Fish Growth Parameters Research Articles

Effects of Teifairia occidentalis and Vernonia amygdalina Supplements on Growth Performance of Clarias gariepinus Fingerlings

This study examined the growth-enhancing potential of Telfaira occidentalis and Vernonia amygdalina leaf powder in Clarias gariepinus culture. The experiment was conducted at Tiddo Fish Farm Makurdi. One thousand juvenile catfish were obtained from the farm’s hatchery and allocated to five treatment groups identified as Control (0% supplement inclusion), T1 (10% fluted pumpkin leaf powder inclusion), T2 (20% fluted pumpkin leaf powder inclusion), T3 (10% bitter leaf powder inclusion) and T4 (20% bitter leaf powder inclusion). The fish were fed thrice daily for 8 weeks and water changed daily, to determine growth parameters of fish and physico-chemical parameters of water. Results obtained show that after the treatment period, Mean Weight gain and Specific Growth Rate was not significantly different (p>0.05). However, Specific Growth Rate and Percentage Survival rate differed significantly (p<0.05), highest (7.9% and 100%) in T3 respectively. Water quality parameters such as pH, Dissolve Oxygen and Temperature were within the recommended range and not significantly affected. Both plant species feed inclusions were utilized by fish, which was observed to facilitate the growth and survival of the fish species, with high percentage survival. In conclusion, T3 inclusion levels showed better growth performance.

Effects of Dietary Agavin on the Gut Microbiota of the Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Reared at High Densities.

High-density stress can lead to dysbiotic microbiota, affecting the organism's metabolic, and protective functions. Agavin is a fructan with prebiotic properties that regulate the gut microbiota by promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria. This study evaluated the effect of agavin on the gut microbiota using Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) and its correlation with the growth parameters. Four groups of fish were fed different diets: a control diet (negative and positive control), without agavin supplementation, and two experimental diets supplemented with agavin at 20gkg-1 and 40gkg-1. Nile tilapias (1.04g ± 0.01g) were fed for 110days. After 90days of feeding, fish were subjected to high-density stress (63kgm-3) for 20days, except for the negative control. NGS detected 1579 different operational taxonomic units in the samples. In the correlation analysis of growth parameters, the families Vibrionaceae and Methyloligillaceae showed a positive correlation with fish growth parameters, these results may serve to know the relation of agavin and microbiota on the growth performance, as well as the metabolic activities of families in tilapia. Furthermore, high-density stress and agavin supplementation modify the gut microbiota in tilapia. At a low-density, supplementation with 20gkg-1 agavin promoted the growth of the potentially beneficial families Sphingomonadaceae, Oxalobacteriaceae, and Chitinophagaceae; at high densities, reduced the abundance of pathogenic families (Vibrionaceae and Aeromonadaceae). These results suggest that, under stress conditions, agavin can stimulate the growth of potentially beneficial bacteria and reduce the growth of potentially pathogenic bacteria, suggesting its potential use as a prebiotic in aquaculture.

Probiotic, fructooligosaccharide and yeast extract mixture improves gut health in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss.

The present study investigated the effects of a feed additive (FA) containing a probiotic consortium, fructooligosaccharide and yeast extract on growth performance, humoral immune responses, hepatic antioxidant parametersand intestine digestive enzymes, morphology and transcripts in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. The fish were reared for 8 weeks, feeding on diets containing 0 (CNT), 0.3 (0.3FA), 1 (1FA)and 2 (2FA) g/kg FA. The results showed that fish growth parameters were significantly and quadratically related to FA levelsand FA treatments had better growth performance than CNT treatment. Intestinal amylase activity significantly increased in 2FA, whereas, intestinal protease activity increased in all FA treatments. Intestinal villus length and muscular layer thickness significantly increased in 0.3FA treatment. Blood leucocyte and lymphocyte counts, plasma lysozyme activityand hepatic glutathione content significantly increased in 0.3FA and 1FA treatments; whereas hepatic malondialdehyde significantly decreased in these treatments. Blood neutrophil and monocyte counts significantly increased in 0.3FA treatment, while plasma alternative complement activity significantly increased in 1FA treatments. Plasma bactericidal activities against Aeromonas hydrophila, Yersinia ruckeriand Streptococcus iniae, and intestinal expression of heat shock protein 70 and beta-defensin significantly increased in all FA treatments. The abundance of A. hydrophila, Y. ruckeriand S. iniae in fish gut significantly decreased in 0.3FA treatment; these bacteria were absent in the intestines of 1FA and 2FA treatments. The present results suggest that dietary 0.3-1 g/kg of FA can significantly improve growth performance, immune response, intestinal healthand hepatic antioxidant capacity in rainbow trout.

Feeding rates affect growth, metabolism and oxidative status of Nile tilapia rearing in a biofloc system.

The biofloc system is a biotechnology available for fish farming. Feeding rate is an important factor as it influences production costs and fish performance. The aim og this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding rates (2, 4, 6 and 8%) on growth, body composition, biochemical parameters and thiobarbituric acid-reactive-substances in tilapia. An experiment was conducted for 4 weeks, using 144 tilapias juvenile (initial weight = 12.06 ± 0.16g), in triplicate for feeding rate tested. Fish fed three times a day, with comercial extrude diet (36%CP). After the end of the experiment, measurements were carried out and samples were collected for analysis. The feeding rate of 6% increased fish growth parameters, not differing between 4 and 8%. Since apparent feed conversion increased proportionally to increase in feed supply. Body protein of fish was higher at 8% feeding rate and the dry matter raised according to the rate. The feeding rates affected the body lipids in fish. Fish that fed 6% and 8% showed more lipid in the whole body. The biochemical parameters presented a lower amount of protein, amino acids, and hepatic glucose when employing a feed rate of 6%. Higher levels of ammonia were observed in the muscle of fish reared at 4% of feeding rate. There was no difference in amino acids and ammonia regarding the gills. Fish reared at lower feeding rates (2% and 4%) showed better oxidative parameters, which may be due to the consumption of the biofloc phenolic compounds. We recommend the use of a 4% feeding rate for juvenile tilapia in a Biofloc Technology system.

Dietary multi-strains Bacillus spp. enhanced growth performance, blood metabolites, digestive tissues histology, gene expression of Oreochromis niloticus, and resistance to Aspergillus flavus infection

The present study tested the symbiotic effects of dietary multi-strain Bacillus probiotics (MSB) (Bacillus licheniformis, B. pumilus, and B. subtilis) in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to Aspergillus flavus infection. Furthermore, this study investigated water quality, growth performance, blood metabolites, histological morphology, immune regulatory genes, and resistance to A. flavus infection. For 70 days, fish (n = 240) were divided into four groups in triplicate: T0 (control group; MSB0), T1 (1 g/kg, MSB1), T2 (2 g/kg, MSB2), and T3 (3 g/kg, MSB3). The immune response was then assessed by challenging all fish groups with the A. flavus pathogen. The results showed that the rearing water quality, fish growth, and blood parameters, as well as total proteins, albumin, globulins, and amylase activity were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in all MSB-treated groups with the best results in MSB2 and MSB3 groups. Meanwhile, the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), cholesterol, and glucose levels were significantly (P < 0.05) modulated, particularly at higher concentrations of the probiotic mixture (MSB3 group). Fish fed with various levels of MSB showed a maintained histological structure of the hepatopancreas, intestine, and spleen tissues. The mRNA expression of growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), insulin-like growth factor receptor-1 (IGF-1R), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were increased in a dose-dependent manner due to MSB dietary inclusion (P < 0.05). Conversely, the mRNA expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) gene was significantly decreased in MSB groups compared to untreated group (P < 0.05). Surprisingly, supplemented groups in Bacillus spp. probiotics exhibited significant modulations in all computed parameters. MSB supplementation improved the pathogenic tolerance of tilapia after change with A. flavus. The integration of growth performance, biochemical, and transcriptomic results confirms that the dietary intervention of multi-strain Bacillus spp. is symbiotic and enhances the benefits for the maintenance of O. niloticus’ health, growth, and digestion. This is achieved by supporting growth genes, reducing inflammatory genes, and enhancing immune-antioxidant resistance to combat A. flavus infection.

Seasonal Dynamics of Phytoplankton in Integrated Paddy-cum-Fish Culture

Background: An experimental study was conducted during June-November 2020 at Tungjoy village of Manipur, India, to assess the assemblage pattern, abundance and seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton in simultaneously integrated paddy-cum-fish culture (IPFC). Methods: The experimental IPFC fields were prepared by enhancing width and height of dykes and constructing central refuge pond. Rice saplings were manually transplanted into the prepared fields in June 2020 while the common carp fingerlings were introduced 30 days after rice-transplantation. Both rice and fish were harvested in November 2020. Assemblage pattern, abundance and dynamics of phytoplankton, soil nutrients and water quality were analysed for three seasons (monsoon, post-monsoon and winter) in paddy fields without fish (PF) compared with IPFC fields. Relevant fish growth parameters were analysed on monthly basis. Result: The study recorded 37 genera of phytoplankton belonging to 25 families and 18 orders falling under class Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae and Cyanophyceae. Bacillariophyceae was the most diverse class. Phytoplankton density ranges from 14.00±1.57 × 103 to 33.25±3.60 × 103 µL-1 and 9.05±2.27 × 103 to 33.06±3.45 × 103 µL-1 in PF and IPFC, respectively, wherein Chlorophyceae dominated during monsoon and post-monsoon. Phytoplankton in IPFC was lower than PF, indicating effective utilisation by the reared fish. Fish production from IPFC fields was 326 kg ha-1 with 83% survival rate while rice production was enhanced by 7.4% as compared to rice monoculture.

New record of Philometra species from the marine edible fish Terapon jarbua collected from the Sindh, Arabian Sea, Pakistan.

Diseases in fish due to helminth parasites, especially Philometra species, are the primary worry in aquaculture. Philometra are responsible for health problem in fishes they directly affect fish growth and population parameters. A comprehensive survey was conducted involving the examination of the marine fish species Terapon jarbua, gathered from the coastal waters of Sindh, Pakistan In this research different Philometra species from marine fish Terapon jarbua during 2021 and 2022. Philometra nematodes, belonging to the family Philometridae, are common parasitic organisms inhabiting both marine and freshwater environments. Their prevalence, particularly when existing in high numbers within host organisms, can lead to severe and potentially lethal consequences. Employing light microscopy techniques, diverse species of Philometra were identified, including Philometra teraponi, P. jarbuai, P. arabiai, P. karachii, and P. awarii, localized primarily within the ovaries of the host fish. A total of 140 fish samples were examined and 76 were infected. The intensity of infected fish was 54.28%. The identification process encompassed meticulous analysis of crucial parameters, such as body size, esophagus length, positioning of the nerve ring, dimensions of the ventriculus, and ligament size. Intriguingly, the parasites were found in varying contexts; while some were free within the ovaries, others were embedded within tissues, inducing severe muscular dystrophy. This research presents novel findings of Philometra nematodes in the marine waters of Pakistan, extending their host and geographical distribution records. Future studies are needed to better evaluate and describe the dynamics and the epidemiology of Philometra infection in wild and cultured fish species.

Response of Nile Tilapia reared at low dissolved oxygen level and challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila to dietary supplementation with different levels of Anise essential oil

This work was conducted to evaluate the effect of anise essential oil as a feed additive on growth performance and immunity of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to two different challenges; reduced levels of dissolved oxygen (LDO) and/or infection with Aeromonas hydrophila. Juveniles were randomly distributed to six replicated experimental groups; groups 1, 2, and 3 were reared at normal levels of dissolved oxygen (NDO) (5 – 6 mg/l) and received 0, 1, and 2 ml/kg diet of anise essential oil, respectively. In addition, groups 4, 5, and 6 which were reared on LDO levels (2 – 3 mg/l) and received the same concentrations (conc.) of anise oil (0, 1, and 2 ml/kg diet, respectively). All groups were kept at a density of 30 fish/m3 and fed on a commercial basal diet (30% crude protein) for 60 days consecutively at rate of 3% body weight. Results cleared an enhancement of growth parameters of fish treated with anise oil, where final body weight, weight gain and average daily gain were increased and feed conversion ratio was decreased significantly than control groups even under hypoxic conditions. Moreover, groups that received anise oil showed stronger immunity against A. hydrophila infection synchronized with developed antioxidative capacity, where results indicated a significant increase in WBCs in all treated groups and globulin in a dose-dependent manner under hypoxic conditions. Additionally, using oil at a concentration of 2 ml/kg diet considerably raised superoxide dismutase (SOD) level under normal and hypoxic conditions and lowered the level of nitric oxide (NO) after challenge with bacteria at a concentration of 1 ml/kg diet at NDO and at 2 ml/kg diet at LDO.

Guppy Fish (Poecilia reticulata) Behavior and Growth Are Affected by Variations in Light Color

This study aims to determine the effect of different colors of light on the behavior and growth of guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata). This research was conducted experimentally using a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and five replications. The treatment used was treatment A with a white light color, treatment B with a red light color, treatment C with a yellow light color, and treatment D with a blue light color. The parameters observed were growth in absolute weight, fish behavior, and water quality (temperature and pH). Data analysis with One Way Anova and further test with LSD using SPSS 25. Based on the statistical hypothesis test with One Way ANOVA showed F count (3.828) &gt; F table (3.24) 5% level for guppy fish growth parameters so that the results are the effect of different light colors on the growth of guppy fish in each treatment. Fish behavior in all treatments gave a positive phototaxis response. The quality of the water in the experimental medium was within acceptable limits for guppy fish cultivation, 26-28°C for water temperature and 7 for the degree of acidity (pH) of water.

Effect of Different Levels of Brewer’s Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Molasses on some Growth Parameters of Common Carp Cyprinus carpio L.

From October 1, 2022, to December 20, 2023, researchers at the first agricultural research and experiment station in Um Al-Akf, Al-Muthanna Governorate, used a 45-by-35-by-1.5-meter dugout pond located 570 meters from the Euphrates/Atshan River (at the coordinates E 45.189309N, 31.321394) to test the effects of various concentrations of the brewer’s yeast Schizosaccharomy The common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. The experimental parameters were as follows: T0: control diet (without additives). T1: add 0.5 mg brewer’s yeast / kg diet. T2: add 1 mg brewer’s yeast / kg diet. T3: add 1.5 mg molasses / kg diet. T4: add 2 mg molasses / kg diet. T5: add 0.5 mg brewer’s yeast + 1.5 mg molasses / kg diet. T6: add 0.5 mg brewer’s yeast + 2 mg molasses / kg diet. T7: add 1 mg brewer’s yeast + 1.5 mg molasses / kg diet. T8: add 1 mg brewer’s yeast + 2 mg molasses / kg diet. The results indicated that all special treatments, in addition to brewer’s yeast and molasses, significantly improved the growth parameters of carp fish compared to the control treatment. Results were much better with the T3 therapy (addition of 1.5 mg molasses / kg diet) compared to the other experimental treatments.

Effect of varied amounts of ginger oil in the feed on common carp growth metrics L. Cyprinus Carpio

The current study was conducted in experimental cages in a mud pond, First Agricultural Research and Experiment Station, Agriculture College, Al-Muthanna University, to determine the effect of different levels of ginger oil on the diets of common carp Cyprinus carpio L., the experiment lasted for 82 days, including the 10-day acclimatization period. 80 common carp fish with an average weight of 77±0.56 g was used. It was randomly distributed to 5 treatments with 3 replicates (5 fish each replicate). The fish were fed on experimental diets, divided into four equal treatments in terms of protein percentages and different levels of ginger oil, and the percentage of seeds added to the treatments was 0, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.00%, respectively. The fish were fed on the experimental diets at 5% of the live weight, divided into 4 meals daily. The results indicated a significant superiority of all ginger oil treatments in the growth parameters of carp fish, represented by body weight, weight gain, and daily, specific and relative growth rate. Adding 0.50% ginger oil gave the best results, compared with all ginger oil treatments in growth parameters of carp fish. Keywords: ginger oil, growth parameters, common carp Cyprinus Carpio L.

Effects of varying safflower seed powder intake on some common carp development and blood parameters L. Cyprinus carpio

The study was conducted in special cages in the mud pond, Agricultural Research and Experiment Station, Animal Production Department, Agriculture College, Al-Muthanna University, to study the partial replacement of safflower seed powder by levels of 0, 5, 10 and 15%, in the diets, instead barley and yellow corn, and the effects on the growth and blood parameters of common carp fish. The experiment was designed as four treatments with four replicates for each treatment (five fish/ replicate). The results indicated that there was a significant increase in T1, T3 and T4 in Final Weight (FW), Weight Gain (WG) and Specific Growth Rate (SGR) compared to T2. A significant improvement in T2 was shown in Feed Conversion Efficiency (FCE) compared to T1, T3 and T4. Significant increase in Protein Production Value (PPV) in T1 and T3 compared to T2 and T4. As for the hematological characteristics, an increase in hemoglobin (Hb), Red Blood Cell (RBC) count, and White Blood Cell count (WBC) was observed in T3 and T4 compared to T1 and T2. It was concluded that 10% of raw safflower seed powder had a good role in growth and blood parameters. Keywords: safflower seed, growth, blood, common carp Cyprinus carpio L.

Length and weight relationship, condition factors, and growth parameters of Gulamah fish (Johnius trachycephalus) landed at Tanjung Beringin’s Fish Auction Place (TPI) Serdang Bedagai Regency, North Sumatera Province

This research was held three months from June-August 2022 and used a purposive random sampling method. The total sample was 137 gulamah consisting of 65 male and 72 female fish. The results showed that the total length (TL) of gulamah fish caught with gill nets ranged from 103-214 mm, with an average length of 155.74 mm. The weight of gulamah fish ranged between 12.77-126.02 grams with an average of 54.95 grams. Length-weight relationship of gulamah fish was positive allometric with the equation W=0.00001L3,15 (R² = 0.89) in male fish and W=0,00001L3,09 (R² = 0.92) in female fish. The range of the condition factor of gulamah fish is 0.43-1.12. Growth curve Von Bertalanffy equation shows the equation Lt = 234.4(1 - EXP(-0,59(t+0,063))for male gulamah fish and Lt = 217.8(1 - EXP(-0,33(t+0,058))) for female gulamah fish.

Utilization of palm oil mill effluent as growth media in budikdamber system

Palm oil mill effuent (POME) has the potential to become an environmental pollutant if left unutilized. This study aims to examine the effect of POME on catfish and water spinach growth in the bucket fish culture system (budikdamber). This research was conducted in August-November 2021, and comprises of acclimatization of fish, seeding, POME media preparation, rearing, observation, and data analysis. This study used a completely randomized design, consisting of four treatments and three replications. The treatments was the POME concentrations, consisting of Control (0 mg.L−1), A (1.565 mg.L−1), B (2.347 mg.L−1), and C (3.130 mg.L−1). The fish used were catfish measuring 5-7 cm totaling 20 fish/bucket, while the plant used was seedlings measuring 2-3 cm. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA at 95% confidence level. The research parameters included the catfish Specific Growth Rate (SGR) and Survival Rate (SR), along with the height, number of branches, and leaves of water spinach. The results showed that the concentration of 3.130 mg.L−1 caused significant differences in fish and plant growth parameters. SGR of catfish decreased significantly at concentrations of 2.347 and 3.130 mg.L−1, meanwhile, SR of catfish was not significantly different. Concentrations of 1.565, 2.347, and 3.130 mg.L−1 showed a significant increase in height, branches, and leaves number of water spinach plants.

Comparative analysis of hemato‐biochemical profile, growth performance, and body composition of Common Carp cultured under different feed and habitats (biofloc technology and earthen pond systems)

AbstractObjectiveIn the current study, a 4‐month experiment was conducted to investigate how two regularly used commercial feeds and two different environments (pond and biofloc systems) influence the haemato‐biochemical profile of Common Carp Cyprinus carpio.MethodsFeeds (crude protein levels 30% and 28%) were selected due to their common use for carp culturing in Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. Weekly surveys were conducted on the two fish farming systems, where the fish fed on different diets twice a day at 3% of their body weight. Water quality parameters were appropriate throughout the study. Haemato‐biochemical parameters were measured using standard protocol. In addition, the growth and muscle composition of Common Carp (initial average body weight ± SD of 15.2 ± 0.9 g) were also evaluated.ResultAccording to the results, the number of haemato‐biochemical parameters, growth rate, and body muscle composition of fish fed on feed A compared to feed B was significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05). However, on the basis of habitat, the haemato‐biochemical parameters, growth rate, and muscle composition were mostly significantly greater in biofloc fish compared to pond fish with a low mortality rate. Additionally, the alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase results in both systems were nonsignificant (p &gt; 0.05). Further, the protein content of both feeds was positively related to the length and weight gain of the fish. As shown by the regression R2 and p‐value, crude protein in both feeds is more effective in biofloc technology.ConclusionHence, feed A and biofloc technology were proved to be more suitable for the fish blood profile, growth parameters, and muscle composition. The current study provides the basic knowledge necessary to observe fish blood profile, growth, and muscle composition, which could be vital to understanding fish culture management and environmental factors.

L-Tryptophan Mitigates Cannibalism and Improves Growth of Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer Reared in a RAS System

Severe cannibalism can result in a significant loss of productivity during the nursery phase of Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer. The present study aimed to determine the effect of dietary tryptophan on growth, feed utilization, cannibalism, survival, and muscle proximate composition of Asian seabass juveniles (initial size, 2.77 ± 0.04 cm in length and 0.29 ± 0.01 g in weight) in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) at different stocking densities. The tryptophan levels were set at 0.41% (control diet, standard dosage for normal growth and survival of Asian seabass), 1.00% (Diet 1), and 1.50% (Diet 2), while the stocking densities were set at 0.5 ind./L and 1.5 ind./L. The results indicated that dietary supplementation with L-tryptophan (TRP) and fish stocking density had a significant effect on fish growth parameters, feed utilization, cannibalism, survival, and muscle lipid content (p &lt; 0.05) over the 45-day trial. The maximum length, weight, WG, and SGR were 11.64 ± 0.35 cm, 22.93 ± 2.67 g, 22.64 ± 2.67 g, and 9.63 ± 0.27%, respectively, in the fish fed Diet 2, and 11.35 ± 0.22 cm, 24.38 ± 1.28 g, 24.09 ± 1.28 g, and 9.82 ± 0.11% at a 1.5 ind./L stocking density. The lower FCR (0.81 ± 0.04) and higher PER (2.98 ± 0.16) ensured better utilization of Diet 1 than the other diets. Moreover, significant interaction effects between diet and stocking density were observed in total yield, cannibalism, and survival of the Asian seabass. Significantly higher survival rates of 76.11 ± 3.90% in the Diet 1 group and 76.28 ± 2.88% in 0.5 ind./L stocking density were obtained, which is promising. The study concludes that dietary supplementation with 1.00% TRP was effective in reducing cannibalism and increasing the survival of the Asian seabass nursery reared in RAS at a lower stocking density (i.e., 0.5 ind./L), whereas 1.50% supplemental TRP at a higher stocking density (i.e., 1.5 ind./L) significantly increased the cannibalism and growth, which in turn reduced the survival rate.

Pengaruh Probiotik Plus Herbal Terhadap Retensi Protein dan Retensi Lemak Benih Ikan Tawes (Barbonymus Gonionotus)

This study aims to evaluate the effect of probiotics plus different herbs on commercial feed on protein retention and fat retention in tawes fish. Tawes fish is a type of aquatic fish and includes herbivorous fish that eat plants. An important factor influencing fish growth is feed, where growth occurs if the fish get the right protein. Completely Randomized Design (CRD) experimental method was used in this study, with 4 treatments and 3 replications, namely PA (Probiotic), PB (Turmeric), PC (Kingur), PD (Temulawak). Tawes fish used had a length of 5 cm, and maintenance was carried out for 40 days. The results showed that the addition of probiotics plus different herbs to commercial feeds had a significant effect on fish growth parameters such as absolute weight, absolute length growth, specific growth rate, fat retention, protein retention, survival, and feed conversion ratio. PD dosage (Temulawak) gave the best results for absolute weight gain, absolute length growth, specific growth rate, and feed conversion ratio. The highest survival rates were found in PD and PB (Turmeric), while the highest protein retention was in P4 and the highest fat retention was in PA.

Immunomodulatory effects of graded levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) – In vitro and in vivo approaches

The D-series resolvins formed from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) work as anti-inflammatory mediators indicating the role of this long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid in the immune system of mammals. However, such information is still limited in fish. The current study was conducted to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of graded levels of DHA in common carp Cyprinus carpio by in vitro and in vivo approaches. In the in vitro experiment, the head kidney leukocytes isolated from common carp (body weight = 120.3 ± 12.4 g) were exposed to DHA at 0, 15, and 75 μM (corresponding to DHA0, DHA15, and DHA75) for 1 h; the cells were then immediately exposed to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) at a dose of 10 μg/ml for 4 or 24 h to stimulate the pro-inflammatory responses. The expression of several target genes involved in the inflammatory response (tlr4, nfkb, il-1, il-6, pge2, pla2, nf-kbi, il-10, and tgf-β1) and cytoprotection (hsp70, gpx1, and prdx3) was then assessed by RT-qPCR. Results showed that the pro-inflammatory response induced by LPS was confirmed through the upregulations of il-1 and il-6 expressions in the DHA0 group after 4 h of LPS exposure. The downregulations of il-6 in DHA15 and DHA75 cells after 4 h of LPS exposure compared to DHA0 indicated that the free DHA supplementation in the cell culture medium induced an anti-inflammatory response. Decreases of il-10 and nf-kbi expression were also observed in DHA-treated groups and the highest expression of hsp70 in DHA75 cells. In the in vivo experiment, common carp juveniles (21.7 ± 0.9 g) were fed to apparent satiation with a diet supplemented with DHA at 0, 6, and 20 g/kg for 8 weeks. After the feeding trial, the fish were challenged with Aeromonas veronii at 2.1 × 107 CFU/ml and the fish mortality was then recorded during 14 days. At the end of the feeding trial and the second day of bacterial infection, fish blood samples were collected for haematological parameters while liver and head kidney were used for assaying different immune variables. Results showed that the DHA supplementation in fish diet did not influence the fish growth and other husbandry parameters. The lowest value of fish mortality was recorded in DHA20-fed fish. The positive effects of DHA-supplemented diets were also found in myeloperoxidase (MPO), glutathione (GSH), and catalase (CAT) activities. In conclusion, the results suggest that DHA is able to modulate the inflammatory response in the immune celsl at a dose of 75 μM/mL and to boost disease resistance in common carp fed on a diet supplemented with DHA at 20 g/kg of feed.

Growth performance and hematological responses of silver barb (Barbonymus gonionotus bleeker, 1850) fingerlings to dietary blanched moringa (Moringa oleifera lam.) leaf meal as a substitute of soybean meal

The fastest-growing aquaculture industry relies heavily on animal protein, fishmeal and plant protein to maintain production levels. Therefore, present study was conducted to perceive the effectiveness of blanched moringa (Moringa oliefera) leaf meal (MLM) as a replacement of soybean meal in silver barb (Barbonymus gonionotus) fingerling diet. Four experimental feeds were prepared replacing soybean meal with MLM at 0, 10, 30, and 50%. Fish were reared for 60 days in 12 hapas installed in three similar size and shaped ponds comprising four treatments each having 3 replications. Fish were fed with the experimental diet at 5% body weight twice daily. Fish growth parameters and length-weight relationship were assessed. To determine their resistance to stressful conditions, the fish were submerged in low pH-5 solution at the conclusion of the experiment. According to the results of the fish growth metrics, the majority of the parameters were comparable and statistically insignificant between the treatments. However, when compared to the control, T1 and T2 treatments, the T3 treatment demonstrated increased survival, PER, and fish production. In addition, other parameters such as percent weight gain, SGR, FCR and FCE were higher in control but statistically similar with T3. Besides, the length-weight relationship of silver barb fingerlings fed with all the test diets showed a positive association and isometric growth pattern. With the incremental addition of MLM to the fish diet, the hematological parameters—red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), hemoglobin (Hb), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) gradually increased. The fish fed the T3 diet had the highest recorded stress tolerance (6.50 ± 0.50 min), whereas the fish on the control diet had the lowest (T0, 4.77 ± 0.68 min). According to the study, MLM has the potential to replace soybean meal in the diet of silver barb fingerlings to the tune of 50:50 without having an adverse impact on growth. It can enhance fish hematological performance and tolerance for unfavorable environmental conditions as well.

Population Dynamic Parameters and Length Based Spawning Potential Ratio (LB-SPR) of Red Snapper (Lutjanus malabaricus) in The Eastern Java Sea

Decision in fisheries management must be made based on the best scientific evidence available. In the poor data fisheries, the fish length data can be useful to determine the status of fish population after its exploitation. The target species of the studied fisheries is the red snapper (Lutjanus malabaricus) in the eastern Java Sea. This study aims to analyze the stock status of red snapper in the eastern Java Sea using Length Based Spawning Potential Ratio (LB-SPR) method. Data collection was done from November 2020 until April 2021. This study separated the analysis of the population dynamic parameters between male and female fish. The growth parameters of male fish was Lt = 92.20 (1 – e−0.27(t-0.07)), with natural mortality (M) of 0.35, fishing mortality (F) of 0.63, and total mortality (Z) of 0.98 per-year. Whereas for female fish, Lt = 91.09 (1 – e−0.29(t-0.44)), with M of 0.38, F of 1.40, and Z of 1.78. The exploitation rate (E) for males was 0.64, and for the female was 0.79. The spawning potential ratio (SPR) was 17%, below the limit reference point of 30% SPR. The current utilization rate of the red snapper in the eastern Java Sea must be reduced to ensure its sustainability.