Fish Gambusia Affinis Research Articles

Biological Control Options for the Management of Tadpole Shrimp (Triops longicaudatus (LeConte)) in California Rice

Tadpole shrimp (Triops longicaudatus) has become a major pest for California rice farmers. Currently, management relies solely on the insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin. However, resistance to this pyrethroid was confirmed in 2016; thus, identifying an effective and practical biological control method for TPS is a priority. Field trials were conducted from 2017 to 2018 to (1) evaluate the efficacy of the predatory fish Gambusia affinis and the predatory beetles, Laccophilus maculosus (Say) and Tropisternus lateralis (Fabricius), in controlling TPS, (2) test the efficacy of several inoculation rates of Gambusia affinis at controlling TPS and (3) to explore early indicators of TPS activity and damage as monitoring tools. Both Gambusia affinis and the predatory beetle treatments were not significantly different from the commercial standard (lambda-cyhalothrin). Both four and five Gambusia per 1 m2 controlled TPS as well as lambda-cyhalothrin, and we observed that Gambusia affinis was able to reproduce in the field. Water turbidity was significantly correlated with TPS counts (R = 0.85, N = 20, p < 0.0001 (2017); R = 0.58, N = 30, p = 0.0007 (2018)). The number of dislodged seedlings was less reliably correlated with TPS count; in 2017, correlations were significant (R = 0.84, N = 20, p < 0.0001); however, in 2018, correlations were not significant (R = 0.18, N = 30, p = 0.35). With further refinement, water turbidity could play a valuable role in monitoring TPS populations.

Increase in the Abundance of Invasive Fish Species in the Ciliwung River, DKI Jakarta and West Java Provinces

The Ciliwung River is one of the important rivers in the Jakarta Special Capital Region (DKI Jakarta) and West Java. The existence of local fish in the Ciliwung River is threatened by the presence of invasive fish. This research aims to identify the types of invasive fish along the Ciliwung River from 2023 to 2024 and compare them with previous research in 2011. The study uses 6 segments according to Minister of Environment and Forestry Decree No. SK.298/Menlhk/Setjen/PKL.1/6/2017. Each segment consists of 3 research plots, totaling 18 research stations. The sampling method involves collecting fish using environmentally friendly fishing gear. The research results show the presence of 10 species from 5 families and 4 non-native fish orders that are invasive. The most abundant invasive fish species in the Ciliwung River are, in order, Plecostomus (Pterygoplichthys pardalis), Mosquito Fish (Gambusia affinis), Guppy (Poecilia reticulata), Platy (Xiphophorus helleri), Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Bristlenose Pleco (Ancistrus temminckii), Glossom (Andinoacara rivulatus), Carp (Cyprinus carpio), Red Devil (Amphilophus labiatus), and African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). There has been a 100% increase in the number of invasive fish species in the Ciliwung River compared to the 2011 study, which identified only 5 invasive fish species.

The Cortisol Levels, Histology, and Fine Structure of Various Tissues of Fish Gambusia affinis (Baird and Girard, 1853) after Exposure to Lead.

Aquatic organisms demonstrate a high vulnerability to mortality when exposed to Pb, even at low concentrations. The objective of this investigation is to ascertain the histopathological alterations and cortisol concentrations in diverse tissues of Gambusia affinis, with a specific focus on the eggs and larvae, following exposure to varying concentrations of PbCl2. Adult specimens of G. affinis measuring 5-6 cm in length were obtained from a commercial fish breeding facility. A total of 8 fish with a 1 : 1 ratio of 4 pairs of broodstock were placed in an 8-liter aquarium. Following the adaptation phase, the broodstock underwent a spawning process that lasted for a duration of 7 days. Throughout the spawning process, assessments were conducted on the progression of the abdominal growth of the broodstock. Eggs ready to hatch and Gambusia larvae were taken and exposed to 0.1 mg/L PbCl2, 1 mg/L PbCl2, and control (without PbCl2) for 24 hours, with three replications. At the end of the experiment, histopathological analysis was conducted using the hematoxylin Ehrlich-eosin staining method and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observation. The levels of Pb in gills were determined by employing atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The cortisol concentration in organ samples of fish was determined through the utilization of a cortisol ELISA Kit. The findings of this investigation demonstrated an important bioaccumulation occurrence of Pb within the gills of Gambusia fish that were specifically subjected to 0.1 and 1 mg/L PbCl2. The histological structures of eggs and larvae that were subjected to PbCl2 exhibited impairment in comparison to the control group. The present study observed a significant elevation in cortisol levels among fish specimens that were subjected to PbCl2 exposure. The findings of this investigation suggest that the occurrence of Pb is linked to a rise in cortisol concentrations in various organs of G. affinis larvae. Furthermore, the research indicates that the exposure to Pb has a notable impact on the histological alterations in the eggs and larvae of Gambusia fish, implying that they are undergoing stress as a result of the Pb exposure.

Biotoxicity of Acrostichum aureum L. synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles against Aedes albopictus, and impact on predation efficiency of mosquito fish Gambusia affinis

Biotoxicity of Acrostichum aureum L. synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles against Aedes albopictus, and impact on predation efficiency of mosquito fish Gambusia affinis

Morfometrik Ikan Cere (Gambusia affinis) dan Ikan Putian (Rasbora argyrotaeni) yang Terpapar Merkuri di Sungai Tambang Saweak Kabupaten Lebong

Mercury (Hg) is a pollutant that is dangerous because it is toxic when it accumulates in living tissue and is difficult to decompose in the environment, if it is polluted it will be very dangerous for the environment and living things around it. In this study the aim was to determine the mercury content of the morphometrics of fish in the Selikat River, Tambang Saweak Village. Based on the results of the study, it was found that 2 species of fish were exposed to mercury and not exposed, namely Cere fish (Gambusia affinis) exposed to mercury of 0.47 mg/Kg and Putian fish (Rasbora argyrotaenia) exposed to mercury of 0.43 mg/Kg. Where in the two fish there are morphometric differences, namely differences in body height (TB), tail stem height (TBE), dorsal fin length (PDO) and anal fin length (PA). This happens because fish that are exposed to toxic compounds or heavy metals such as mercury (Hg) can experience tissue damage and affect the body size and body shape of the fish. If fish exposed to mercury are eaten by humans, it will have consequences for human health such as poisoning and can cause ataxia, decreased speech and hearing ability, tremors, dysarthria and ultimately death.

Toksisitas Letal (LC50) Zat Surfaktan Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate terhadap Ikan Cere (Gambusia affinis)

Mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis) is a species often used as a bioindicator because it has high adaptability to water quality changes. Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) is a surfactant often found in waters and can cause death for the biota that lives in it. This study aimed to analyze the impact of LAS surfactant on the survival of mosquito fish and to determine the minimum concentration of LAS surfactant that can cause death and tissue damage. Research conducted during April 2022 using 500 mosquito fishes. We did several tests, including a lethal toxicity test to find out the concentration of LAS surfactant that can cause death and tissue damage. The results showed that the LC50 values of LAS surfactants at exposure times of 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours were 7.64, 7.43, 7.29, and 6.83 mg/L, respectively. Mosquito fish blood glucose levels at LAS concentrations of 0, 2.65, 4.30, 6.97, and 11.3 were 56, 75, 79.6, 95, and 95.6 mg/dl. Exposure to LAS surfactant in mosquito fish can cause gill damage in the form of edema, lamella fusion, hyperplasia, lamellae epithelium swelling, and gill filaments necrosis. Another damage occurs to the liver in the form of blockage of blood vessels and sinusoids, hyperplasia, widening of the hepatic sinusoid gap, fat accumulation, and necrosis of hepatocytes.

Effect of Fertilizer on Glycogen Composition of Freshwater Fish Gambusia affinis

Effect of Fertilizer on Glycogen Composition of Freshwater Fish Gambusia affinis

Spatio-temporal patterns of occurrence of microplastics in the freshwater fish Gambusia affinis from the Brantas River, Indonesia

The first investigation of microplastics in G. affinis from the Brantas River was carried out in this study. Microplastics were found at higher concentrations in gambusia fish captured downstream (209.18 ± 48.85 particles/gram) than upstream (24.44 ± 0.14 particles/gram). Microplastic particle concentrations in G. affinis have a positive linear relationship with fish length. The fiber was the most prominent shape at Sites 1 and 2, whereas the fragment was dominant at Sites 3 and 4. With a value of 45–48%, black dominates the entire site, followed by blue (29–38%), transparent colors (7–11%), red (2–4%), purple (1–3%), and other colors (5–7%). Microplastics measuring <0.1 mm are commonly found in fish bodies. Cyclohexylmethyl octyl ester (phthalic acid) is the most abundant component found in microplastics, accounting for 30.11% of the total. This study provides evidence that G. affinis can be used to monitor the presence of microplastic pollution in the Brantas River but further studies are needed regarding the effects of microplastics and their health hazards on fish.

Environmental Quality Identification of Wangi the River Polluted by Waste Based on the Environmental Pollution Index

High amount of wastewater release to Wangi riverflow, especially industrial wastewater, can potentially cause pollution. Pollution in river has been occurred since 2015. The aim of this study was to identify the environmental quality of contaminated Wangi River and determine the pollution index. This study was performed through a survey method, and river water sampling was carried out around the Wangi riverflow, Beujeng-Beji, Pasuruan District. Sampling was conducted in three locations, namely industrial, residential, and agricultural areas on different months (June 2020 - July 2021). This study was also conducted to analyze the heavy metal content of Pb, Hg and Cd in Wangi river biota around the watershed, namely mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis). The pollutant identification result was based onthree study areas, namely study area I (factory/industrial waste), study area II (residential waste) and study area III (agricultural waste). Heavy metal contamination occurred in Wangi River hhe as the potential to produce waste containing Pb, Cd and Hg. The average levels of Pb, Cd and Hg in the water were 0.031 ppm, 0.019 and 0.009 ppm, respectively. These values exceeded the acceptable quality standard. The result of data analysis based on the pollution index (PI) and average number of pollution indexes (PIaverage) in the Wangi river (at study areas I, II and III) was 5.503, which means thatthe condition of the Wangi river is classified as a “moderately-polluted” river. The authority is expected to develop a further policy for Wangi riverflow preservation program.

CD4 cell activation with the CD8 marker and metallothionein expression in the gills of cadmium-exposed mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis Baird and Girard 1853) juveniles

This experiment aimed to determine how Cd exposure impacts CD4 cell activation, macrophage cells, pinocytosis activity, metallothionine expression, and Cd levels in juvenile Gambusia affinis gills. Four treatment groups were used, with one control and treatments A, B, C, and D at dosages of 0.03 mg/L, 0.023 mg/L, 0.015 mg/L, and 0.008 mg/L, respectively. The results showed that the number of CD4 with CD8 cell markers differed significantly from each treatment compared to the control (0.33%). The value in A, namely 0.54%, was the highest, followed by B, C, and D of 0.46%, 0.44%, and 0.42%, respectively. The number of macrophages increased as the Cd level of the medium increased, as did the activity of pinocytosis. Furthermore, the immunofluorescence test on the gills with the Anti-MT Mouse and goat IgG fluoresce in Rhodamine on the gills showed that luminescence increased with increasing Cd levels in the gills. Similarly, the MT intensity increased at Cd-exposed gills as compared to the control. As the Cd level in the gills increased, the MT levels ascended significantly.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles using plant Lawsonia inermis and their mosquitocidal, antimicrobial, anticancer applications showing moderate side effects

Microbes or parasites spread vector-borne diseases by mosquitoes without being affected themselves. Insecticides used in vector control produce a substantial problem for human health. This study synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using Lawsonia inermis L. and were characterized by UV–vis, FT-IR, SEM with EDX, and XRD analysis. Green synthesized ZnO NPs were highly toxic against Anopheles stephensi, whose lethal concentrations values ranged from 5.494 ppm (I instar), 6.801 ppm (II instar), 9.336 ppm (III instar), 10.736 ppm (IV instar), and 12.710 ppm (pupae) in contrast to L. inermis treatment. The predation efficiency of the teleost fish Gambusia affinis and the copepod Mesocyclops aspericornis against A. stephensi was not affected by exposure at sublethal doses of ZnO NPs. The predatory potency for G. affinis was 45 (I) and 25.83% (IV), copepod M. aspericornis was 40.66 (I) and 10.8% (IV) while in an ZnO NPs contaminated environment, the predation by the fish G. affinis was boosted to 71.33 and 34.25%, and predation of the copepod M. aspericornis was 60.35 and 16.75%, respectively. ZnO NPs inhibited the growth of several microbial pathogens including the bacteria (Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis) and the fungi (Alternaria alternate and Aspergillus flavus), respectively. ZnO NPs decreased the cell viability of Hep-G2 with IC50 value of 21.63 µg/mL (R2 = 0.942; P < 0.001) while the concentration increased from 1.88 to 30 µg/mL. These outcomes support the use of L. inermis mediated ZnO NPs for mosquito control and drug development.

Stakeholder perceptions and strategies for management of non-native freshwater fishes of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India

Abstract This article examines the non-native fishes in the freshwater bodies of Andaman and Nicobar Islands with a focus on understanding the perception of stakeholders towards providing management solutions. A total of 56 freshwater fish species were reported from Andaman and Nicobar Islands of which 23 species were non-native to the Islands introduced either accidentally or deliberately. Among the 23 fishes introduced, 13 species were found to be transplanted from Indian waters into the Islands and 10 species were non-native to Indian waters. Mosquito Fish (Gambusia affinis), Mozambique Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), Silver Barb (Barbonymus gonionotus), Red Bellied Pacu (Piaractus brachypomus), and Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) are some of the important invasive species found here. Stakeholder perception studies were undertaken through semi-structured questionnaire and five point likert scale questions. The respondents (N=133) were classified into two groups as a) Fish farmers and b) Research/development personnel. Multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that the profession of the respondents significantly influenced the awareness about the non-native fishes (p&amp;lt;0.001). Fish farmers (4.04±0.04) and Research/development (4.47±0.21) respondents mutually agreed on the need for awareness and education on the issue of non-native fishes (p&amp;lt;0.01). A management framework is suggested to address the issue of non-native fishes towards effective planning, conservation and management of the fragile Island ecosystems.

Influence of Ph on The Lethal Toxicity of Phenol, Para Chlorophenol And Pentaclorophenol to Freshwater Fish Gambusia Affinis

Phenol and Phenolic compounds has several sources including industrial wastes, coal , wood distillation, road tars, petroleum refining, chemical and plastics manufacture, domestic sewage discharges, natural sources such as plant material decay and leaching from coal and oil deposits enter natural water system and affect the fish and other aquatic organisms , So the static renewal bioassays were done to study the influence of pH on the lethal toxicity of phenol, para chlorophenol and pentachlorophenol to the freshwater fish Gambusia affinis. The studies shows that phenol, para chlorophenol and pentachlorophenol decreased their toxicity as the pH increased to the said fish .The24,48,72 and 96 hours LC50 values were found to be 48.0,45.0, 43.0 and 41.0 mg/l at pH 6.0 and at pH 7.5 the 24,48,72 and 96 hours LC50 values were 50.0, 48.0, 46.0 and 44.0 mg/l respectively for the fish exposed to phenol, And at pH 6.0 the 24,48,72 and 96 hours LC 50 values were 24.0, 21.0, 19.0, 17.0 mg/l and at pH 7.5 the 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours were 30.0, 28.0, 25.0 and 22.0 mg/l respectively for the fish exposed to para chlorophenol .The LC50 values at 24,48,72 and 96 hours at pH 6.0 were 0.12, 0.10, 0.09 and 0.07 mg/l respectively and at pH 7.5 The LC50 values were 1.23, 1.19, 1.15 and 1.11 mg/l respectively for the fish Gambusia affinis.

Determination of the lethal concentration 50% (LC50) of lead chloride and its accumulation in different organs of Gambusia affinis fish

In the present research, mosquito fish Gambusia affinis have been exposed to lead chloride during 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours in order to evaluate the lead chloride lethal 50 (LC50) concentration and the Its residue in certain organs of fish. Usage of the EPA computer software based on Finney Probit Analysis method has been statistically tested for the data collected LC50 values of G. affinis if 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours were found to be 59.4, 55.9, 51.1 and 49. 0 mg/L, respectively. LC50 decreased as mean exposure times. 20 fish were placed in each concentration of four sublethal concentrations 20 and 25 mg/L for two acute periods 24 and 96 hours as well as 10 and 5 mg/l for chronic periods 15 and 30 hours. The testes were carried out as three replications, the accumulation of lead in various fish organs was determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The finding revealed that the accumulation of PbCl2 on different organs of G. affinis be time dependent fashion and Pb-content in organs increased significantly time dependent at chronic exposure as compared as acute- exposure.

Detecting the pest fish, Gambusia affinis from environmental DNA in New Zealand: a comparison of methods

ABSTRACT We assessed the usefulness of environmental DNA (eDNA) for monitoring the introduced pest fish Gambusia affinis by filtering water samples from streams in the Nelson and Tasman regions, South Island, New Zealand, known to contain G. affinis, and from streams where G. affinis were absent. We used the Smith Root DNA sampler backpack with two types of filters (1.2 and 5 µm pores), to filter water and capture eDNA, and used quantitative polymerase chain reactions (qPCR), and digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) to measure the amount of G. affinis DNA collected by the two filter sizes. We also used high throughput (Illumina MiSeq) sequencing (HTS) to detect G. affinis. Results from the two PCR methods and the high throughput sequencing were compared to hand net counts of G. affinis. We found that all three methods were equally successful at detecting G. affinis when four replicates were taken from each site, but that sensitivity over all replicates was ddPCR > qPCR > HTS. We conclude that the use of environmental DNA to detect the presence of G. affinis is a useful tool to assist in mapping the distribution of G. affinis and will aid in the control of this invasive species.

Contamination of microplastics in Brantas River, East Java, Indonesia and its distribution in gills and digestive tracts of fish Gambusiaaffinis

The Brantas River is currently vulnerable to microplastics pollution. Microplastics not only pollute the aquatic environment but also enter the body of fish and other aquatic organisms. This research is aimed at deciding if microplastics were present in the waters and the gills and digestive tract of the Gambusia affinis fish of the river. It also looked at differences in the abundance of several types of microplastics found in the various organ samples and locations. Field research was conducted from January 2020 to March 2020. The microplastics were identified by type, size, color, and the abundance of each type was calculated. The types of microplastics identified were fragments, fibres, films, and pellets. Microplastics of 0.1 mm size are predominant and formed about 76%–100% of the microplastics that were found. Black microplastics were more common in water samples (24%), gills (43%), and digestive tract (46%). The greatest abundance of microplastic fragments was found in water samples of 4066.67 particles/m3, 1352.78 particles/gram in gill samples, and 2138.89 particles/gram in the digestive tract. Multivariate tests for variants of microplastic types found in the organs at different sampling locations gave a p-value <0.05. These results indicate a difference in the abundance values of microplastic species in different organ samples and sites.

Acute Lethal Toxicity Test of Cd2 + Against Gambusia (Gambusia affinis) and Influence on Protease Activity

Cadmium the form of undamaged elements but can change shape to different compounds. The low concentrations of toxic cadmium for all life, including plants, fish, birds, mammals (including humans), and microorganisms. The purpose of this research is to know the value of LC50-96 hours Cd2+ on test biota. The test biota was Gambusia fish (Gambusia affinis), the test biota can represented the actual state of the environment. The study was divided into two stages, namely preliminary test and acute lethal toxicity (LC50-96 hours), each treatment repeated three times. Acute lethal toxicity test data were analyzed probit. The results showed that the value of LC50-96 hours Cd2+ to fish gambusia was 0.03 ppm. While in the protease activity of cadmium exposed preliminary fish increased activity from the control fish.

Side-effects of a neonicotinoid insecticide (actara®) on a non-target larvivorous fish Gambusia affinis: Growth and biomarker responses

Actara® 25 WG belongs to neonicotinoids, which is the most widely used insecticide class for controlling various insect pests in the world. The present study was aimed to assess the potential hazards of this insecticide on the mosquitofish Gambusia affinis following a chronic exposure. The female adults were collected during the reproduction period and exposed to various concentrations (10, 20 and 40 mg.L−1) during 28 days. The effect of actara was investigated on morphometric and selected biomarker measurements. Results showed that the compound was found to affect significantly the condition factor at days 21 and 28 of exposure with the highest concentration. However, the treatment had no effect on hepato-somatic and gonado-somatic indices. Biochemical analyses revealed an increase in glutathione S-transferase activity and carbonylated protein content, and a decrease in acetylcholinesterase activity for the three tested concentrations while the vitellin level was reduced only for the highest concentration. Thus, this product can pose side-effects on this non-target freshwater fish.

The effect of cadmium exposure on the cytoskeleton and morphology of the gill chloride cells in juvenile mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis)

One of the wide spread aquatic organisms in the rivers of Indonesia is the mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis (Baird and Girard, 1853)). Mosquito fish are invasive species that can adapt to environmental changes, also they act as bioindicator species for polluted environments. The study aims to determine the effects of the exposure to cadmium on the cytoskeleton and morphology of the gill’s Chloride Cells (CCs) in the mosquito fish. In cadmium treated mosquito fish (0.03 mg/L for 28 days), the immuno-fluorescent light microscope showed strong absorption of actin stain and strong primary MT antibody uptake in CC and apical epithelia. Scanning electron microscopy observations showed a change in microfilament organized at the CC's apex, with the appearance of some actin filament aggregates. Higher cadmium concentrations (0.03 and 0.015 mg/L) did not alter such reorganization. Microtubules weren’t significantly affected by similar exposures. SEM analysis showed that cadmium exposure induced a significant increase in CC's surface area. After 28 days, the density of CC also increased. It was observed that there is an increase of CC's surface area, although the CC density didn’t increase significantly. The results of this study confirmed the cytotoxic effects of cadmium on mosquito fish.

Pathological Study of Experimental Glyphosate Toxicity in Mosquito Fish Gambusia affinis

The present study deals with the effect of herbicide glyphosate on mosquito fish Gambusia affinis. Fish were exposed to different concentrations of the mentioned pesticide, behavioral and histological effects of various concentrations of glyphosate on mosquito fish Gambusia affinis in the acute exposure (96) hours were investigated.There were behavioral changes on the exposed fishes represented by nervous symptoms, loss of equilibrium, increas in respiration rate, opening of mouth and histological changes were determined in gills after acute exposed such as hyperplasia, hemorrhage, aneurysms, separation of epithelial layer, clubbing with sickle lamellae, hypertrophy, destroyed and fusion of secondary lamellae.The liver tissues were showed that hypertrophy of nucleus and necrosis and degeneration and swelling of cells, increasing of size and bleeding and congestion of blood vessels and bilirubin pigment diffusing around bile duct, in kidney tissues there were necrosis and degeneration of epithelial cells of tubules, increasing of size of Bowman᾿ s capsule, congestion and atrophy and disappear of glomerulus, separation of tubules, increasing of size and congestion of blood vessels, bleeding between tubules and bilirubin pigment diffusing around blood vessels.