Fish Feed Research Articles

Effects of insect meals on fish digestibility, blood parameters, and economic performance: a meta-analysis

Abstract This review examines the use of insect meal (IM) as a substitute for fishmeal (FM) in fish feeds within the past decade. While global interest in this alternative is growing, research on its effects on fish digestibility, blood parameters, and economic performance has been limited. Meta-analysis on the apparent digestibility coefficient revealed a negative effect summary on dry matter (−0.92) and crude lipid (−0.51), although the difference between the two groups was relatively minor. However, a positive effect summary was reported in the apparent digestibility of crude protein (0.12), suggesting a potential advantage in the utilization of protein by fish fed with IM-containing diets. Whereas meta-analysis on fish blood parameters demonstrates varying effects summary, necessitating further research. Analysis of economic performance revealed an overall better economic performance in the IM diet with an effect summary of −0.08 for feed cost and 0.00 for the economic profit index. Overall use of IM in aquafeed shows promise in improving feed quality and fish performance, potentially becoming a sustainable alternative to traditional FM. Recommendations include exploring IM’s impact on fish blood parameters through more investigations. Shifting focus from traditional measures to markers directly linked with fish health and immune response can provide more precise insights. Moreover, exploring various components of IM, such as lipids and functional elements like chitin, through simplified breakdown methods, can significantly enhance our comprehension of their nutritional value. Analyzing how each part influences fish health could pave the way for a sustainable and efficient alternative to FM in aquaculture.

Isolation, characterization, and assessment of Bacillus rugosus potential as a new probiotic for aquaculture applications

Aquaculture is an important component of the world food supply and a significant source of protein. However, this industry faces numerous problems. Including poor fish feed digestion and uneconomic nutrient utilization. This can result in unsatisfactory growth rates and poor stock performance. Utilizing probiotics, which are beneficial microbes that can enhance digestive systems and general fish health, is one possible way to address these issues. This study was designed to identify and evaluate a novel strain of Bacillus as a promising probiotic. The strain of Bacillus rugosus that was examined and coded NM007 showed promising probiotic characteristics that could help fish digest and utilize their feed more efficiently, reduce feed waste, and improve their digestive systems. B. rugosus NM007 exhibited the ability to produce digestive enzymes like protease, amylase, and lipase, which are the main digestive enzymes. It showed strong auto-aggregation activity and co-aggregation activity with Aeromonas sp. and Streptococcus sp. It also demonstrated tolerance to the presence of bile salt, acidic pH, and salinity up to 60 ppt. The sensitivity analysis towards antibiotics, hemolytic activity and the safety assessment on Nile tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) confirmed the safety of this isolate. Based on the findings of this investigation and the isolate’s characterization, Bacillus rugosus NM007 could serve as a new promising probiotic bacterium for aquaculture.

An integrated three-stream network model for discriminating fish feeding intensity using multi-feature analysis and deep learning.

Feed costs constitute a significant part of the expenses in the aquaculture industry. However, feeding practices in fish farming often rely on the breeder's experience, leading to feed wastage and environmental pollution. To achieve precision in feeding, it is crucial to adjust the feed according to the fish's feeding state. Existing computer vision-based methods for assessing feeding intensity are limited by their dependence on a single spatial feature and manual threshold setting for determining feeding status constraints. These models lack practicality due to their specificity to certain scenarios and objectives. To address these limitations, we propose an integrated approach that combines computer vision technology with a Convolutional Neural Net-work (CNN) to assess the feeding intensity of farmed fish. Our method incorporates temporal, spatial, and data statistical features to provide a comprehensive evaluation of feeding intensity. Using computer vision techniques, we preprocessed feeding images of pearl gentian grouper, extracting temporal features through optical flow, spatial features via binarization, and statistical features using the gray-level co-occurrence matrix. These features are input into their respective specific feature discrimination networks, and the classification results of the three networks are fused to construct a three-stream network for feeding intensity discrimination. The results of our proposed three-stream network achieved an impressive accuracy of 99.3% in distinguishing feeding intensity. The model accurately categorizes feeding states into none, weak, and strong, providing a scientific basis for intelligent fish feeding in aquaculture. This advancement holds promise for promoting sustainable industry development by minimizing feed wastage and optimizing environmental impact.

Evaluating Sustainability: A Social Cost-Benefit Analysis of Shrimp Aquaculture Practices in Kerala

Kerala is blessed with an abundance of freshwater and brackish water rivers, estuaries, backwaters, and interconnecting backwaters. These bodies of water add to the inland production and make the land lush and fertile. As per the ‘State Wise Area Utilized and Production of Tiger Shrimp 2020-21’ data of MPEDA Kerala has 2813.85ha area under culture in hectares and 1128.98 estimated production in tonnes. In the last decades its development has attracted considerable attention because of its export potential. During the study period (2017-18), Kerala produced an estimated 2,952.56 metric tonnes of farmed shrimp annually, out of which 26.34 percent were produced scientifically and the remaining 73.66 percent were produced traditionally. State fishery sector is also promoting ‘one paddy one shrimp farming’ project as it is suitable for coastal wetland economy like Kerala. Consequently, shrimp aquaculture sector plays a major role in the coastal wetland economy of Kerala, which has 234 prawn filtration fields covering 12873ha and 65213ha of brackish water area. ‘Sustainable blue economy’ states that shrimp aquaculture contributes to food security, social status, livelihood for the poor, women's empowerment through employment, increased family income, and purchasing power to the Kerala economy, it is necessary to question the sustainability of the Kerala shrimp aquaculture sector, particularly in light of the micro plastic pollution caused by current shrimp aquaculture practices. Kerala is a top producer of shrimp raised in aquaculture due to its abundant backwater and estuary water bodies. There are claims that the amount of shrimp consumed domestically is also rising. Exposure to Micro plastics poses a severe risk to the health and well-being of regular shrimp users. Using Soya Bean Meal (SBM), a reasonably priced and sustainable substitute for artificial fish feed becomes necessary. In light of this, this paper conducts a sustainability analysis based on social cost-benefit analysis of the feeding practices currently used by the shrimp aquaculture industry in Kerala.

Feeding global aquaculture.

The growth of animal aquaculture requires ever more feed. Yet, fish and crustacean farming is argued to be sustainable because wild fish use is low and has improved over time. Here, accounting for trimmings and by-products from wild fish in aquaculture feed, and using four different sources of industry-reported feed composition data, we find ratios of fish inputs to farmed outputs of 0.36 to 1.15-27 to 307% higher than a previous estimate of 0.28. Furthermore, a metric that incorporates wild fish mortality during capture and excludes unfed systems raises the wild fish mortality-to-farmed fish output ratio to 0.57 to 1.78. We also evaluate terrestrial ingredients in aquaculture feeds. Widely cited estimates of declines in wild fish use from 1997 to 2017 entailed a trade-off of more than fivefold increase in feed crops over the same period. Our assessment challenges the sustainability of fed aquaculture and its role in food security.

Effect of dietary fenugreek seeds on the antioxidant status of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.)

AbstractThe goal of this work was to determine the effects of dietary supplementation with fenugreek seeds on the oxidative status of gilthead seabream. Fish were fed four different diets for 8 weeks: three groups of fish were fed diets containing 1%, 5% or 10% (w/w) fenugreek seeds, while the control group was fed a diet without fenugreek. At the end of the experiment, the expression gene of the main antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase) was measured in the fish liver. Supplementation with fenugreek seeds at 10% significantly increased the growth of fish while different effects on gene expression were detected. An increase in H2O2 and OH⋅ scavenging ability and oxidative stability was observed in fish fed fenugreek-supplemented diets. In the present study, an 8-week supplementation of the diet of gilthead seabream specimens with fenugreek seeds resulted in an improvement of fish growth and antioxidant status (ROS scavenging, catalase and oil oxidative stability). These results afford a new perspective on the use of spices with medicinal properties as a supplement in fish feed in order to improve their growth and antioxidant status.

Effects of poultry by-product meal and complete replacement of fish oil with alternative oils on growth performance and gut health of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): a FEEDNETICS™ validation study

BackgroundAquaculture, traditionally a form of biotechnology, has evolved to integrate innovative biotechnological applications, such as advanced feed formulations, aimed at improving the growth performance and health of farmed fish species. In the present study, the effects of feeding rainbow trout with novel feed formulations were investigated. Fish growth, gut and liver morphology, the concentration of fatty acids in the fillet, and volatile fatty acids in the gut were assessed. The study also validated scenarios from in vivo experiments using a nutrient-based model called FEEDNETICS™. This globally used model serves as a tool for data interpretation and decision support in the context of precision fish farming.MethodsAlternative protein and oil sources, including poultry by-product meal (PBM) and natural algae oil, were explored as sustainable replacements for fishmeal (FM) and fish oil (FO). A 90-day feeding trial was conducted using rainbow trout, comparing two isoproteic, isolipidic and isoenergetic diets. The control diet contained 15% FM, 5% PBM, and 8% FO, while the test diet replaced FM with 15% PBM and 5% feather meal hydrolysate (FMH), and fully substituted FO with VeraMaris® natural algae oil and rapeseed oil.ResultsPBM successfully replaced FM protein without negatively affecting feed intake, growth performance or feed utilization in trout. The combination of PBM and natural algae oil was well tolerated by the trout and showed no negative effects on gut health. A detailed analysis of fatty acids in the fillet revealed that PUFAs of the n3 and n6 series were significantly higher in the PBM group than in the FM group. Values of fatty acid-related health indexes, including atherogenicity index, and thrombogenicity index, confirmed the high nutritional value of trout filet, thus representing a healthy product for human. In addition, the predictions using the FEEDNETICS™ indicated that the tested novel alternative formulations are economically viable. The validation of the model for fish growth resulted in a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 8%.ConclusionsThe FEEDNETICS™ application enhances our ability to optimize feeding strategies and improve production efficiency in the aquaculture industry. VeraMaris® algae oil and PBM could serve as viable and sustainable raw materials for fish feed, promoting environmentally friendly aquaculture practices.

Evaluation of storage stability of poultry by-product meal incorporated fish feed under aerobic storage condition

The research focused on development of fish feed utilising poultry by-product meal (PBM) as a substitute for fish meal (FM) and evaluating its shelf life under aerobic packaging conditions. Initially, a basal diet (C) was formulated to meet the nutritional requirements for optimal growth of Tilapia by using FM as the major protein source. After analysing the nutritional composition of PBM, an isoproteinaceous diet (T) was formulated by replacing FM with PBM. The product was packed in HDPE bags and kept at room temperature and analysed for physico chemical and microbial characteristics for 45 days at weekly intervals. Moisture content of both C and T decreased significantly (p0.05) was found between C and T. The TBARS value of both C and T followed an increasing trend. This increase in C was not significant (p<0.01) between 28th and 35th day, and between 42nd and 45th day but that of T increased significantly (p<0.01) throughout the storage period. T consistently displayed the highest TBARS value during storage period. Tyrosine Value (TV) of both C and T also increased during storage and was significant (p<0.01) up to 42nd day of storage. C exhibited the highest TV throughout the storage period. Similarly, total viable count (TVC) of both C and T increased on storage. The increase in TVC for C was not significant (p<0.01) between 21st and 28th days, whereas that of T was significant (p<0.01) throughout the storage period. On 45th day, T exhibited highest count and was significantly different (p<0.01) from C. Throughout the 45-day storage period, no observable coliform count or yeast and mould count was noted in either C or T. The present study indicated that fish feed can be effectively prepared by utilising PBM and can be stored under room temperature up to 45 days. Keywords: Poultry by-product meal, fish meal, fish feed, storage stability

Transition from endogenous to exogenous feeding in longfin yellowtail Seriola rivoliana larvae under simultaneous effects of daily temperature fluctuation and rotifer Brachionus rotundiformis enrichment.

Temperature and nutrition are suggested as the primary factors affecting larval survival during the transition from endogenous to exogenous feeding in fish. However, little is known about its simultaneous impact during this period. In this study, Seriola rivoliana eggs were subjected to a constant 24°C (CTE) and a daily temperature fluctuation (DTF) between 22.8 and 25.2°C until oil droplet exhaustion (5.5days after hatching). On the other hand, marine fish larvae mostly rely on live feed, with certain nutritional deficiencies such as poor long-chain fatty acids. Thus, rotifer Brachionus rotundiformis enrichment was simultaneously evaluated with temperature using three enrichment diets: Ori-green, S.presso, and a Domestic emulsion. For this purpose, the five experimental groups were established in triplicate using six 100-L tanks with three 10-L containers inside (18 experimental units in total). One hundred eggs were incubated, using a green water system, and 10 rotifers mL-1 were offered at mouth opening. After oil droplet exhaustion, survival was only affected by temperature (P < 0.01), being higher at DTF compared to CTE. At the same stage, Domestic emulsion resulted in bigger larvae than Ori-green. In a further assay at 3.7 DAH, the relative expression of the trypsin gene was higher at Domestic emulsion compared to S.presso and Ori-green. This study indicates that daily temperature fluctuation can improve larval performance and low levels of EPA and DHA in Domestic emulsion enriched rotifers were not critical for Seriola rivoliana at first feeding.

Application of phytobioactive ingredients in compound feed of sturgeon fish

Application of phytobioactive ingredients in compound feed of sturgeon fish

Gradual Replacement of Soybean Meal with Brewer’s Yeast in Fingerling Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Diet, Resulting in a Polynomial Growth Pattern, Independent of Whether Reared in a Biofloc or Clear-Water System

A 60-day feeding experiment was conducted to examine whether (i) soybean meal (SBM) protein in the diet of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) can be replaced with protein from spent brewer’s yeast (SBY); (ii) co-rearing with biofloc alters fish growth, feed conversion and protein efficiency compared with rearing in clear water; and (iii) accumulated protein quantity and quality in biofloc acts as a possible feed source for the fish in periods of low feed intake. The fish were reared in either a bio-recirculating aquaculture system (Bio-RAS) or a clear-water RAS (Cw-RAS). In Bio-RAS, the mechanical and biological filters used in Cw-RAS were replaced with an open bioreactor that delivered heterotrophic-based biofloc to the rearing tanks and also acted as a sedimentation trap for effluent water before recirculating it back into the rearing unit. The fish were fed four iso-nitrogenous and iso-energetic diets (~28% crude protein, ~19 MJ kg−1 gross energy) in which SBM protein was replaced with increasing levels of SBY, with triplicate tanks per inclusion level. The results revealed that average fish growth was greater in a biofloc environment compared with clear water and also greater at higher inclusion levels of SBY. However, in both rearing environments, fish growth displayed a second-degree polynomial distribution with increasing SBY inclusion level, with a peak between 30% and 60% inclusion. Fish in the biofloc environment showed better feed conversion ratio and protein retention, likely through ingesting both given feed and biofloc. Biofloc contained a significant amount of accumulated protein with a high biological profile, thereby constituting a possible feed reserve for the fish. A conclusion underlined by the apparent improved feed conversion of Bio-RAS reared fish, where that ingestion of biofloc will reduce the need for external feed per unit growth.

Pervasive Microplastic Ingestion by Commercial Fish Species from a Natural Lagoon Environment

Microplastics have emerged as a significant global environmental concern in the recent decade. The aim of this study was to elucidate microplastic contamination of commercial fish species in a natural lagoon environment. Microplastic contamination was examined in the gastrointestinal tracts and gills of 157 commercial fish from 18 species with varying feeding habits in a vital and sensitive lagoon ecosystem, which connects to the Indian ocean. Microplastics were extracted using digestion, followed by stereomicroscopic inspection using Nile Red stain, and identified via μ-FTIR analysis. Over half of studied fishes ingested microplastics (54.14%). Filaments (50%) and blue items (43%) were the most commonly ingested. Of all the fish species, Eubleekeria splendens had the highest average concentration of microplastics in GIT (1.41 ± 2.52 items/g w.w. tissues), although no statistically significant difference in amount of ingested microplastics (items/g w.w. tissues) was observed among species. The highest concentrations of inhaled microplastics were recorded in Sillago vincenti (1.38 ± 1.30 items/g w.w. tissues). The majority of the extracted microplastics (33%) belonged in the size class 500–1500 μm with rayon, polyethylene terephthalate, and polypropylene as the primary polymers. This study found no correlation between microplastic ingestion and fish species and feeding habits, but a positive correlation with fish size was observed. These findings reveal widespread microplastic contamination in edible fish, posing potential risks to commercially important species due to increasing pollution in lagoon ecosystems.

Growth, Ecophysiological Responses, and Leaf Mineral Composition of Lettuce and Curly Endive in Hydroponic and Aquaponic Systems.

Against the backdrop of climate change, soil loss, and water scarcity, sustainable food production is a pivotal challenge for humanity. As the global population grows and urbanization intensifies, innovative agricultural methods are crucial to meet rising food demand, while mitigating environmental degradation. Hydroponic and aquaponic systems, has emerged as one of these solutions by minimizing land use, reducing water consumption, and enabling year-round crop production in urban areas. This study aimed at assessing the yield, ecophysiological performance, and nutritional content of Lactuca sativa L. and Cichorium endivia L. var. crispum grown in hydroponic and aquaponic floating raft systems, with Oreochromis niloticus L. integrated into the aquaponic system. Both species exhibited higher fresh biomass and canopy/root ratios in hydroponics compared to aquaponics. Additionally, hydroponics increased the leaf number in curly endive by 18%. Ecophysiological parameters, such as the leaf net photosynthesis rate, actual yield of PSII, and linear electron transport rate, were also higher in hydroponics for both species. However, the nutritional profiles varied between the two cultivation systems and between the two species. Given that standard fish feed often lacks sufficient potassium levels for optimal plant growth, potassium supplementation could be a viable strategy to enhance plant development in aquaponic systems. In conclusion, although aquaponic systems may demonstrate lower productivity compared to hydroponics, they offer a more sustainable and potentially healthier product with fewer harmful compounds due to the reduced use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and the absence of chemical residue accumulation. However, careful system management and monitoring are crucial to minimize potential contaminants.

Potential of integrated multitrophic aquaculture to make prawn farming sustainable in Bangladesh

Farmed freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) and black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) comprise a significant portion of Bangladesh’s seafood exports, raising concerns about their environmental impacts. Freshwater prawn farms, which require a relatively high amount of feed supply, release 1.0 MT CO2-equivalents/year, equating to 18.8 kg CO2e/MT prawn, contributing significantly to global warming and climate change risks. Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) offers an alternative farming method to conventional prawn farming systems, as it minimizes greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and climate change impacts. Systematically reviewing 112 scientific articles on IMTA, this article offers recommendations for adopting IMTA to promote sustainable freshwater prawn farming in Bangladesh. IMTA is undergoing extensive experimentation and practice in many parts of the world, offering economic benefits, social acceptability, and environmental sustainability. In addition to native prawn species, various indigenous organic extractive freshwater mollusks, and inorganic extractive plants are available which can seamlessly be used to tailor the IMTA system. Extractive organisms, including aquatic mollusks and plants within prawn farms, can capture blue carbon effectively lowering GHG emissions and helping mitigate climate change impacts. Aquatic mollusks offer feed for fish and livestock, while aquatic plants serve as a dual food source and contribute to compost manure production for crop fields. Research on IMTA in Bangladesh was primarily experimented on finfish in freshwater ponds, with the absence of studies on IMTA in prawn farms. This necessitates conducting research at the prawn farmer level to understand the production of extractive aquatic mollusk and plants alongside prawn in the prawn-producing regions of southwestern Bangladesh.

Influence of Dietary Fatty Acids on Fish Sperm Tolerance to Cryopreservation

ABSTRACTTo meet growing fish demand, aquaculture must develop sustainable, cost‐effective, and high‐performance fish feed formulations for industry advancement. Plant‐based lipids are a viable alternative to forage fish ingredients in finfish diets. However, most plant‐derived lipids lack long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC‐PUFA) like EPA and DHA, which are nutritionally essential for fish. This review summarizes recent findings on the nutritional aspects of fish brood stock and sperm quality, emphasizing the effects of fatty acids on reproductive outcomes. Studies indicate that substituting fish oil with plant oils alters the fatty acid profiles in fish tissues and gametes, potentially compromising sperm quality, cryopreservation success, and progeny viability. Sperm membrane lipids, including EPA, DHA, and ARA, are vital for motility and fertilization rates post‐thaw. Additionally, cryopreservation has been linked to molecular and epigenetic alterations in sperm, which may negatively affect offspring quality. The role of mRNA and noncoding RNA in regulating sperm function and embryonic development is well known, and thus any damage to these molecules as a consequence of cryopreservation might induce long‐term effects on offspring. Proteomic analyses reveal that cryopreservation can lead to significant protein loss in sperm, diminishing their functional and fertilization capabilities. Optimizing cryoprotectant protocols and freezing techniques is crucial to reduce damage, while dietary fatty acids play a key role in preserving sperm quality during cryopreservation stress. Further research with omic technologies is crucial to fully understand sperm tolerance to cryopreservation, which will improve reproductive outcomes and enhance sustainability and quality in aquaculture.

Bottom-pelagic links of hydrobionts in the Kara Sea according to data on δ15N and δ13C and feeding of fish

Bottom-pelagic links of hydrobionts in the Kara Sea according to data on δ15N and δ13C and feeding of fish

Crassocephalum crepidioides as a sustainable protein supplement in Chocolatemahseer (Neolissochilus hexagonolepis) diets: Implications for growth,health, and economic viability in sustainable aquaculture

This study investigated the potential of Crassocephalum crepidioides, an abundant weed as a protein supplement in chocolate mahseer (Neolissochilus hexagonolepis) diets. The plant replaced a combination of fish meal and mustard oil cake at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% in experimental diets. A 12-week feeding trial was conducted to assess growth performance, survival, biomass yield, digestive enzyme activity, blood parameters, and economic viability. Results indicated that C. crepidioides can effectively replace up to 61.3% of the combined fish meal and mustard oil cake protein without negatively impacting fish health or growth, while reducing feed costs. Fish fed diets with 25% replacement showed improved weight gain (15.5±0.7 g) and biomass yield (6.05±0.25 kg/m³) compared to the control (14.6±0.8 g and 5.75±0.28 kg/m³, respectively). Survival rates were high across all treatments (94.0- 97.3%). Digestive enzyme activities and blood parameters remained within normal ranges for inclusion levels up to 75%. Economic analysis revealed potential cost savings of up to 15.5% when incorporating C. crepidioides into mahseer diets. This finding presents an opportunity to develop low-cost fish feed for resource-poor farmers in Meghalaya, effectively converting a local weed into a valuable aquaculture input, with broader implications for sustainable aquaculture practices globally.

Effect of Solid-state Fermentation on Proximate Composition of Rice Bran Meal

Fish farming is often faced with high feed cost comprising approximately 60 to75% of total production costs; these causes decrease in profit margin for the fish farmers. An attempt to upsurge the profit is to minimize the cost of feed as minimal as possible. One way to do this is to explore local feed ingredients that could be used as an alternatives for fish feed. Consequently, farmers use locally available fish feed ingredients including agricultural by-products. These feed ingredients have led to increased pond productivity due to their nutrients constituent and bio-availability. This study evaluate the effect of solid state fermentation on proximate compositions of fermented rice bran meal. Rice bran was collected in three different containers, ground into powder, then sieved and fermented using solid state fermentation procedure. Each sample was solidly fermented at 10% moisture and keep in fermenter at ambient temperature for 24 hours (1 day), 96 hours (4 days), and 168 hours (7 days). Afterward, the fermented samples were oven dried for one hour at 100oC. The fermented samples were taken to the laboratory for proximate analysis. The results obtained from the study shows that, fermenting rice bran for seven days (168hrs) increases the crude protein from 10.53±1.27 to 15.07±1.43 and reduction in crude fibre from 10.74±062 to 7.87±1.71. This study revealed that, solid state fermentation of rice bran meal for one to seven days improved the crude protein and reduces crude fibre and the fermented bran meal can be incorporated as an essential part of the fish feed.

Effect of Solid-State Fermentation on Phytochemical Composition of Rice Bran Meal

In aquaculture, the available feed ingredients are expensive and limited in quantity making it essential to explore fish feed ingredients that are low-cost and locally available. Agro by-products seems to be one of the available source. This study evaluate the effect of solid state fermentation on phytochemical compositions of rice bran meal. Rice bran was collected in three different containers, ground into powder, then sieved and fermented using solid state fermentation procedure. Each sample was solidly fermented (wet at 10% moisture and keep in fermenter at ambient temperature) for 24 hours (1 day), 96 hours (4 days), and 168 hours (7 days). Afterward, the fermented samples were oven dried for one hour at 100oC as described. The fermented samples were taken to the laboratory for phytochemical analysis. The results obtained from this study revealed that fermenting rice bran for seven days (168hrs) using solid state fermentation method reduced the Alkaloid contain from 12.61±1.04 mg/kg to 10.24±1.52 mg/kg, 9.18±0.11 mg/kg and 8.13±0.16 mg/kg. Phytate from 6.73±1.32mg/kg to 4.39±0.82mg/kg, 4.05±0.56mg/kg and 2.15±0.73mg/kg. Tannins from 4.60±0.13 mgTA/kg to 4.11±0.65 mgTA/kg, 3.26±0.47 mgTA/kg and 1.52±0.24 mgTA/kg. Saponins from 2.98±0.54 g/kg to 2.50±0.17 g/kg, 1.88±1.54 g/kg and 1.43±1.17 g/kg. Oxalate from 2.78±1.25 mg∞/100g to 2.47±1.42 mg∞/100g, 2.91±0.31 mg∞/100g and 1.82±0.13 mg∞/100g. However, it increases Flavonoids from 6.94±1.82 mgRutin/kg to 7.90±1.35 mgRutin/kg, 9.03±0.43 mgRutin/kg and 11.18±1.35 mgRutin/kg. Phenols from 1.71±0.32 gGAE/kg to 2.14±0.12 gGAE/kg, 2.91±1.53 gGAE/kg and 3.58±1.65 gGAE/kg. This study establishes the fact that, fermented rice bran meal can be incorporated as an essential part of the feed production in order to reduced cost of production thereby increasing the profit and enhances waste management.

How do fish miss? Attack strategies of threespine stickleback capturing non-evasive prey.

Most predators rely on capturing prey for survival, yet failure is common. Failure is often attributed to prey evasion, but predator miscalculation and/or inaccuracy may also drive an unsuccessful event. We addressed the latter using threespine stickleback as predators and bloodworms (non-evasive) as prey. High-speed videography of the entire attack allowed us to determine the strike tactics leading to successful or missed strikes. We analyzed movements and morphological traits from 57 individuals. Our results reveal that kinematics drive the strike outcome and that failed strikes primarily arise from incorrect timing of mouth opening, often beginning too far from the prey for suction to be effective. This likely stems from the lack of integration between locomotion and feeding systems. Our study begins to unravel the important link between behavior and success in fish feeding.