domestic goat (Capra hircus) was integrated into the rice fish system. Four plots each 5 m × 10.65 m were made in two experimental systems, goat-rice-fish (GRF) and rice-fish (RF). We compared the impacts on rice productivity, fish growth performance, water quality, dietary patterns, and gut microbiota composition between both systems. On the one hand, the rice yield indicators, survival rate (SR), specific growth rate (SGR), pH temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) were compared. On the other hand, the frequency of occurrence (FOC) of food items of fish (Cyprinus carpio), and the microbiota communities in goat faeces (GoFe) and fish intestines were also examined and compared among both systems. The results showed that the rice yield, the number of filled spikelets per panicle, the number of panicles per land area, and the 1000-grain weight were significantly increased with the integration of goat in the rice-fish coculture system. The SR of fish under the goat-rice-fish system was 12.12% significantly higher than that of the fish under the rice-fish system, as well as the SGR of fish in the GRF system was 21.85% significantly higher than that of the rice-fish system. However, the water quality analyses indicated that the integration of goats significantly increased the concentration of TN and TP. The DO concentration in the GRF system was 25.93% lower than that in the RF system. Dietary analysis of the common carp in goat-rice fish systems revealed shifts in foraging behaviors and diet composition compared to the rice-fish system. Furthermore, the study showed higher diversity in the gut microbiota communities of fish in response to goat-rice-fish integration. In conclusion, this comprehensive investigation underscores the complex and interconnected dynamics within the goat-rice-fish integrated system. It highlights the importance of balanced management practices to harness the system's potential for improved rice yield, fish ecology, and water quality. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of sustainable integrated farming practices and inform strategies for optimizing the productivity and ecological resilience of this integrated agroecosystem.

Impact of extrusion temperature and moisture incorporation on nutrient digestibility in barramundi (Lates calcarifer) diet

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of extrusion temperature and moisture incorporation procedure on nutrient digestibility of diets fed to barramundi (Lates calcarifer). A single premix was processed under six contrasted extrusion processing conditions, with extruder barrel temperatures set at 100 °C and 110 °C, and liquid water either incorporated in the preconditioner, in the barrel, or in both. In a subsequent 33-day feeding trial, grow-out fish (758.3 ± 24.5 g) were fed the 6 diets and apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) were assessed for 42 fatty acids, 17 amino acids, protein, lipids and energy. Digestibility of protein (92.3–93.7%), lipid (84.1–89.4%), and energy (69.4–75.2%) also remained unaffected by extrusion settings (P > 0.05). However, lower extrusion temperature and moisture incorporation in both preconditioner and barrel resulted in higher digestibility of poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), long-chain poly-unsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), omega-3, omega-6 and 22:6 docosahexaenoic n-3 (DHA). Moreover, lower extrusion temperature significantly improved ADCs of essential amino acids, except lysine, histidine, and threonine (P < 0.05). The results showed no significant impact (P > 0.05) of the tested extrusion parameters on fish growth (TGC: 2.11 ± 0.17), feed intake, or feed conversion performance (FCR: 1.67 ± 0.13). The study unveils diverse responses to extrusion temperature and moisture levels regarding amino acid and fatty acid digestibility. These findings highlight the advantages of preconditioning during the extrusion process to enhance fatty acid digestibility.

Assessment of the Proximate and Mineral Compositions of Moringa Oleifera Leaf Extracts, the Carcass and Eggs of African Clariid Catfish, Heterobranchus bidorsalis

The need to optimize feed efficiency, feed digestibility and improve metabolism, growth, and reproductive performance of fish has necessitated the use of phytogenic feed additives in aquaculture. A Study was carried out to assess the Proximate and mineral compositions of aqueous and ethanolic Moringa oleifera leave extracts (AMOLE and EMOLE respectively) according to standard procedures. Consequently, these two extracts were used to formulate test diets containing 0.00/100g (control), 1.0g/100g, 2.0g/100g and 3.0g/100g inclusion levels. H. bidorsalis samples (n=216; 800.00+150.00g; 37.50±1.5cm) were randomly distributed in triplicate into 24 concrete tanks of size 6m x 4m x1.3m in a completely randomized 2x4 factorial design and fed at 5% body weight twice daily for 16 weeks. The proximate and mineral compositions of the diets was determined while the carcass and the eggs nutrients compositions were subsequently assessed. The proximate composition of the eggs were significantly higher in crude protein contents than the CP in the MOLE (34.14±0.05), AMOLE (38.84±0.17) and EMOLE (38.44±0.07) diets and the Carcass (37.46±0.28) with range (72.32±0.41 (control) - 78.78±0.58 % (3.0/100g)) while the ash (1.44±0.10 (3g/100g - 2.41±0.10% (control)) and ether (2.88±0.09 (3.0/100g) - 3.25±0.9% (control) ) contents where significantly lower than the highest contents of ash (20.01±0.27%) recorded in fish fed 2.0/100g AMOLE diet and (7.94±0.05%) ether recorded in the control diet. Aqueous extraction method had the highest significant (P&lt;0.05) retention of mineral concentrations: Ca (21.04), P (14.89), Mg (16.40), Na (23.33), K (65.57), Fe (10.67), Cu (6.48) and Zn (5.55) compare to ethanolic extraction method: Ca (2.87), P (12.65), Mg (7.65), Na (19.24), K (13.76), Fe (9.07), Cu (2.40) and Zn (2.32). For the carcass, only Manganese, Iron and Copper compositions were significant (P&lt;0.05) among all treatment groups and the control. These findings have far reaching nutritional importance in the healthcare system and will help to address undernutrition in fish broodstock management in a cost effective manner. Thus, the use of M. oleifera leaves extracts as phytogenic feed additives and nutrients booster should be encouraged and sustained towards sustainable aquaculture development.

Inclusion effect of jack mackerel meal in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) diet substituting blended fish meal with tuna by-product meal on growth, feed availability, and economic efficiency

The low fish meal (FM) diet commonly causes deteriorated palatability, and eventually leads to lowered feed consumption and growth performance of fish. This study was, therefore, designed to determine inclusion impact of the graded levels of jack mackerel meal (JMM) in olive flounder (P. olivaceus) diets replacing 50% FM with tuna by-product meal (TBM) on growth, feed availability, biochemical composition, blood chemistry, and economic efficiency. Six isonitrogenous (55.5%) and isolipidic (10.0%) diets were formulated. Sixty percent FM was incorporated in the control (Con) diet. In the Con diet, fifty percent of FM was replaced by TBM, and then 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% JMM were included at the cost of FM, referred as the TJ10, TJ20, TJ30, TJ40, and TJ50 diets, respectively. Three hundred and sixty juvenile fish (18.0 ± 0.01g; mean ± SD) were delivered into 18, 50-L flow-through tanks. All diets were randomly assigned to triplicate groups of fish. Fish were hand-fed to apparent satiation twice daily for 56 days. Weight gain, specific growth rate, and feed consumption of fish fed the TJ30, TJ40, and TJ50 diets were significantly (P &amp;lt; 0.001, P &amp;lt; 0.001, and P &amp;lt; 0.002, respectively) greater than those of fish fed the Con and TJ10 diets, but not significantly (P &amp;gt; 0.05) different from those of fish fed the TJ20 diet. Feed utilization, proximate composition, amino acid profiles, and blood chemistry of fish were not significantly (P &amp;gt; 0.05) altered by dietary treatments. However, the TJ30 diet was the most recommendable to farmers in terms of economic profit index (EPI). Conclusively, 30% inclusion of JMM is the most recommendable in the olive flounder diet substituting 50% FM with TBM based on growth performance, feed availability, and EPI.

Effects of solid-state fermentation product of yeast supplementation on liver and intestinal health, and resistance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) against spring viraemia carp virus

This study aimed to investigate the effects of solid-state fermentation products of yeast (SFPY) on liver and intestinal health and disease resistance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). A total of 200 common carp with an initial average weight of 2.55 ± 0.004 g were divided into 5 groups (4 replications per group and 10 fish per replication), and were fed with one of five diets, including a control diet and 4 diets supplemented with 2‰ (Y2), 3‰ (Y3), 4‰ (Y4), or 5‰ (Y5) SFPY, respectively, for 8 weeks. Results indicated that, the addition of SFPY to the diet of common carp did not affect the growth performance or survival rate of fish (P = 0.253). Interestingly, with the addition of SFPY, the triacylglycerol (TAG) content of the liver presented a linear decreasing tendency (P = 0.004), with significantly decreased in Y4 and Y5 groups (P = 0.035) compared with control. Serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS) content and diamine oxidase (DAO) activity presented a negative linear relationship with the addition of SFPY (P = 0.015, P = 0.030), while serum lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) content first decreased and then increased (P < 0.001). The total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in the intestine of fish increased continuously with increasing SFPY supplementation (P = 0.026), reaching the highest level in Y5 group. The villus height in all experimental groups were significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.001). Furthermore, compared to the control, adding 3‰ SFPY to the control diet of common carp significantly increased the relative abundance of Fusobacteria (P = 0.018) and decreased that of Proteobacteria (P = 0.039) at phylum level, and increased the relative abundance of Cetobacterium (P= 0.018) and decreased that of Shewanella (P = 0.013) at genus level. Compared with the control, the relative mRNA expression level of spring viraemia of carp virus N protein (SVCV-n) in the kidney was lower than that of the control group without significance and bottomed out in Y4 group (P = 0.138). In conclusion, dietary SFPY enhanced the SVCV resistance capacity of common carp by improving liver and intestinal health and modulating the gut microbiota. Thus, SFPY is a potential feed additive to be used in aquaculture to reduce the huge economic loss of common carp due to SVCV disease. Based on liver TAG content and intestinal villus height, the optimal addition level of SFPY was 3.02‰ and 2.72‰, respectively.

Fishmeal substitution by zooplankton or Daphnia magna biomass meals in the diet of Nile tilapia: Effectson growth, gut histological changes, bacterial abundanceand stress tolerance.

Fishmeal substitution with sustainable feed sources is highly essential towards sustainable production. This study aimed to investigate the effects of substituting fishmeal (FM) with Daphnia magna biomass meal (DBM) or zooplankton biomass meal (ZBM) on growth performance, liverand intestinal histology, gut bacterial abundanceand stress tolerance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, fry. Nile tilapia fry (0.23 ± 0.04 g) were randomly assigned to five groups of three replicates. The control diet comprised 300 g/kg FM, and the FM was substituted with DBM or ZBM at levels of 25% and 50% (DBM-25, DBM-50, ZBM-25and ZBM-50respectively) in the other experimental diets. The experiment lasted 56 days in 1.5 m3 concrete tanks. The results revealed that weight gain andfeed conversion ratio(FCR) significantly (p ≤ 0.035 and 0.025respectively) improved with a polynomial response with a peak at 25% ZBM and a linear increase with DBM up to 50% of FM. Histometric indices of the distal intestine showed improvements (p ≤ 0.001) in villus height, villus width, crypt depthand muscle thickness of fish fed DBM or ZBM compared to the control. In the meantime, there were no histological abnormalities in the liver sections. The replacement of FM with DBM or ZBM could modulated gut bacterial abundance, including total bacterial count, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Lactobacillus sp. The fish-fed DBM or ZBM-containing diets had higher (p ≤ 0.05) tolerances to salinity stress than the control group. In conclusion, DBM or ZBM could replace FM up to 50% and 25%, respectivelywith improved fish growth performance, FCR, gut histologyand tolerance to salinity stress.

Growth performance, hepatic gene expression, and plasma biochemistry of rainbow trout fed full-fat meal, defatted meal, oil and chitin from black soldier flies

Insects, such as black soldier flies (BSF), are sustainable alternatives to fishmeal and fish oil that have been shown maintain fish growth performance, especially at low dietary inclusions. However, BSF is commonly processed to remove chitin and oil that may have additional benefits to the immune response and disease resistance of fish. The aim of this study was to investigate the hepatic gene expression and plasma biochemistry of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed BSF meals and BSF components. A three-month feeding trial was performed where rainbow trout (90.0 ± 4.0g; mean ± SD) were fed either a control diet or diets that contained: 10 % full-fat BSF, 10 % defatted BSF, 4 % BSF oil, and 1 % BSF chitin. Liver was analyzed for gene expression via qPCR and plasma was analyzed for 21 biochemical markers. The 4 % oil and 1 % chitin diets had the highest effect on growth performance, i.e. final weight (p=0.043) and feed intake (p=0.017), compared to the control diet, while no effects of these diets were found on hepatic gene expression. The 10 % full-fat BSF diet affected gene expression, specifically upregulating the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8 (p=0.033), which may be due to the higher content of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and subsequently immune cell activity in the fish or the combination of the SFA and antimicrobial peptides in BSF that stimulate the innate immune system. No other immune and oxidative stress genes, or 21 plasma biochemical markers were found to be significantly affected (p>0.05). This research provides support to include and not remove oil and chitin from BSF since these components can improve growth performance and immune response of rainbow trout.

A Well-Established Gut Microbiota Enhances the Efficiency of Nutrient Metabolism and Improves the Growth Performance of Trachinotus ovatus

The gut microbiota has become an essential component of the host organism and plays a crucial role in the host immune system, metabolism, and physiology. Nevertheless, our comprehension of how the fish gut microbiota contributes to enhancing nutrient utilization in the diet and improving host growth performance remains unclear. In this study, we employed a comprehensive analysis of the microbiome, metabolome, and transcriptome to analyze intestines of the normal control group and the antibiotic-treated model group of T. ovatus to investigate how the gut microbiota enhances fish growth performance and uncover the underlying mechanisms. First, we found that the growth performance of the control group was significantly higher than that of the antibiotic-treated model under the same feeding conditions. Subsequent multiomics analyses showed that the gut microbiota can improve its own composition by mediating the colonization of some probiotics represented by Lactobacillus in the intestine, improving host metabolic efficiency with proteins and lipids, and also influencing the expression of genes in signaling pathways related to cell proliferation, which together contribute to the improved growth performance of T. ovatus. Our results demonstrated the important contribution of gut microbiota and its underlying molecular mechanisms on the growth performance of T. ovatus.

Earthworm, Perionyx excavatus as an alternate protein source for Nile tilapia: Effects on growth performance, blood biochemistry, erythrocyte morphology and intestinal health

Recently, an increasing disparity has emerged in the need for raw fish meal (FM) and its supply, along with the environmental and financial obstacles associated with its use. Therefore, increasing and elevating the diversity of alternative protein sources for aquaculture nutrition is imperative. The study investigated the impact of substituting FM protein with EW meal on the growth, haemato-biochemical response and intestinal histomorphology of Nile tilapia. Up to 20% fishmeal replacement with EW meal had no adverse effects on fish growth performance. A quadratic analysis of the final body weight and EW meal level indicated the best growth performance at 17.5% replacement. Fish fed the 40% replacement level had significantly decreased height and width of intestinal folds and number of mucosal goblet cells compared to the control. Although red and white blood cell counts were found unchanged between the control, the 10% and 20% replacement groups, a significantly higher number of white blood cells and a lower number of red blood cells were found in the 40% group compared to the control. Blood glucose level was the highest, while haemoglobin level was the lowest in the 40% group. In the same group, significantly higher frequencies of erythrocyte cellular and nuclear abnormalities were noted. Lipid droplet accumulation in the liver was significantly higher in the 40% group, whilst the 10% and 20% groups showed no significant difference compared to the control.

Effect of Scoparia dulcis Extract on Lipid Oxidation in Fish Feed, Growth Performance, and Hypoxia Tolerance in Juvenile Jian Carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

Lipid oxidation and hypoxia can lead to oxidative damage in aquatic animals. This study explored the effects of Scoparia dulcis extracts (SDE) on lipid oxidation, fish growth performance, digestive ability, antioxidant capacity, and hypoxia tolerance ability. The results showed that SDE decreased malonaldehyde (MDA), conjugated diene (CD), and peroxide value (PO) in the linoleic acid and linolenic acid as well as in fish feed. Broken-line analysis revealed that the optimal acetone extract of S. dulcis (AE) supplements was 4.02, 4.01, and 4.01 g kg−1 determined from PO, CD, and MDA, respectively. Dietary AE supplementation increased feed intake and specific growth rate and activities of amylase, trypsin, and lipase as well as alkaline phosphatase in fish hepatopancreas and gut. Polynomial regression analysis showed that optimal dietary AE supplement was 3.61 g kg−1 diet determined from weight gain. Furthermore, dietary AE supplementation decreased MDA content and increased glutathione content and the activities of glutathione peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione reductase in fish digestive organs, gills, erythrocytes, and muscle. Dietary AE supplementation increased durative time (DT) and oxygen consumption rate (OCR) under hypoxia condition. Based on polynomial regression analysis, optimal dietary AE supplements were 4.73 and 4.60 g kg−1 diet determined from DT and OCR for hypoxia tolerance in fish, respectively. According to our current research, SDE’s antioxidant capacity may be attribute to their phenolic chemicals.

Impact of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on digestive enzymes, oxidative stress, and antioxidant defense in fish farming: current insights and future perspectives

There has been a surge of research in the aquaculture industry investigating probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic interventions on the physiological mechanisms of fish, specifically digestive enzymes, oxidative stress, and antioxidant defense. In fish, probiotics have been shown to improve nutrient utilization and growth performance by stimulating digestive enzymes. Meanwhile, probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics have also been studied for their ability to modulate oxidative stress and antioxidant defense mechanisms in fish, highlighting their multifaceted health benefits. This review identified current trends, research gaps, and future considerations in this evolving field. Although promising findings have been made, a significant research gap exists in understanding the specific role of probiotics prebiotics, and synbiotics in modulating digestive enzymes, oxidative stress, and antioxidant defense systems in a variety of fish species. As this study investigate into the existing body of literature, it becomes evident that while certain aspects of these interactions have been elucidated, a nuanced and comprehensive understanding still needs to be discovered. The variations in experimental design, species-specific responses, and the lack of standardized methodologies contribute to the complexity of the field. Digestive physiology and antioxidant defense mechanisms vary among different fish species, so future research should focus on species-specific responses to probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic formulations. It will also be possible to establish robust correlations between dietary interventions and observed effects through a systematic experimental design and methodology approach. Accordingly, further research is needed to understand the interactions between probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in fish and digestive enzymes, oxidative stress, and antioxidant defense. Identifying research gaps and adopting standardized methodologies can help develop tailored strategies to optimize aquaculture fish health and growth performance.

Supplementation of tarum leaf flour (Indigofera zollingeriana) in commercial feed to enhance the growth performance and survival rate of seurukan fish (Osteochilus vittatus)

Pakan merupakan komponen yang menunjang pertumbuhan dan sintasan dalam budidaya ikan. Salah satu bahan baku alternatif yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan pakan ikan yaitu daun tarum (Indigofera zollingeriana). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan daun tarum (Indigofera zollingeriana) terhadap kinerja pertumbuhan pada ikan seurukan. Penelitian ini terdiri dari lima perlakuan dan tiga ulangan. Perlakuan penggunaan tepung daun tarum terdiri dari P0 (tanpa penambahan tepung daun tarum/kontrol), P1 (penambahan tepung daun tarum 5%), P2 (penambahan tepung daun tarum 10%), P3 (penambahan tepung daun tarum 15%), P4 (penambahan tepung daun tarum 20%). Hasil analisis sidik ragam (ANOVA) menunjukkan bahwa pemberian dosis tepung daun tarum pada pakan komersial berpengaruh nyata (P&lt;0.05) terhadap performa pertumbuhan ikan serukan. Dosis terbaik untuk meningkatkan performa pertumbuhan ikan seurukan adalah perlakuan 4 dengan dosis 20%. Nilai P4 yang terdiri dari nilai sintasan 98.33%, pertambahan bobot ikan sebesar 3.98 gram, pertambahan panjang sebesar 3,36 cm, laju pertumbuhan spesifik 3.81%/hari, dan rasio konversi pakan sebesar 1.06. Kata kunci: Seurukan, daun tarum, pertumbuhan, sintasan.

Growth and survival performance of bileh fish (Rasbora sp.) added tarum leaf flour (Indigofera zollingeriana)

The catch of bileh fish (Rasbora sp.) has been caught from nature. Continuous fishing will lead to extinction in its habitat. Efforts made to anticipate this are carried out in the cultivation process. In fish farming, feed has a role as a source of nutrition for the growth process and survival of fish to be cultivated. Feed needs to support growth must have the right or appropriate nutritional content. The purpose of this study was to see the effect of adding tarum leaf meal (Indigofera zollingeriana) added to the feed by looking at the growth rate and survival of bileh fish (Rasbora sp.). This study used a complete randomized design (CRD), which consisted of four treatments then each treatment was repeated three times. The treatment.ie P0: control, P1: 10%, P2: 20%, and P3: 30% additional needle leaf flour. The test parameters observed were weight gain, length gain, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate and survival. The results ANOVA test showed that the feed added with tarum leaf flour had a significant effect (P&lt;0,05) on length increase and specific growth rate, and there was no significant effect (P&gt;0,05) on weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and survival.

Recuperative Effects of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) in Catla catla After Sub-Lethal Exposure to Lead.

This research was conducted to validate the beneficial effects of incorporating dietary cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) powder (CzP) in alleviating lead (Pb) poisoning in fish. Healthy Catla catla individuals (16.36 ± 0.19g/fish) were distributed across 18 tanks in triplicate groups. The experimental groups were as follows: Control group: fish without supplementation or exposure to Pb; positive control group: fish without supplementation but exposed to 1mg/L Pb; 5g/kg CzP along with 1mg/L Pb exposure; 10g/kg CzP along with 1mg/L Pb exposure; 15g/kg CzP along with 1mg/L Pb exposure; and 20g/kg CzP along with 1mg/L Pb exposure. The trial continued for a period of 60days. Waterborne Pb had a deleterious effect on fish growth performance, body composition, blood profile, and digestive enzyme activity, along with elevated Pb accumulation in various tissues. Conversely, consumption of cinnamon effectively mitigated the toxic potential of Pb and enhanced fish longevity. Notably, 10g/kg CzP boosted growth, improved carcass quality, reversed blood indices, restored enzyme function in the gut, and mitigated Pb accumulation in tissues. In summary, the findings revealed that incorporating 10g/kg of CzP as a dietary supplement in C. catla aquaculture could effectively counteract heavy metal toxicity.

A Study on Potential Feed Sources to Boost Guppy Fish, Poecilia reticulata Productivity

Aquaculture may simply be referred as “Underwater Agriculture.”India is a major maritime state and an important aquaculture- based country in the worldhaving major aquaculture activitiesin the production of Carp from Freshwater,Shrimp from Brackish water, etc. Feed requirements of fish vary in quantity and quality according to the feeding habits, physiological stages of the species and environmental variations viz., temperature; amount and type of natural food availability in the culture system.A nutritious and cheap feed is a pre requested for profitable aquaculture. Though, use of commercially available feed is in practice in many countries. The feed cost consumes more Than half of running expenditure. Therefore, the search of nutritionally well-balanced feed Prepared from very cheap locally available ingredients in progress in all the aqua farming countries. In the present study, an attempt has been made to well-balanced nutritious feed Particularly from the locally available cheaper ingredients. The objectives of the present study are: to assess the effect of feed on the growth of finfish and shellfish in the laboratory, to prepare the conventional feed with traditional ingredients and to check the effect of feed on the growth performance of ornamental fish - Guppy, Poecilia reticulata.