Fish Cyprinus Carpio Research Articles

Biochemical changes in carbohydrate metabolism of the fish – Cyprinus carpio during sub-lethal exposure to biopesticide – Derisom.

Abstract: The effect of the biopesticide - Derisom on certain metabolites and enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism were evaluated in Gill, Liver, Kidney and Muscle of fish Cyprinus carpio during sub-lethal toxicity exposure of 21 days. 0.28 ppm was taken as the sub – lethal concentration. The organs were taken from exposed and control fish at the end of 24 hrs, 7, 14 and 21 days and used for the estimation of total carbohydrates, total glycogen, S.D.H and L.D.H. All the four organs showed significant difference between control and exposed groups in all the estimated parameters on all days of exposure. The present study considers biochemical parameter as an important biomarker in determining the level of toxicity caused by the biopesticide – Derisom.

Evaluation of softwood and hardwood sawmill wastes impact on the common carp "Cyprinus carpio" and its aquatic environment: An oxidative stress study

The aquatic pollution due to sawmill wood wastes constitutes a major threat to hydro-chemical and fauna characteristics of the aquatic ecosystems. When this kind of organics wastes enter aquatic environment it can be taken up by aquatic organisms through respiration and/or through their diet. This could concurrently result in oxidative stress and later having adverse effect on physiological and biochemical function. The importance of fish in the society cannot be over emphasized, hence there is the need to know the influence of sawmill wood wastes on the water quality and fish.Therefore, this work aims to study the impact of five species of wood wastes on a type of fish named common carp (Cyprinus carpio) known as the most widely cultured fish species in the world and on its aquatic environment. The monitoring of water parameters showed deterioration in water quality. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and lipid peroxidation (MDA) were investigated to evaluate the degree of oxidative stress. According to t-student, there was a significant difference compared to control (P < 0.05) in the level of SOD, CAT, GPx and MDA activities in fish exposed to 5 g·l−1 of each sawdust except for GPx, a non-significant difference (p > 0.05) was noted in the case of Beech and Dibetou. When the dispersed amount was about 0.375 g·l−1 we noted a significant difference in the level of SOD and GPx, except for GPx a non-significant difference was detected in the case of Cedar. The level of CAT was significantly difference just in the case of Cedar and Dibetou and that of MDA was significantly difference just in the case of Beech and Mahogany.We conclude therefore that sawmill wood waste not only impact the water quality adversely but also alters the levels of different enzymes activities in Cyprinus Carpio fish by the inhibition of SOD, CAT and GPx activities and by the production of MDA, which reflects response to oxidative stress. This study provides a rational use of these enzymes as suitable biomarkers with different degrees of specificity and as important tool for environmental monitoring.

Hematological study to evaluate the Cyprinus carpio fish healthy in two areas of Baghdad city

Hematological study to evaluate the Cyprinus carpio fish healthy in two areas of Baghdad city

Different transcriptional response between susceptible and resistant common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fish hints on the mechanism of CyHV-3 disease resistance

BackgroundInfectious disease outbreaks form major setbacks to aquaculture production and to further development of this important sector. Cyprinid herpes virus-3 (CyHV-3) is a dsDNA virus widely hampering production of common carp (Cyprinus carpio), one of the most farmed fish species worldwide. Genetically disease resistant strains are highly sought after as a sustainable solution to this problem. To study the genetic basis and cellular pathways underlying disease resistance, RNA-Seq was used to characterize transcriptional responses of susceptible and resistant fish at day 4 after CyHV-3 infection.ResultsIn susceptible fish, over four times more differentially expressed genes were up-regulated between day 0 and 4 compared to resistant fish. Susceptible and resistant fish responded distinctively to infection as only 55 (9%) of the up-regulated genes were shared by these two fish types. Susceptible fish elicited a typical anti-viral response, involving interferon and interferon responsive genes, earlier than resistant fish did. Furthermore, chemokine profiles indicated that the two fish types elicited different cellular immunity responses. A comparative phylogenetic approach assisted in chemokine copies annotation pointing to different orthologous copies common to bony-fishes and even carp-specific paralogs that were differentially regulated and contributed to the different response of these two fish types. Susceptible fish up-regulated more ccl19 chemokines, which attract T-cells and macrophages, the anti-viral role of which is established, whereas resistant fish up-regulated more cxcl8/il8 chemokines, which attract neutrophils, the antiviral role of which is unfamiliar.ConclusionsTaken together, by pointing out transcriptional differences between susceptible and resistant fish in response to CyHV-3 infection, this study unraveled possible genes and pathways that take part in disease resistance mechanisms in fish and thus, enhances our understanding of fish immunogenetics and supports the development of sustainable and safe aquaculture.

Bacillus thuringiensis (serotype 14) crystal toxins shows non-toxic effects on fingerlings freshwater fish cyprinus carpio against the mosquito larvae.

Bacillus thuringiensis (serotype 14) crystal toxins shows non-toxic effects on fingerlings freshwater fish cyprinus carpio against the mosquito larvae.

Comparative study of biochemical, histological and molecular biomarkers of heavy metal contamination in Cyprinus carpio collected from warm-monomictic lake and government culture pond.

The study investigated the metallothionein (MT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) genes expression in freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio dwelling in Warm-monomictic Lake (Dal) and Government culture pond. Oxidative stress induced by heavy metals in the fish body manipulates stress genes expression resulting in the production of scavenger protein (for free metal ions) metallothionein. It interacts with Cu, Cr, Ni and Cd via metal-thiolate bond relieving the metal load from fish body. Maximum fold change was observed in liver, muscle and midgut tissue. Similar rise seen in GPX indicates defence against lipid peroxidation. MT and GPX genes data were compared with beta-actin gene used as an internal control. Limnological studies of both the sites (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, total dissolved solids, conductivity), were essential to ensure the quality of water in which the dominant species (C. carpio) was thriving, as these fishes are transported for human consumption. Heavy metal concentration (water, tissues, gut content), bioindices, biochemical parameters and histological alterations were studied to observe the impact of elements selected.

Effects of in vitro exposure of mercury on sperm quality and fertility of tropical fish Cyprinus carpio L.

Mercury is a widespread aquatic pollutant that adversely affects the reproductive system of male fish. Although the effects of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) on the testicular structure, the sperm count and altered sperm morphology of fish have been investigated, the effects on sperm quality and fertilization are unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of HgCl2 exposure in different concentrations (0; 0.5; 1; 2.5; 5 ppm) on sperm parameters and fertility of male Cyprinus carpio. Sperm quality parameters, including mass and individual time of sperm motility (s), and viability (%) were measured using digital inverted microscopy. The fertilization (%) was measured by counting the number of fertilized eggs. Integrity or DNA fragmentation (%) was measured by Acridine orange test (AOT) using fluorescence microscopy. The change of sperm membrane surface was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the in vitro exposure of mercury could significantly decrease some parameters of fish sperm qualities, i.e. decreased the time for mass and individual motility, viability, DNA fragmentation, and fertilization ability (P < 0.05) and significantly increase the malondialdehyde levels of sperm (P < 0.05). In addition, Hg exposure altered the morphological structure of the sperm head and interfered with the development of embryos in fish eggs.

Estimating stable isotope turnover rates of epidermal mucus and dorsal muscle for an omnivorous fish using a diet-switch experiment

Stable isotope (SI) analysis studies rely on knowledge of isotopic turnover rates and trophic-step discrimination factors. Epidermal mucus (‘mucus’) potentially provides an alternative SI ‘tissue’ to dorsal muscle that can be collected non-invasively and non-destructively. Here, a diet-switch experiment using the omnivorous fish Cyprinus carpio and plant- and fish-based formulated feeds compared SI data between mucus and muscle, including their isotopic discrimination factors and turnover rates (as functions of time T and mass G, at isotopic half-life (50) and equilibrium (95)). Mucus isotope data differed significantly and predictively from muscle data. The fastest δ13C turnover rate was for mucus in fish on the plant-based diet (T_{50}: 17 days, T_{95}: 74 days; G_{50}: 1.08(BM), G_{95}: 1.40(BM)). Muscle turnover rates were longer for the same fish (T_{50}: 44 days, T_{95}: 190 days; G_{50}: 1.13(BM), G_{95}: 1.68(BM)). Longer half-lives resulted in both tissues from the fish-based diet. δ13C discrimination factors varied by diet and tissue (plant-based: 3.11–3.28‰; fishmeal: 1.28–2.13‰). Mucus SI data did not differ between live and frozen fish. These results suggest that mucus SI half-lives provide comparable data to muscle, and can be used as a non-destructive alternative tissue in fish-based SI studies.

Trace elements content in semen and their interactions with sperm quality and RedOx status in freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio: A correlation study

Objective of the present study was to investigate interactions between trace elements content and RedOx status, as well as sperm quality parameters (motility features, DNA fragmentation) in fish spermatozoa in natural conditions. Reproductively mature male freshwater fish (n = 16) of Cyprinus carpio breed were used in the study. Trace elements content was determined in fish milt samples by inductively-coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and by cold-vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy (CV-AAS). Sperm quality evaluation was realized by computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) quantifying several parameters: concentration, total motility, progressive motility, distance average path, distance curved line, distance straight line, velocity average path, velocity curved line, velocity straight line, straightness, linearity, amplitude of lateral head displacement and beat cross frequency. The general scheme of descending concentrations of trace metals in semen samples was following: Zn > Fe > Cu > As > Sr > Ni > Mn > Se > Pb > Cr > Cd > Hg. Total motility of spermatozoa was relatively high (91.45%), however progressive motility was not even half of this value (39.47%). Sperm DNA fragmentation values were relatively low (4.00–6.29%). The percentage of immotile spermatozoa showed a significant correlation with all RedOx status parameters and also with DNA fragmentation. Positive statistically significant correlations were observed between trace elements (Mn, Se, Sr, and Zn) and some qualitative spermatozoa parameters (velocity and distance parameters). Cu and Hg content shows similar negative associations with progressive motility. Hg also interacted with production of malondialdehyde. Overall, the present study suggests application of multi-component mixtures of environmentally related trace elements concentrations when assessing the potential reproductive risk.

Health and chemical burdens of fish species from polluted and hyper-eutrophic freshwater ecosystems in South Africa

Three aquatic ecosystems in South Africa, the Hartbeespoort, Klipvoor and Bospoort Dams, are classified as hyper-eutrophic, because of high nutrient loads and chemical pollution. Water and two fish species, Clarias gariepinus and Cyprinus carpio, were collected from these dams to assess the impact of eutrophication and chemical pollutants on their health status. Water and muscle samples were analysed for organic and inorganic chemicals. Condition factor was determined and a necropsy performed to note any macroscopic abnormalities. A histology-based fish health assessment was done on the liver, kidney, gills and gonads. A number of fish from the three dams exhibited livers with fatty change and focal discoloration, skin lesions and parasites within the visceral cavity. The prevalence and severity of histopathology in the liver resulted in higher liver index values than the index values for kidneys and gills. Aluminium, silicon and chromium were detected in the water and muscle tissue. The DDT metabolite p,p’-DDE was present in both species, as well as in fish from the reference site, Marico-Bosveld Dam. Only C. gariepinus from Hartbeespoort Dam had p,p’-DDD levels higher than 5 µg g−1 per edible portion. Water from hyper-eutrophic dams adversely affects the health of freshwater fish.

Therapeutic Effect of Intestinal Autochthonous Lactobacillus reuteri P16 Against Waterborne Lead Toxicity in Cyprinus carpio.

Harmful effects of heavy metals are myriad. Lead (Pb) from soil and atmosphere contaminates water bodies and affects the aquatic animals. Our previous study confirmed the in vitro probiotic potential of Lactobacillus reuteri against Pb toxicity, but further investigation is necessary for gaining insights into the related protection mode. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the protective effects of the potential probiotic L. reuteri P16 against waterborne Pb exposure-induced toxicity in the freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio. Fish (average weight: 23.16 ± 0.73 g) were allocated to four groups (control, Pb only, Pb + L. reuteri P16, and L. reuteri P16 only) and Pb groups were exposed to waterborne Pb (1 mg L−1) for 6 weeks. L. reuteri P16 (108 CFU g−1) supplemented diet was provided twice daily. Growth performances, hemato-biochemical parameters, innate immune responses, intestinal microbiota, and Pb accumulation in tissues were measured at the end of the trial. When the fish were exposed to Pb, dietary supplementation of L. reuteri P16 effectively decreased mortality and accumulation of Pb in tissues, and improved the growth performance. Co-treatment with Pb and L. reuteri P16 alleviated Pb exposure-induced oxidative stress, reversed alterations in hemato-biochemical parameters, improved innate immune parameters, and restored intestinal enzymatic activities. Moreover, L. reuteri P16 supplementation reversed the changes in intestinal microbiota in Pb-exposed fish. Furthermore, Pb exposure decreased the expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β). However, the expression of heat shock proteins (HSP70 and HSP90) increased, which might have increased the cellular stress. Interestingly, the Pb-induced alterations of gene expressions were reversed by L. reuteri P16 supplementation. Thus, dietary administration of the potential probiotic L. reuteri P16 had several beneficial effects on growth performance and immune responses, decreased Pb accumulation in tissues, and reversed alterations in hematological responses of C. carpio. Furthermore, it offered direct protection against Pb-induced oxidative stress. Therefore, L. reuteri P16 may be a novel dietary supplement for enhancing growth performance and preventing Pb-exposure-induced toxicity in fish in aquaculture and aquatic products.

Toxicity of Cadmium and their effect on some Heamatological parameters of common carp (Cyprinus Carpio) exposed to crude leaf extract of Abutilon Indicum

The present work aimed to estimate the toxicity of cadmium and their common carp Cyprinus carpio fish, as well as the effect of different concentrations of Cadmium and some haematological parameters. such as, the red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC) and haemoglobin (Hb) Survival mortality was observed in the blood of Common carp Cyprinus carpio treated with Abutilon indicum extract and the result showed that the RBC counts, WBC counts, Hb, Survival mortality were much increased when compared to the control. 8, 16, 24 and 32 of RBC, WBC, and haemoglobin, Survival mortality levels were P significantly elevated in the experimental fish over the control and the WBC level was decreased significantly P in experimental fish.

Risk assessment of lead and cadmium on Juveniles of Cyprinus carpio in laboratory scale

This paper assesses the risk of lead and cadmium heavy metals on Cyprinus carpio in laboratory conditions. The research determined the 96 hours LC50 value of lead nitrate and cadmium nitrate in the fish Cyprinus carpio. This study combined the ecological toxicology test with the ecological hazard description to determine the acute toxicity effects of lead and cadmium on Cyprinus carpio. Ecological toxicology took place in 96 hours with test concentration of 0.25; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0 mg/l on lead and 0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0; 3.0 mg/l on cadmium. Through probit analysis, the LC50 after 96 hours of lead and cadmium in Cyprinus carpio was found to be 0.987 mg/l and 1.171 mg/l, respectively. Through monitoring the biological behaviour of Cyprinus carpio when exposed to lead and cadmium, it was observed that the number of deaths is proportional to the concentration of chemical exposure time. The abnormal morphology and behaviour of the fish also increased with testing time and lead and cadmium concentration. Cyprinus carpio also absorbs lead and cadmium in its body; the cumulative content is similar as above.

Evaluation of genotoxicity by comet assay (single-cell gel electrophoresis) in tissues of the fish Cyprinus carpio during sub-lethal exposure to Karanjin

BackgroundAdverse effects caused by the synthetic pesticides has forced scientists to develop an alternative against the synthetic pesticides. Therefore, it has come a boon to mankind in the form of neem tree having secondary metabolites showing pesticidal properties which is in use since many years. Like neem tree, there has been research done on karanja plant, and its secondary metabolite karanjin has been found to possess good pesticidal properties. Comet assay or alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCG) was performed in fish Cyprinus carpio after exposure to sub-lethal concentration (0.28 ppm) of karanjin. The assay was carried out in the gill, liver, kidney, and blood. The total DNA content in each tissue was also estimated using Nano Drop.ResultsThe present study clearly shows that though karanjin is a derived secondary metabolite from plant, it is capable of producing genotoxicity in common carp. As the days of sub-lethal exposure increased, all the four tissues showed decrease in total DNA content which was directly proportional to the formation of DNA comet tails.ConclusionThe use of any kind of plant metabolites in the agriculture and aquaculture farms should be monitored well.

Induction of Micronuclei and Erythrocytic Nuclear Abnormalities in Peripheral Blood of Fish Cyprinus carpio on Exposure to Karanjin

Induction of Micronuclei and Erythrocytic Nuclear Abnormalities in Peripheral Blood of Fish Cyprinus carpio on Exposure to Karanjin

Study of Carrying Capacity Assesment for Natural Fisheries in Jatibarang Reservoir In Semarang City

Jatibarang reservoir serves as water supply in dry season and controlling flood in Semarang City. This reservoir is stem Kreo River which cathment areas of 54 km2, pool of area 110 ha and volume is 20 billion m3. This reservoir is potential to develop as natural fisheries area. The goals of this research were to explore existing condition of physical, biological as well as chemical parameter; carrying capacity assessment for natural fisheries; determining appropriate fish species to be developed in Jatibarang reservoir. This research was done in descriptive explorative scheme. Field survey and laboratory analyses were conducted to identify physical, chemical and biological parameters of the water. Physical parameters measured were temperature and water brightness. Chemical parameters measured were pH, DO, phosphate, Ammonia, nitrites and nitrate, while biological parameter measured were chlorophyll-a concentration. Carrying capacity analyses was done referred to the Government Regulation Number 82, 2001 that regulate the management of water quality and water pollution control. Based on the research, it showed that the existing condition of physical, chemical and biological parameters were still good to be used for natural fisheries. Based on TSI index, it classified as eutrofic water. Furthermore, tilapia fish (Oreochromis mossambicus), nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) tawes (Barbonymus gonionotus) and carper fish (Cyprinus carpio) were considered as best species for natural fisheries in Jatibarang Reservoir.

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fish species from the Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake, China.

In the present study, the bioaccumulation of heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Cd, Pb) content were determined in freshwater edible fishes Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus and Pelteobagrus fluvidraco, which were caught from the Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake, a large, shallow and eutrophic lake of China. The results showed that the Cr, Cu, Cd and Pb content in the edible parts of the two fish species were much lower than Chinese Food Health Criterion (1994). However, the results showed marked differences in the four analyzed metal content between the two species and different tissues as well as significant variations. Pb content were the highest in the liver of fishes, Cd contents were almost the same in all organs of fishes, Cr contents mainly enriched in the kidney and liver, Cu contents were the highest in gills, However, the total metal bioaccumulation were greatest in the liver, gills and the lowest in the muscle. Although the total accumulations were highest in P. fluvidraco compare then C.carpio. This investigation indicated that fish products in Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake were still safe for human consumption, but the amount consumed should be controlled under the Chinese Food Health Criterion to avoid excessive intake of Pb. Further, this is the first report on seasonal distribution of heavy metals and proximate compositions of commercialized important edible fishes from Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake, China.

Biochemical properties of the sensitivity to GABAAergic ligands, Cl-/HCO3--ATPase isolated from fish (Cyprinus carpio) olfactory mucosa and brain.

This paper presents a comparative study of the roles of Cl- and HCO3- in the functioning of the GABAAR-associated Cl-/HCO3--ATPase of the plasma membranes of the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and mature brain neurons (MBNs) of fish. The ATPase activity of OSNs and its dephosphorylation were increased twofold by Cl-(15-30mmoll-1), whereas the enzyme from MBNs was not significantly affected by Cl-. By contrast, HCO3-(15-30mmoll-1) significantly activated the MBN enzyme and its dephosphorylation, but had no effect on the OSN ATPase. The maximum ATPase activity and protein dephosphorylation was observed in the presence of both Cl-(15mmoll-1)/HCO3-(27mmoll-1) and these activities were inhibited in the presence of picrotoxin (100μmoll-1), bumetanide (150μmoll-1), and DIDS (1000μmoll-1). SDS-PAGE revealed that ATPases purified from the neuronal membrane have a subunit with molecular mass of ~ 56kDa that binds [3H]muscimol and [3H]flunitrazepam. Direct phosphorylation of the enzymes in the presence of ATP-γ-32P and Mg2+, as well as Cl-/HCO3- sensitive dephosphorylation, is also associated with this 56kDa peptide. Both preparations also showed one subunit with molecular mass 56kDa that was immunoreactive with GABAAR β3 subunit. The use of a fluorescent dye for Cl- demonstrated that HCO3-(27mmoll-1) causes a twofold increase in Cl- influx into proteoliposomes containing reconstituted ATPases from MBNs, but HCO3- had no effect on the reconstituted enzyme from OSNs. These data are the first to demonstrate a differential effect of Cl- and HCO3- in the regulation of the Cl-/HCO3--ATPases functioning in neurons with different specializations.

Evaluation of acute and sublethal effects of chloroquine (C18H26CIN3) on certain enzymological and histopathological biomarker responses of a freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio.

In this study the toxicity of antimalarial drug chloroquine (CQ) on certain enzymological (GOT, GPT and LDH) and histopathological alterations (Gill, liver and kidney) of a freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio was studied after acute (96h) and sublethal (35days) exposure. The median lethal concentration (96h) of CQ was 31.62mg/ml. During acute treatment (CQ at 31.62mg/ml) the treated fish groups showed a significant increase in GOT and GPT activities in blood plasma; whereas LDH activity was decreased when compare to control groups. To analyse the effects of drug at the lowest concentration, the fish were exposed to 3.16mg/ml (1/10th of 96h LC50 value) for 96h. In sublethal treatment (3.16mg/ml) GOT activity increased up to 14th day and decreased during the rest of the exposure period (21, 28 and 35th day). A biphasic response in GPT activity was observed. LDH activity was found to be increased throughout the study period (35days) compare to control groups. The alterations in enzyme activities in blood plasma were found to be significant at p<0.05 (DMRT). Many histopathological changes in vital organs such as gill, liver and kidney of fish were observed in CQ treated group (acute and sub-lethal) compare to normal group. The alterations in the enzymological and histopathological study in the present investigation indicate that the drug CQ has toxic effects on non-target organisms. We conclude that the alterations in enzymological parameters and histopathological changes can be used as biomarker to assess the health of the aquatic organism/environment. Further data on molecular studies are needed to define the mode of action and toxicity of these emerging pollutants.

Deposition, acute toxicity, and bioaccumulation of nickel in some freshwater organisms with best-fit functions modeling.

Although nickel (Ni) frequently enters into water, documents on speciation of the metal and its toxicity to freshwater organisms are scanty. Laboratory experiments, made in this study, with 1.0-5.0mg/L of Ni revealed that Ni was not quickly removed from water. Application of cubic regression followed by classical optimization technique showed that maximum reduction time (T) of Ni in water ranged between 60 to 65h. Ninety-six hours of LC50 value of Ni to crustacean Diaptomus forbesi, fish Cyprinus carpio, and worm Branchiura sowerbyi was respectively 5.43, 14.70, and 19.73mg/L. Normalizing the lethal values and plotting them against time, it was observed that C. carpio was more sensitive than D. forbesi, which was not reflected in the 96-h LC50 values. However, sensitivity of these organisms to Ni was better explained by power regression equation (M=aNib), which exhibited that mortality (M) of D. forbesi and B. sowerbyi increased slowly between 24 to 72h, increasing sharply at 96h, while mortality of C. carpio increased steadily every 24 till 96h. Experiment with 1.0mg/L of Ni in outdoor vats showed that crustacean zooplankton and worms accumulated high concentration of Ni, while only gut and liver tissues of fish C. carpio accumulated trace and moderately high concentration of Ni, respectively. It is assumed that toxicity of Ni to fish is mediated primarily through gill.