Fish Feed Ingredients Research Articles

Use of chicken feather meal fermented with Bacillus subtilis in diets to increase the digestive enzymes activity and nutrient digestibility of silver pompano Trachinotus blochii (Lacepede, 1801).

Background: Feather has the potential to be used as a fish feed ingredient because it has high protein content (80-85%), and is rich in amino acids arginine, leucine, isoleucine and valine. However, the protein consists mainly of keratin, which is classified as fiber that is difficult to digest. Therefore, to improve digestibility, the keratin protein is degraded using microbial Bacillus subtilis. This study aimed to determine the digestibility of fermented feather meal (FFM) in silver pompano ( Trachinotus blochii) diets and to observe the histological structure of their intestines after digestion. Methods: The method used was a one factor experiment with five treatments and three replications each, which were: diet without FFM, diet containing 10% FFM, 20%, 30% and 40%. The diets were given to juvenile silver pompano (with average body weight of 8.56 ± 0.18 g) and stockedin 15 similar 20-L plastic jarswith 10 fish per jar in a density of 100 L capacity container. The experimental diets were given three times daily at approximately 8.00 AM, 12.00 PM and 5.00 PM to apparent satiation for 60 days. Results: The results showed that the use of FFM increased the activity of digestive enzymes (protease and lipase), but reduced the amylase activity of silver pompano, which was significantly different between treatments (P <0.05). Meanwhile, the diet containing 20% FFM produced the highest feed and protein, which are 37.05% and 67.24%, respectively. This was significantly different from other treatments (P <0.05), and was effectively absorbed by fish intestines. Conclusion: The addition of chicken feather meal fermented with Bacillus subtilis could increase the activity of protease and lipase enzymes and nutrient digestibility of silver pompanobut not amylase activity.

Growth response and feed utilization in Clarias gariepinus fingerlings fed diets supplemented with processed flamboyant (Delonix regia) leaf meal

Expanding utilization of conventional fish feed ingredients by man and fish feed industries has necessitated consideration of cheaper and locally available alternatives. A 70-day feeding trial was conducted to assess the effect of substituting graded levels of sundried flamboyant (Delonix regia) leaf meal (SFLM) for groundnut cake on growth and feed utilization of 240 Clarias gariepinus fingerlings at six substitution levels of 0 (control), 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% in 12 plastic aquaria (50 × 40 × 40 cm). Each dietary treatment was randomly assigned in two replicates each to the aquaria making 12 treatment units and each aquarium had 20 fish. SFLM supplemented diets and fish carcass were proximately analyzed using standard procedures. Mean weight gain (MWG), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were determined. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at p ≤ 0.05. Crude protein was highest (68.89%) in fish fed with diet 4, least (64.61%) in fish fed with diet 1 (control) and significantly (p &lt; 0.05) exceeded 60.54% of the pre-treatment fish carcass. Fish fed with diet 3 had significantly (p &lt; 0.05) higher values of MWG (11.73 g), SGR (2.13%/day) and superior FCR (0.451) above which growth and feed utilization indices progressively declined with increase in the substitution level of SFLM. This study revealed that 40% substitution level of the SFLM resulted in the best growth and feed utilization in C. gariepinus. The study demonstrated the considerable potential of flamboyant leaf meal as an alternative protein source, therefore other processing methods are recommended to increase its utilization, reduce feed cost and maximize aquaculture profitability.

Use of chicken feather meal fermented with Bacillus subtilis in diets to increase the digestive enzymes activity and nutrient digestibility of silver pompano Trachinotus blochii (Lacepede, 1801)

Background: Feather has the potential to be used as a fish feed ingredient because it has high protein content (80-85%), and is rich in amino acids arginine, leucine, isoleucine and valine. However, the protein consists mainly of keratin, which is classified as fiber that is difficult to digest. Therefore, to improve digestibility, the keratin protein is degraded using microbial Bacillus subtilis. This study aimed to determine the digestibility of fermented feather meal (FFM) in silver pompano ( Trachinotus blochii) diets and to observe the histological structure of their intestines after digestion. Methods: The method used was a one factor experiment with five treatments and three replications each, which were: diet without FFM, diet containing 10% FFM, 20%, 30% and 40%. The diets were given to juvenile silver pompano (with average body weight of 8.56 ± 0.18 g) and stocked in 15 similar 20-L plastic jars with 10 fish per jar in a density of 100 L capacity container. The experimental diets were given three times daily at approximately 8.00 AM, 12.00 PM and 5.00 PM to apparent satiation for 60 days. Results: The results showed that the use of FFM increased the activity of digestive enzymes (protease and lipase), but reduced the amylase activity of silver pompano, which was significantly different between treatments (P <0.05). Meanwhile, the diet containing 20% FFM produced the highest feed and protein, which are 37.05% and 67.24%, respectively. This was significantly different from other treatments (P <0.05), and was effectively absorbed by fish intestines. Conclusion: The addition of chicken feather meal fermented with Bacillus subtilis could increase the activity of protease and lipase enzymes and nutrient digestibility of silver pompano but not amylase activity.

Dry matter, crude fiber and nitrogen free extract contents of Seligi leaf (Phyllanthus buxifolius) powder fermented with different duration and probiotic’s dose as a fish feed ingredient

Seligi (Phyllanthus buxifolius) is a herbaceous plant which still rarely used as feed additives. Seligi has a high crude fibre and low protein so it needs to be improved by fermentation using probiotics. The fermentation process is influenced by duration and dose. This study aims to determine whether there are effects and interactions of duration and dose of probiotics on the content of dry matter, crude fibre and nitrogen free extract (NFE) in Seligi leaves. This study is experimental research with factorial completely randomized design with 2 factors, namely the duration of fermentation, consisting of 2 treatments, 5 and 7 days, while the other factors are the dose, consisting of 4 treatments namely 0%, 2%, 4% and 6%. The results showed that there was an effect of fermentation duration on dry matter, which on day 5 produced the highest dry matter, but there was no dose-effect and no interaction. In crude fibre, there is an effect of probiotic dose where at a dose of 2% it produces the lowest crude fibre, but there is no effect on the duration and there is no interaction. In the NFE, there was no influence and interaction between time and dose.

Improvement quality of sugar cane bagasse as fish feed ingredient

Sugar cane bagasse is a waste from the processing of sugar cane in a sugar factory. Bagasse is obtained about 25% of the total weight of sugar cane which is used as raw material. Nutrients contained in bagasse approximately protein 1-4%, lipid<4%, ash 2-8%, crude fiber 20-38% and NFE 52-61% (in dry weight). Lignocellulosic component found in bagasse were lignin (11-27%), cellulose (26-49%) and hemicellulose (16-33%). This research aimed to improve bagasse into a fish feed ingredient. The study was conducted using a completely random design with four treatments and three replications. The treatment is carried out by mixing pre-treated bagasse with crude enzyme extract from Bacillus subtilis [1/1], [1/0.75], [1/0.5], [1/0.25] w/v which performed at optimum conditions, i.e. 50°C, pH 5.5 and incubation time 72 hours. The results showed that the treatment [1/1] w/v gave the best results. The improved bagasse had a protein content of 24.92%, ash 6.83%, crude fibre 11.56%, (in dry weight). Dissolved protein and reducing sugar increased to 417.60 mg/L and 442.63 mg/L, respectively. Lignin decreased to 2.81%. So the improved sugar cane bagasse was feasible to be used as a fish feed ingredient.

Atrazine in fish feed and african catfish (Clarias gariepinus) from aquaculture farms in Southwestern Nigeria

Extensive use of atrazine as herbicide in crop farming in Nigeria may lead to its accumulation in fish feed ingredients or aquatic ecosystem from aerosol or by runoff resulting in its residue in aquatic animals. Atrazine residues were determined in fish feed and catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fillets from commercial aquaculture farms in Southwestern Nigeria by matrix solvent particle dispersion and quantification using an ELISA kit. The mean atrazine concentrations in feed and fish were about 1.3–1.5 μg/kg and 1.4–1.8 μg/kg respectively. Atrazine was mostly detected in catfish from Ogun State (91.3%) and feed from Lagos State (80.0%) with mean concentrations of 1.4 ± 0.4 μg/kg and 1.5 ± 0.5 μg/kg, respectively. Mean atrazine concentration in catfish samples from Lagos State was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the mean concentration in catfish samples from Ogun State. This study showed that the Estimated Average Daily Intake (EADI) of atrazine in fish samples from the selected states were below the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) value of 6 μg/kg for herbicide residues and thus within safe limit but their presence in fish is a cause for concern.

Use of chicken feather meal fermented with Bacillus subtilis in diets to increase the digestive enzymes activity and nutrient digestibility of silver pompano Trachinotus blochii (Lacepede, 1801).

Background: Feather has the potential to be used as a fish feed ingredient because it has high protein content (80-85%), and is rich in amino acids arginine, leucine, isoleucine and valine. However, the protein consists mainly of keratin, which is classified as fiber that is difficult to digest. Therefore, to improve digestibility, the keratin protein is degraded using microbial Bacillus subtilis. This study aimed to determine the digestibility of fermented feather meal (FFM) in silver pompano diets and to observe the histological structure of their intestines after digestion. Methods: The method used was a one factor experiment with five treatments and three replications each, which were: diet without FFM (P0), diet containing 10% FFM (P1), 20% (P2), 30% (P3) and 40% (P4). The diets were given to juvenile silver pompano (with average body weight of 8.56 ± 0.18 g) and stocked with 10 fish in a 100 L capacity container. The experimental diets were given three times daily at approximately 8.00 AM, 12.00 PM and 5.00 PM to apparent satiation for 60 days. Results: The results showed that the use of FFM increased the activity of digestive enzymes (protease and lipase), but reduced the amylase activity of silver pompano, which was significantly different between treatments (P <0.05). Meanwhile, the diet containing 20% FFM produced the highest feed and protein, which are 37.05% and 67.24%, respectively. This was significantly different from other treatments (P <0.05), and was effectively absorbed by fish intestines. Conclusion: The addition of chicken feather meal fermented with Bacillus subtilis could increase the activity of digestive enzymes and nutrient digestibility of silver pompano.

Assessment of toxic and essential metals in fish feed ingredients available in different areas of Bangladesh

Contamination of heavy metals in fish feed ingredients is regarded as a major crisis globally especially in developing countries because it may be the source of toxicity in the food chain. Fish farming in Bangladesh is growing very rapidly and fish available in the markets are mostly coming from fish farms where fish farmers mostly use commercial fish feeds manufacturing with different ingredients. In this study, several types of ingredients based on different origins were collected from several areas and after measuring dry weight these were digested by a mixture of acids. This study is concerned to access the toxic and essential metals in different fish feed ingredients which are frequently used to produce commercial fish feed in Bangladesh. The concentration (mg kg-1 dry weight) range of toxic metals such as; Pb (0.56- 1.73), Cd (0.12-0.97), Cr (0.15-0.88), As (BDL), Hg (BDL), Ni (1.10-2.50) and essential metals such as; Fe (13.57-48.96), Cu (10.11-28.09), Zn (10.60-26.25), Na (12.07-35.00), K (13.06-28.97), Ca (10.00-47.96) in selected fish feed ingredients were recorded by Inductive Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES, Optima 7000DV) with significant variation (P&amp;lt;0.05). The analyzed toxic and essential metal concentrations in most of the ingredients were within the safe limit proposed by World Health Organization, Food and Agricultural Organization and European Union indicating no health risk.

The Manufacture of Lele Dumbo (Clarias Gariepinus) Feed by Utilizing Industrial Waste of Fish, Cassava and Paddy

A feed is one of the components that supports a cultivation business activity, fish feed must have good nutrition, especially a source of protein. Sources of protein for fish feed ingredients are generally imported, such as peanut meal and fish meal. Utilization of fishery and industrial waste as fish clothing is an effort to overcome the relatively high cost of feed. This study aims to determine the effect of adding formulations on the chemical properties of industrial waste-based catfish feed. The results showed that the more fish meal formulations that were added could increase the protein content in a range of 22.90% -39.90%, fat 5% -7.70%, and ash 5.79% -11.36%. The carbohydrate content decreased with a value range of 33.87% -57.08% and water 7.14% -12%. Fish feed formulations that are close to the SNI for catfish feed are found in treatment P1 with 39.90% protein content test results; water 7,18%; fat 7,7%; Ash 11.36% and carbohydrates 33.87%.

HEAVY METALS IN POULTRY AND FISH FEED INGREDIENTS IN BANGLADESH: A POTENTIAL THREAT TO OUR NEXT GENERATION

Hazaribagh the area of leather processing industries; is the main place of Bangladesh from where the poultry and fish feed have produced and supplied all over the country. Solid tannery waste and sliced- cut pieces of skin and hide are proteineceous. These wastes are converted to protein - concentrate to be used in poultry feed, fish feed and bio fertilizer without any appropriate treatment. Although total Chromium content in tannery waste based poultry and fish feed has been determined previously but no studies appear to have been on others heavy metals i.e. Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Mn and Fe. AAS is used to determine the heavy metals concentration in ppm. A total three types of sample were collected from different location of sampling site. The sample represents the various stages of protein - concentrate production from solid waste to final products i.e. poultry and fish feed ingredients. All heavy metals were not only detected in all sample type but also significantly higher than the MAC value for poultry and fish feed ingredients and cross the permissible limit for human.

Degradasi Lignin pada Ampas Tebu dalam Upaya Pemanfaatannya sebagai Bahan Baku Pakan Ikan

Ampas tebu merupakan produk samping industri gula yang potensial digunakan sebagai bahan baku pakan ikan. Akan tetapi tingginya kadar lignin (20-35%) membatasi potensi pemanfaatannya tersebut. Pengolahan ampas tebu sebagai bahan baku pakan membutuhkan tahap degradasi lignin untuk mereduksi kadarnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendegradasi lignin pada ampas tebu menggunakan kombinasi radiasi gelombang mikro dan senyawa alkali NaOH. Perlakuan yang diujikan adalah larutan NaOH dengan varian konsentrasi 0,5 M; 1,0 M; 1,5 M dan 2,0 M. Tepung ampas tebu ditambahkan larutan NaOH sebanyak 1/10 (b/v) kemudian diberi paparan radiasi gelombang mikro menggunakan daya 300 watt selama 10 menit. Parameter yang diukur adalah kadar lignin menggunakan metode Chesson serta komposisi nutrien menggunakan metode proksimat, sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa NaOH 2,0 M mampu mereduksi lignin hingga 6,85%, tanpa memberi pengaruh negatif terhadap kandungan nutrien ampas tebu. Dengan demikian ampas tebu hasil perlakuan cukup memadai untuk diolah lebih lanjut dalam upaya pemanfaatannya sebagai bahan baku pakan ikan.

Occurrence and transfer of mycotoxins from ingredients to fish feed and fish meat of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in Serbia

As fish has been known for its high protein content and other health benefits, aquaculture production has started to flourish in Serbia. Common carp is the predominant species being farmed, comprising more than 80% of the total fish production in Serbia. The primary ingredients in fish feed are plant-based products, which present a risk of mycotoxin contamination, posing a potential risk to consumers. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the mycotoxin status of carp aquaculture in Serbia. At the beginning of the feeding season, May to June 2019, 27 samples of feed ingredients, 8 of finished feed and 14 of edible fish meat were analysed. The fish feed and feed ingredients were sampled from local producers, while the fish were sampled from fish farms that were reported to use the sampled feed. The feed ingredients were locally produced maize and maize products, sunflower meal, soybean and soybean products, wheat, bone meal, yeast and distillers dried grains with solubles, which were ground together, mixed and pelleted in different sizes. All samples were tested for the presence of aflatoxins (aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), B2, G1 and G2), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins (fumonisin B1 and B2), HT-2 and T-2 toxins. The most prevalent mycotoxins were OTA (91.4%), fumonisin B1+B2 (68.6%) and AFB1 (48.6%). Only one sample of the plant-based ingredients was below limit of quantification (LOQ), and more than 85% of the samples had more than one mycotoxin detected, ranging from 0.43 μg/kg of AFB1 to 3,168.5 μg/kg of fumonisin B1+B2. However, all the samples of edible fish meat were under the LOQ. We suggest that further research should be conducted on the effects of co-occurring mycotoxins; we also recommend stricter regulations on fish feed to reduce the impacts of mycotoxins on fish health and productivity.

Abiotic stress‐induced changes in nutritive potential of Halamphora subturgida (Hustedt) Levkov and utilization of processed biomass in diets for ornamental gold fish ( Carassius auratus )

The diatom genus, Halamphora subturgida, was exposed to various nitrate salt concentrations (882 µM, 441 μM and 1,764 μM) for a period of 18 days. The Chlorophyll content of diatom biomass (14.95 ± 0.04 µg/ml) reflected better growth, subjected to 1,764 µM NO−3 for a period of 12 days as compared to control (882 µM NO−3) and nitrogen depleted (441 µM NO−3) conditions. Fucoxanthin estimation showed a similar trend as chlorophyll content and reached its peak at nitrogen-repleted (1,764 µM NO−3) condition (25.70 ± 0.03 µg/ml). The total carotenoid (26.92 ± 0.05 µg/ml) and protein content (87.49 ± 0.06 mg/g) were found to be maximal after 12 days of incubation in nitrate sated medium. Thus, the diatom exposed to 12 days' nitrate sated medium (1,764 µM NO−3) was selected as fish feed ingredients to gold fish (Carassius auratus). Total Algal Feed (TAF) was prepared from mixed algal biomass of Halamphora subturgida, Spirulina and Leptolyngbia. The commercial feed (CF) was replaced by varying proportions of algal mix to formulate three different types of Value Added Feed (VAF-25%, 50%, 75% VAF). The feed type formulated as 75% VAF was found to be most effective in terms of skin pigmentation, growth and antioxidant activities of experimental fish showing almost 1.44- to 4- fold increase, compared with the control fish. Body weight gain and specific growth rate also changed significantly in experimental fish.

The Difference in Lactobacillus plantarum Density on the Fermentation Process of Cassava Leaves (Manihot utillisima) as Substance for Plant-Based Protein

HighlightCassava leaves (Manihot utillisima) identification and analysisObserving the content of anti-nutritional cyanide (HCN) in cassava leavesOrganoleptic testing in the fermentation process of Lactobacillus plantarum bacteria against cassava leaves (Manihot utilissima)Knowing the nutritional content of cassava leaves, after fermentation process that use the different Lactobacillus plantarum bacteriaKnowing the nutritional content of fermented cassava leaves (Manihot utilissima)AbstractCassava leaves (M. utilissima) are well used as a staple ingredient for feeding livestock mainly for high nutrient content especially protein which is 27%. The main problem in the use of cassava leaves as fish feed ingredients is its high fiber content, making it difficult to be digest by fish. The main purpose of this research was that fermented cassava leaves by using L. plantarum could increase its protein content. This research was conducted by adding the different concentrations of L. plantarum which were 0 cell/ml, 1012 cells/ml, and 1013 cells/ml, 1014 cells/ml, and repeated three times. The result showed that L. plantarum with the concentration of 1014 cells/ml provides the best results overall in increasing protein content by 35.8% and physical characteristic test including scent, texture, hypha quantity, and water vapor provides the best result

Nutrient digestibility of green seaweed Ulva meal and the influence on growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Green seaweed Ulva had a high growth rate and spread in all of Indonesian waters. Species Ulva had a complete nutrient content that made it potential to be used as an alternative fish feed ingredient. This experiment was conducted in two series of trial, digestibility measurement of Ulva meal and its effects on the growth performance of the Nile tilapia (O. niloticus). In measuring the nutrient digestibility, a protein rich diet was formulated with a test diet in which 30% of the reference diet was replaced with Ulva meal, used Cr2O3 as an inert marker. Fish with initial weight about 16±0.35 g were stocked with a density of 15 fish per aquarium and collecting faeces is carried out until sufficient sample was available for analysis. The growth trial was conducted using a completely randomized design with four treatments and three replications. The experimental diets were U0 (Ulva 0%), U10 (Ulva 10%), U20 (Ulva 20%) and U30 (Ulva 30%). The Nile tilapia with an average body weight of 3.42±0.01 g, were stocked into the 60x50x50 cm aquaria with 25 fish in each tank and cultured for 60 days. Fish were fed three times daily on those diets at satiation level. The parameters which evaluated were specific growth rate, protein retention, lipid retention, feed efficiency, survival rate and blood hematology of the Nile tilapia. The results of digestibility measurement showed that Ulva meal had acceptable nutrients as an ingredient in Nile tilapia diet. Protein digestibility of Ulva meal was 87.36%, while lipid was 93.05%. The results of growth trial revealed that fish fed on 10% Ulva meal tended to have highest growth performance than those fed to the control, while the survival rate and fish health seemed not to be affected directly (P&gt;0.05).

Conversion of fish processing wastewater into fish feed ingredients through submerged cultivation of Aspergillus oryzae

Fish processing towards production of fillet gives rise to wastewater streams that are ultimately directed to biogas production and/or wastewater treatment. However, these wastewater streams are rich in minerals, fat, and proteins that can be converted to protein-rich feed ingredients through submerged cultivation of edible filamentous fungi. In this study, the origin of wastewater stream, initial pH, cultivation time, and extent of washing during sieving, were found to influence the amount of recovered material from the wastewater streams and its protein content, following cultivation with Aspergillus oryzae. Through cultivation of the filamentous fungus in sludge, 330 kg of material per ton of COD were recovered by sieving, corresponding to 121 kg protein per ton of COD, while through its cultivation in salt brine, 210 kg of material were recovered per ton of COD, corresponding to 128 kg protein per ton of COD. Removal ranges of 12–43%, 39–92%, and 32–66% for COD, total solids, and nitrogen, respectively, were obtained after A. oryzae growth and harvesting in the wastewater streams. Therefore, the present study shows the versatility that the integration of fungal cultivation provides to fish processing industries, and should be complemented by economic, environmental, and feeding studies, in order to reveal the most promising valorization strategy.Graphic abstract

Effects of Selected Tuber Crops Starch on Some Extrusion Properties of Fish Feed

This research evaluates the effect of feed formulation on fish feed properties with the aim of providing information on its water absorption and physical properties of the feed. The main objective of the study is to analysis the effects of the 3 tuber crops (dried cassava, potato and cocoyam flour) on the floatability of fish feed. The fish feed ingredients with varying percentage (40, 70 and 100) of starch from cassava, potato and cocoyam were extruded using a single screw extruder with constant screw speed (285 rpm). The resulting extrudates were subjected to extensive analysis of physical properties, which included moisture content, mass, surface area, volume unit density, bulk density and porosity. The water absorption properties include, the relative absorption rate (%), the water stability (%), the expansion ratio (%) and the floating ability rate (%) were also determined. There was a linear increment between the increase in starch with floatability and water absorption properties of cassava and cocoyam starch; however, a nonlinear decrease relationship existed in percentages (%) of potato starch. The formulation with 40% cocoyam has the highest floatability while the least floatability was observed from 100% potato at first 10 mins of observation. At 40% starches, 76.66% of cassava, 66.66% of potato and 100% of cocoyam afloat for the period of observation (10-120 mins). In conclusion, the formulation with 40% cocoyam was adjudged as the preferable feed composition based on its floatability. From the result, it can be recommended that cocoyam starch support the floatability of fish feed.

Chemical and Microbial Compositions of Unprocessed and Processed Soybean as Fish Feed Ingredient

Some of fish farm diseases have been linked to feeds and could have link with the ingredients used in compounding them. In this study, 5 kg of soybean seed were purchased and divided into five equal parts. Each part was processed by roasting, toasting, solid state fermentation (SSF), sprouting and other part unprocessed all in triplicate. The SSF and sprouting processing were carried out in a dark room for seven days and pH and Temperature were recorded twice daily. Each of the samples was tested for proximate compositions, phytochemical analysis, microbial load aflatoxin B1 and B2. The results of the study showed that the toasted and roasted soybean were at 120℃ at a time interval of 32-45 minutes. The pH range of 4.0 -5.5 were recorded for soybean during SSF while pH 5.0 to 6.0 for sprouting. Highest coliform counts of 7.79x103 were from fermented soybean while lowest of 4.81 x103 were from toasted soybean. The qualitative and quantitative results showed saponin, tannin, oxalate, alkaloid and glycosides were present though varied according to the processed methods. The proximate compositions varied with the processing methods. The lowest Aflatoxin B1 and B2 of 0.76mg/100g from toasted and 0.46mg/100g from fermented soybean. Based on this toasting method is recommended for processing soybean to reduce phytochemicals, microbial loads, Aflatoxin and increase nutrient compositions.

INTEGRASI USAHATANI DENGAN PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH TERNAK DI DESA SAPEN, MOJOLABAN, SUKOHARJO

Integrated aquaculture management systems, aquaculture, and crop cultivation can be implemented in synergy where each business that supports each other, supports each other, support each other, by optimally utilizing the potential resources needed. Sapen Village, Mojoaban District, Sukoharjo Regency chose the location of empowerment because it has the potential for integrated farming. Livestock waste that is diverted and converted into pollution sources, on the other hand, the fishery business is very dependent on pellet feed, it is agreed that integration will occur, so the problem of livestock waste can be solved by presenting natural food sources for the fishing business. The program carried out is the socialization of alternative animal feed selection and the socialization of how to make alternative feed. The selection of alternative fish feed, besides being able to incur fish farmers' production costs, is also a form of integration between cattle and goat groups and fish livestock groups. From the implementation of this community service program, it will gain new knowledge about the management of agricultural waste by developing earthworm (lumbricus rubelius) cultivation as fish feed ingredients. Besides, the public also gained new knowledge about how to process livestock as an alternative to fish food.Keyword: integrated farming systems, livestock waste breeding, alternative fish feed

Effect of probiotic duration and dose of coffee peel fermentation (Coffea sp.) on crude protein and crude fiber as an alternative fish feed ingredient

The research aimed to find out whether there was interaction between fermentation duration and probiotics dose toward the increase in crude protein and decrease in crude fiber content in coffee peel. This research was experimental using complete randomized design (RAL) factorial, data analysis using duncan. The result of the research showed that there was interaction between duration and probiotics doses in coffee peel fermentation to crude protein in day 5 of fermentation duration with probiotics dose of 5%, it was the highest result of crude protein content. There was no interaction between duration fermentation and probiotics dose in fermentation of coffee peel toward crude fiber content in day 7 duration of fermentation with probiotics dose of 5%, it was the result of the lowest crude fiber. Fermentation in 7 days with dose of 5% was the best result. There was increase of protein from 12.15% to 13.93% and decrease of fiber from 34.27% to 30.8%.