Fish Choruses Research Articles

Exploring fish choruses: patterns revealed through PCA computed from daily spectrograms

Exploring fish choruses: patterns revealed through PCA computed from daily spectrograms

Assessing the influence of offshore wind turbine noise on seasonal fish chorusing

Abstract Offshore wind farms have recently emerged as a renewable energy solution. However, the long-term impacts of wind turbine noise on fish chorusing phenology are largely unknown. We deployed a hydrophone 10 m from a foremost turbine in Taiwan situated at the Miaoli offshore wind farm (Taiwan Strait) for two years to investigate sound levels and assess the potential influence of turbine noise on seasonal fish chorusing patterns during 2017 and 2018. Wind turbine noise (measured in the 20–250 Hz frequency band) was significantly higher in autumn and winter (mean SPL: 138–143 dB re 1 μPa) and was highly correlated with wind speed (r = 0.76, P < 0.001). During both years, fish chorusing exhibited a consistent trend, that is, beginning in spring, peaking in summer, decreasing in autumn, and absent in winter. Our results show the noise from a single turbine during the two-year monitoring period did not influence the seasonal fish chorusing (r = −0.17, P ≈ 1). Since the offshore wind farm installations are growing in magnitude and capacity across the Taiwan Strait, this study for the first time provides baseline operational sound levels and an understanding of the fish seasonal vocalization behavior at the foremost turbine of the first wind farm in Taiwan. The results presented here provide useful insights for policymakers and constitute a reference starting point for advancing knowledge on the possible effects of wind turbines on fish chorusing in the studied area.

Spatiotemporal patterns of fish chorusing in California National Marine Sanctuaries

In aggregations, some male fish will sing together in “chorus” for hours, to attract female mates. Through analyzing passive acoustic data, one can determine which, when, and where fish are chorusing, to identify breeding grounds, species distributions, and mating seasons. National marine sanctuaries aim to protect marine ecosystems, particularly breeding and feeding grounds for at risk species. Through the Sanctuary Soundscape Monitoring project, a cumulative 17.9 years of passive acoustic data were manually analyzed for fish chorusing in Monterey Bay, Channel Islands, and proposed Chumash Heritage National Marine Sanctuaries. We aimed to determine which fish were chorusing within the sanctuaries, where and when they occurred, and if fish were engaging in acoustic niche partitioning (minimizing overlap in time/frequency to reduce competition). We found five unique fish choruses including plainfin midshipman, bocaccio rockfish, white seabass, and two unidentified fish choruses, which showed distinct diel, seasonal, and spatial preferences. Fish were found to partition acoustic space in frequency but not in time. Understanding fish reproductive habitat and behavior within sanctuaries is crucial for safeguarding threatened fish species. Moreover, studying fish chorusing is a powerful tool to noninvasively monitor fish to understand their reproductive habits, with goals of better protecting them.

Bottom water hypoxia suppresses fish chorusing in estuariesa).

Hypoxia in coastal ecosystems is increasing as a result of water quality declines from nutrient pollution. Hypoxia negatively affects fish populations and marine life, limiting their spawning habitats, population size, and growth. In this study, two approaches were used to understand the effect of hypoxia on the chorusing and reproductive behavior of fishes in estuaries. One approach used a water quality meter integrated with a prototype passive acoustic recorder, developed to monitor dissolved oxygen and fish chorusing simultaneously and continuously at sites with normoxic and hypoxic conditions. In a second approach, passive acoustic recorders were deployed near ambient water quality monitoring stations, monitored by the North Carolina agencies in estuaries where hypoxia occurs periodically. In both approaches, when hypoxia (dissolved oxygen < 4.0 mg/L) occurred, fish chorusing was diminished or ceased. A strong correlation was observed between bottom water dissolved oxygen and the power spectral density in a 100-200 Hz frequency band associated with red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus, Sciaenidae) calling. Passive acoustic monitoring stations and integrated passive acoustic and water quality meters should be used in estuarine hypoxia monitoring efforts to examine the expanding areas of hypoxia and its impact on fish critical spawning habitats.

Fish chorus variation in a tropical estuarine environmenta).

Fish choruses are still understudied in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Temporal and spatial variation of fish choruses at two sites inside Guanabara Bay were investigated between 2021 and 2022; one sampling site was in a Marine Protected Area (MPA), and the other was in a rocky environment closer to vessel trafficking areas. Acoustic recordings were performed on 17 sampling occasions of 24 h, coupled to a temperature data logger. Long-term spectral averages were employed to determine choruses' start, end, and peak times, and third-octave levels were used to characterize spectral characteristics. Fish sounds were also analyzed and investigated with a principal components analysis. Choruses in the MPA lasted, on average, 4.5 h and had a peak frequency of 547.2 ± 226.6 kHz with a peak level of 104.6 ± 8.7 dB re 1 μPa. In contrast, the rocky site choruses lasted 5.5 h on average and had a peak frequency of 371.7 ± 131.0 Hz with a peak level of 113.4 ± 4.0 dB re 1 μPa. Chorus peak frequency was positively correlated to temperature (r = 0.4). Different types of fish sounds were identified, with some acoustics parameters varying between sites. Results indicate more than one chorusing species that may react to different factors.

Evidence of Atlantic midshipman (Porichthys plectrodon) vocalizations from an unmanned surface vehicle in the U.S. South Atlantica).

An unmanned surface vehicle (USV; Wave Glider) was deployed to study the coastal soundscape in shallow (less than 30 m) coastal waters off the coast of Cape Canaveral, FL, in July 2020 and January 2022. These surveys documented temporal and seasonal trends in biological sounds across a variety of habitats within an 812-km2 survey area, including sand shoals, sand-mud plains, and natural hardbottom. Among a broader diversity of identifiable and unidentifiable fish choruses recorded during the survey, a distinct and previously unidentified fish chorus was recorded; corroborating evidence suggests it and other sounds with similar spectral properties may be produced by Atlantic midshipman. Putative Atlantic midshipman sounds included an agnostic grunt and a seasonal chorus of persistent hums that peaked 3 h after sunset in the summer survey. While Atlantic midshipman have been demonstrated to have well-developed sonic muscles on their swim bladder, their acoustic behavior has not been previously described. Our use of a mobile passive acoustic platform combined with bottom sampling of fish communities highlights an important opportunity to identify previously undocumented biological sound sources in coastal habitats.

Acoustic twilight: A year‐long seafloor monitoring unveils phenological patterns in the abyssal soundscape

AbstractDespite the perpetual darkness of the deep sea, contrasting the sunlit epipelagic waters, many deep‐sea organisms exhibit rhythmic activities. To discern environmental cues that may serve as entrainment signals for deep‐sea organisms, this study investigated the soundscape of the abyssal plain south of Minamitorishima Island. Our analysis revealed clear diel and seasonal patterns, primarily driven by evening fish choruses and marine mammal vocalizations. These evening choruses, discernible above the background noise, likely serve as a circadian time cue for organisms capable of perceiving them within the aphotic depths. In addition, the frequent detection of whistles and echolocation clicks suggests this region functions as a foraging ground for marine mammals. These acoustic cues might guide organisms with auditory capabilities toward habitats rich in sinking food debris and whale falls. By elucidating the ecological processes shaping abyssal soundscape dynamics, these findings open new directions for further exploration in deep‐sea chronobiology.

The search to identify the fish species chorusing along the Southern Australian Continental Shelf

Fish produce sound to support life functions. Some species produce choruses, vocalizing continuously over a prolonged period, significantly raising background sound levels within a characteristic frequency band. Fish choruses demonstrate distinctive spatiotemporal patterns, the identification of which can provide information on fish distribution, spawning behaviors, habitat use, and responses to environmental and anthropogenic stressors. Many fish choruses have been reported in Australian waters, yet, very few source species have been identified. Analysis of previously collected acoustic recordings was undertaken to identify fish chorus presence along the southern Australian continental shelf. Three fish chorus types were identified with frequencies centered at approximately 1000, 2300, and 350 Hz. Acoustic recorders and unbaited underwater video recorders were then deployed simultaneously in an attempt to identify the source species of these fish choruses. The 1000 and 2300 Hz fish choruses were detected on the acoustic recordings, corresponding with video recordings of large aggregations of Red Snapper (Centroberyx gerrardi) and Deep Sea Perch (Nemadactylus macropterus). This pilot study was the first step in an attempt to develop an effective methodology that could be used to identify the source species of fish choruses present in offshore environments.

Habitat type drives the spatial distribution of Australian fish chorus diversitya).

Fish vocalize in association with life functions with many species calling en masse to produce choruses. Monitoring the distribution and behavior of fish choruses provides high-resolution data on fish distribution, habitat use, spawning behavior, and in some circumstances, local abundance. The purpose of this study was to use long-term passive acoustic recordings to obtain a greater understanding of the patterns and drivers of Australian fish chorus diversity at a national scale. This study detected 133 fish choruses from year-long recordings taken at 29 Australian locations with the highest fish chorus diversity identified at a site in the country's northern, tropical waters. A linear model fitted with a generalized least squares regression identified geomorphic feature type, benthic substrate type, and northness (of slope) as explanatory variables of fish chorus diversity. Geomorphic feature type was identified as the significant driver of fish chorus diversity. These results align with broad-scale patterns reported previously in fish biodiversity, fish assemblages, and fish acoustic diversity. This study has highlighted that passive acoustic monitoring of fish chorus diversity has the potential to be used as an indicator of fish biodiversity and to highlight habitats of ecological importance.

Temporal variability of a soundscape near a mid-oceanic atoll in the northern Indian ocean

Soundscape ecology in the context of physical oceanographic features is an emerging area of research revealing interactions between physically, biologically and anthropogenically driven sounds and their sources. Soundscapes can shape and reveal distributions of a range of species, from fish larvae to whales, within marine ecosystems. The northern Indian Ocean is a region of high environmental variability driven by seasonally reversing monsoonal winds. The mid-oceanic islands within these waters consist of steep slopes forming a crucial interface between shallow reef and deep oceanic habitats. Studies on soundscape are limited in these waters. The aim of this study was to characterize major sound sources off the southern and northern side of the Kavaratti atoll in Lakshadweep islands, India, located at the northern part of the Laccadive-Maldives-Chagos Ridge. A first look at shallow water soundscapes are provided here using passive acoustic monitoring, and how they correlate with satellite-derived oceanographic variables. Geophonic and biophonic sources across different frequency bands are identified with three major choruses – a dusk fish chorus, a midnight chorus that is speculated to be produced by myctophids, and a snapping shrimp night chorus. Low frequency biophonic choruses peaked in inter-monsoon months (January to March), while low frequency geophonic sound levels peaked during monsoon months (June to October) and increased with wind speed. The dusk fish chorus and the midnight chorus (at the south site) decreased with increasing sea surface salinity, while the snapping shrimp chorus (at the south site) increased with increasing sea surface salinity. Snapping shrimp chorus levels increased with decreasing wind speed. The dusk fish chorus peaked during full and waning moon, and the midnight and snapping shrimp choruses peaked during new moon periods. The sources and patterns described in this study will help compare with future soundscape and sound pressure level measurements within this region. This will be useful in the context of a changing climate and for planning future developmental projects on the islands. Reef choruses link with peak larval recruitment, spawning, or feeding activities, and further investigation into the peak calling times reported here will help uncover the function of choruses. Expanding the collection of passive acoustic monitoring data and oceanographic measurements over longer timescales will significantly advance ‘soundscape oceanography’.

SoundScape learning: An automatic method for separating fish chorus in marine soundscapes.

Marine soundscapes provide the opportunity to non-invasively learn about, monitor, and conserve ecosystems. Some fishes produce sound in chorus, often in association with mating, and there is much to learn about fish choruses and the species producing them. Manually analyzing years of acoustic data is increasingly unfeasible, and is especially challenging with fish chorus, as multiple fish choruses can co-occur in time and frequency and can overlap with vessel noise and other transient sounds. This study proposes an unsupervised automated method, called SoundScape Learning (SSL), to separate fish chorus from soundscape using an integrated technique that makes use of randomized robust principal component analysis (RRPCA), unsupervised clustering, and a neural network. SSL was applied to 14 recording locations off southern and central California and was able to detect a single fish chorus of interest in 5.3 yrs of acoustically diverse soundscapes. Through application of SSL, the chorus of interest was found to be nocturnal, increased in intensity at sunset and sunrise, and was seasonally present from late Spring to late Fall. Further application of SSL will improve understanding of fish behavior, essential habitat, species distribution, and potential human and climate change impacts, and thus allow for protection of vulnerable fish species.

Biodiversity assessment using passive acoustic recordings from off-reef location—Unsupervised learning to classify fish vocalization

We present the quantitative characterization of Grande Island's off-reef acoustic environment within the Zuari estuary during the pre-monsoon period. Passive acoustic recordings reveal prominent fish choruses. Detailed characteristics of the call employing oscillograms and individual fish call parameters of the segmented data include vocal groups such as Sciaenidae, Terapon theraps, and planktivorous as well as invertebrate sounds, e.g., snapping shrimp. We calculated biodiversity parameters (i) Acoustic Evenness Index (AEI), (ii) Acoustic Complexity Index (ACI), and mean sound pressure level (SPLrms) for three frequency bands such as full band (50-22 050 Hz), the low-frequency fish band (100-2000 Hz), and the high-frequency shrimp band (2000-20 000 Hz). Here, ACI and AEI metrics characterize the location's soundscape data effectively indicating increased biodiversity of fish species for both the low-frequency and high-frequency bands. Whereas variations for SPLrms are prominent for three frequency bands. Moreover, we employ unsupervised classification through a hybrid technique comprising principal component analysis (PCA) and K-means clustering for data features of four fish sound types. Employed PCA for dimensionality reduction and related K-means clustering successfully provides 96.20%, 76.81%, 100.00%, and 86.36% classification during the dominant fish chorus. Overall, classification performance (89.84%) is helpful in the real-time monitoring of the fish stocks in the ecosystem.

Underwater Chatter for the Win: A First Assessment of Underwater Soundscapes in Two Bays along the Eastern Cape Coast of South Africa

In 2014, the South African government launched ‘Operation Phakisa’ under which port developments play a significant role in supporting ocean economic growth. These developments will likely increase vessel traffic to and from South African ports, making it imperative to monitor for changes in underwater sound budgets with potential negative effects on marine life. However, no soundscape studies have been conducted around South Africa, resulting in an absence of baseline measurements. This study provides a first description of the underwater soundscape in St. Francis Bay and Algoa Bay, Eastern Cape. Soundscape measurements identified major soundscape contributors, temporal patterns in broadband sound levels, and underlying environmental drivers. Applicability of modelled vessel noise and wind noise maps to predict large-scale spatial variation in sound budgets was assessed. Our study shows that sounds from biological sources and wind dominated at all recording sites, with fish choruses driving temporal patterns as a function of time of year and position of the sun. Sound from vessels was present at all sites but most notable in long-term spectral levels measured in Algoa Bay. Sound propagation models predicted a further increase in the contribution of vessel noise towards shipping lanes and east Algoa Bay. Our study provides a building block to monitor for shifts in sound budgets and temporal patterns in these two bays under a developing ocean economy. Furthermore, our study raises concerns that vessel noise is likely a significant contributor in shallow waters elsewhere along the South African coast where vessel density is known to be higher (i.e., Durban and Cape Town).

The dynamical complexity of seasonal soundscapes is governed by fish chorusing

Passive acoustic monitoring technology can depict underwater soundscapes, yet phenological and seasonal patterns and shifts in soundscapes are still poorly understood. Here we analyse the seasonal soundscape in the Eastern Taiwan Strait in 2017 using nonlinear dynamical complexity modelling. We find an annual phenology of fish chorusing that begins in spring, and peaks in summer before beginning to subside in autumn and becoming silent in winter. During spring and summer, the soundscape exhibited significantly higher complexity and predictability than in autumn and winter, due to the presence of regular fish chorusing. Soundscape dynamics shifted from being nonlinear in spring and summer to being linear and stochastic in autumn and winter. Our findings suggest that soundscapes could be used to measure phenological patterns and seasonal shifts in marine species behaviour. We propose that monitoring soundscapes could help assess the long-term health of marine ecosystems under environmental and climatic change.

Fish chorus and vessel noise in a marine protected coastal reef vary with lunar phase

Fish chorus and vessel noise in a marine protected coastal reef vary with lunar phase

Association between porpoise presence and fish choruses: implications for feeding strategies and ecosystem-based conservation of the East Asian finless porpoise.

The associations between feeding activities and environmental variables inform animal feeding tactics that maximize energetic gains by minimizing energy costs while maximizing feeding success. Relevant studies in aquatic animals, particularly marine mammals, are scarce due to difficulties in the observation of feeding behaviors in aquatic environments. This data scarcity concurrently hinders ecosystem-based fishery management in the context of small toothed-cetacean conservation. In the present study, a passive acoustic monitoring station was deployed in an East Asian finless porpoise habitat in Laizhou Bay to investigate potential relationships between East Asian finless porpoises and their prey. The data revealed that porpoises were acoustically present nearly every day during the survey period. Porpoise detection rates differed between spring and autumn in concert with activities of fish choruses. During spring, fish choruses were present throughout the afternoon, and this was the time when porpoise vocalizations were the most frequently detected. During autumn, when fish choruses were absent, porpoise detection rates decreased, and diurnal patterns were not detected. The close association between fish choruses and finless porpoise activities implies an "eavesdropping" feeding strategy to maximize energetic gains, similar to other toothed cetaceans that are known to engage similar feeding strategies. Underwater noise pollution, particularly those masking fish choruses, could interrupt finless porpoises' feeding success. Fisheries competing soniferous fishes with finless porpoise could impact finless porpoise viability through ecosystem disruption, in addition to fishing gear entanglement.

Soundscape Maps of Soniferous Fishes Observed From a Mobile Glider

Most passive acoustic studies of the soundscape rely on fixed recorders, which provide good temporal resolution of variation in the soundscape, but poor spatial coverage. In contrast, a mobile recording device can show variation in the soundscape over large spatial areas. We used a Liquid Robotics SV2 wave glider fitted with a tow body with a passive acoustic recorder and hydrophone, to survey and record the soundscape of the Atlantic Ocean off North Carolina (United States). Recordings were analyzed using power spectral band (PSB) sums in frequencies associated with soniferous fish species in the families Sciaenidae (drums and croakers), Ophidiidae (cusk-eels), Batrachoididae (toadfish), Triglidae (sea robins), and Serranidae (groupers). PSB sums were plotted as the wave glider moved offshore and along the coast, came back inshore, and circled artificial and natural reefs. The soundscape in water &amp;lt;20 m was dominated by nocturnal fish choruses with PSB sums &amp;gt; 120 dB re 1 μPa2: a Sciaenidae mixed-species chorus, an unknown “grunt” chorus, an unknown “buzz” chorus, and an Ophidiidae chorus. The Ophidiidae and unknown “buzz” fish choruses dominated in the range of 1600–3200 Hz and were similar in sound pressure level (SPL) to the US Navy recordings made at Cape Lookout (136 dB in 2017 vs. 131 dB in 1943). In deeper water (27–30 m), we recorded Triglidae “honks,” oyster toadfish “boat whistles,” Sciaenidae “booms” and “clucks,” and grouper “growls.” We recorded a nocturnal 5600–Hz signal while the glider was passing near known live bottom reefs and artificial reefs. Vessel noise (100–200 Hz) was part of the soundscape in shipping lanes as large cargo vessels passed by the glider. Rainfall and thunder were also part of the soundscape. The maximum SPL observed (148 dB re 1 μPa) occurred during a mixed-species Sciaenidae fish chorus near Cape Lookout that was dominated by unknown “grunt” calls. Passive acoustic monitoring from mobile platforms can be used to discover and map the locations of fish choruses, identify areas of their habitat use, and locate previously unknown locations of reefs and fish spawning areas during ocean surveys.

Passive acoustic monitoring complements traditional methods for assessing marine habitat enhancement outcomes

AbstractHabitat enhancement, often accomplished through the introduction of artificial structures, is a common strategy used by marine resource managers to provide habitat subsidies, protect sensitive habitat, and create new fishing opportunities. Traditional monitoring methods for assessing habitat enhancement outcomes face numerous limitations, including dependence on environmental conditions and trade‐offs between sampling frequency and duration. Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) is not subject to these same limitations and offers many advantages as a complement to traditional monitoring methods. Our team opportunistically monitored the soundscape and community development of a newly deployed artificial reef and compared it to that of a nearby established artificial reef using PAM and underwater time‐lapse videos. Specifically, we compared the sound pressure level (SPL) timeseries, dusk peak in SPL, and dusk power spectrum between the two artificial reefs to evaluate whether and on what timescale the soundscapes converged. Additionally, we tracked temporal patterns in species‐specific vocalizations to identify the trajectory of community development on the new reef. Lastly, we compared the qualitative conclusions drawn from PAM to previously published results from video monitoring of the same two artificial reefs. PAM identified minimal difference in mean low‐frequency SPL between the two reefs at the onset of monitoring. Though the timeseries correlation, dusk SPL, and dusk power spectra all varied across sampling periods, there were periods of low‐frequency soundscape alignment at four and eleven months following artificial reef deployment, associated with the presence of fish chorusing. The high‐frequency timeseries on each reef were well correlated during all sampling periods, despite an initial SPL difference of 17 dB. Throughout monitoring, high‐frequency sound levels became more similar between the reefs but did not converge. While video monitoring suggested that demersal species did not colonize the reef until five months post‐deployment, patterns in species‐specific vocalizations suggested that toadfish (Opsanus sp.) a cryptic, demersal species may have colonized the new reef within two weeks. Our findings demonstrate that passive acoustic monitoring is a useful complement to traditional methodologies and can provide a more holistic view of community development than visual monitoring alone.

Biological Sound Sources Drive Soundscape Characteristics of Two Australian Marine Parks

Soundscapes represent an intrinsic aspect of a habitat which, particularly in protected areas, should be monitored and managed to mitigate human impacts. Soundscape ecology characterizes acoustic interactions within an environment, integrating biological, anthropogenic, climatological, and geological sound sources. Monitoring soundscapes in marine protected areas is particularly important due to the reliance of many marine species on sound for biological functions, including communication and reproduction. In this study we establish a baseline understanding of underwater soundscapes within two marine National Park Zones (NPZs) along the east coast of Australia: Cod Grounds Marine Park and an NPZ surrounding Pimpernel Rock within Solitary Islands Marine Park. In each of the NPZs, underwater recorders were deployed twice during the austral winter (33–35 days, 2018 and 60–69 days, 2019) and once during the austral summer (35–71 days, 2018–2019). We used the resulting acoustic recordings to determine hourly presence of anthropogenic and biological sounds between 20 Hz and 24 kHz and analyze their contributions to patterns of received sound levels. Sounds from vessels were recorded on most days throughout monitoring but were not found to influence long-term patterns of sound levels over their corresponding frequencies. Biological sources included dolphins, snapping shrimp, fish choruses, humpback whales, and dwarf minke whales. Dolphins, snapping shrimp, and fish choruses were present in all deployments. Median ambient sound levels showed a consistent diel pattern with increased levels resulting from crepuscular fish choruses combined with a higher intensity of snapping shrimp snaps during those times. Singing humpback whales strongly influenced the overall sound levels throughout the winter migration, while dwarf minke whales were consistently detected in the 2019 winter deployment but were only present in 2 h among the earlier deployments. Patterns of acoustic spectra were similar between the two NPZs, and patterns of soundscape measurements were observed to be driven by seasonal differences in biological contributions rather than anthropogenic sound sources, indicating that these NPZs are not yet heavily impacted by anthropogenic noise. These baseline measurements will prove invaluable in long-term monitoring of the biological health of NPZs.

Impact of pile‐driving and offshore windfarm operational noise on fish chorusing

AbstractOffshore windfarms have recently emerged as a renewable energy solution. The effects of pile‐driving and long‐term impacts of operational noises on fish chorusing still, however, remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the variations of fish chorusing intensity and duration during the construction (2016) and operational phases (2017–2018) of a windfarm at the Eastern Taiwan Strait (ETS). At the ETS, two types of fish choruses (Types 1 and 2) were found to repeat over a diurnal pattern. In the 2 days after the pile driving, Type 1 chorusing showed lower intensity and longer duration, while Type 2 chorusing exhibited higher intensity and no changes in its duration. During the operational phases in 2017 and 2018, both choruses were longer in duration (2–3 h for Type 1; 0.5–1 h for Type 2). The intensity of Type 1 chorus increased by 5–10 dB, but no significant variation was recorded for Type 2. Our findings document, for the first time, different behavioral responses of two chorusing types exposed to pile‐driving and windfarm noise pressure. Fish choruses have been associated with several behavioral functions. Deviation from a regular pattern might affect fish reproductive success, cause migration, augmented predation, or physiological alterations. Because offshore windfarms installations are growing in magnitude and capacity worldwide, this study provides essential insights for policymakers and constitutes an important reference for assessing the effects of noise from pile driving and windfarms on fishes.