Fiscal Sources Research Articles

Directions of Fiscal Policy Transformation in the Crisis Period of Economic Development of Ukraine

"The purpose of the study is to determine the directions of transformation of the country’s fiscal policy at the expense of the main fiscal sources during the crisis period. The methods of analysis, interpolation, probabilistic analysis, entropy estimation and entropy production were used during the research. The article presents the results of the assessment of the dynamics of the main fiscal indicators of Ukraine in two time frames for the period 2011-2020 and for the period 2011-2022. It was determined that the expansion/ extension of the period of assessment of the dynamics during the crisis of 2021-2022 made it possible to identify qualitative changes in the dynamics of fiscal indicators while maintaining their cyclicality. Such changes are especially destructive in the real sector of economy, which has led to a significant increase in the level of uncertainty of all fiscal indicators. Based on the results of the analysis of entropy production in the system of connections between fiscal indicators, directions for mitigating crisis phenomena in the economy of Ukraine are proposed. In particular, a change from a restrictive fiscal policy to a discretionary (stimulating) one and an increase in public expenditures aimed at stimulating the development of the real sector of the economy and consumption, which will determine positive economic dynamics with a lag of 9 months, are recognized as expedient."

Study on the Path of Sustainable Financial Development in Resource-based Regions

In recent years, China's economy has shifted from a high-speed growth stage to a high-quality development stage. The transformation of economic development mode, optimization of industrial structure, and transformation of growth momentum are important ways for high-quality development, and this is also true for resource-based regions. Resource-based regions have inherent advantages in development, but as mineral resources are continuously excavated and exploited, many resource-based cities are facing serious economic decline, unemployment, and environmental degradation. Therefore, the transformation of resource-based cities and the sustainable development of the ecology and economy are highly valued by the country. In particular, China is currently in a stage of high-quality development, and resource-based cities should closely follow the national development direction and explore a new path suitable for their own sustainable development. This article takes the resource-based city of Ordos as an example to conduct comprehensive analysis on its fiscal revenue and expenditure data from 2011 to 2022 and points out the problems in the process of sustainable development of fiscal in resource-based regions, mainly including inadequate regional economic momentum, unreasonable fiscal sources, unreasonable industrial structure mainly relying on resource-based industries, and high concentration of tax revenue under the "tax-sharing system" fiscal system affecting the ability of municipal level coordination. This article proposes countermeasures and suggestions for the sustainable development of fiscal in resource-based regions, mainly including optimizing the business environment, promoting the integration of digital industry and physical industry, adjusting fiscal and tax policies, and developing local main tax categories.

Postal organisation (yam) in the Golden Horde

Research objectives: To determine the structure, activities, staff, and fiscal sources of the postal organization in the Golden Horde, and to demonstrate the connections and differences between the centre and other Chingisid khanates. Research materials: The sources used for this research include the yarlıqs and payzas given by the khans of the Golden Horde and the Chingisid Empire, the sources of Chingisname that shed light on the history of the Golden Horde, travellers’ notes, and other relevant sources. Results and novelty of the research: The postal organization of the Golden Horde existed since the time of Chingis Khan’s first conquests, but it reached its full development only with the postal reforms of Ögedei. The Yam, the Mongol postal organization, spread through the lands of the Golden Horde with the Mongol conquests. The administrative hierarchy of the postal organization in the Golden Horde was similar to that of the Chingisid Khanate. There were darughas and basqaqs, chiefs of the tümen, the minngan, and the jaun, and under them, the station masters. Postal couriers, called ula’achin in the state of Chingis Khan, were sometimes called yam and sometimes yamchi in the Golden Horde. Decrees (yarlıqs) from the period after Möngke show that a different postal system operated in the territory of the Golden Horde from the reforms of Ögedei. Under this system, postal couriers still received their supplies from and were housed by the subject, although a station system existed. Postal organizations had to adapt to geographical conditions, and in the Golden Horde postal organization, sledges could be found, which were not present in other Mongolian postal organizations.

SOCIAL COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION AND DYNAMICS OF DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL SETTLEMENTS OF THE REGION OF THE BELGOROD LINE (BY THE MATE RIALS OF THE CENSUS BOOKS OF THE VORONEZH DISTRICT 1646 and 1716)

The article is devoted to the history of the colonization of the historical territory of the Belgorod line on the example of the study of settlements and population. This issue has been increasingly raised in the historiography of recent years. The work is based on a comparative analysis of two fiscal sources: the 1646 census book and the 1716 landrat book. The purpose of the article is to trace the dynamics of the increase or decrease of big and small villages, to analyze the quantitative composition of the local population. The importance of mass sources in the study of economic and social processes is shown separately. It is shown as a percentage how reliable these sources are. The author comes to the conclusion that the development of the vast territories of the Central Chernozem region was largely associated with the construction of military defense structures of the Belgorod line. As a result of comparing two mass sources, namely the census book of 1646 and the landrat book of 1716 of the Voronezh district, one can understand the general specifics of the development of settlements. However, census materials that fulfilled their narrow fiscal goals and objectives are inherently incomplete sources. This is only an auxiliary source, which must be handled with extreme caution.

КЛЮЧОВІ ДЕТЕРМІНАНТИ СТАНУ РИНКУ ДЕРЖАВНОГО БОРГУ УКРАЇНИ В ДОВОЄННИЙ ПЕРІОД

Balance on the public debt market is a guarantee of the stability of public finances. The state of public debt and the country's debt security depend on the efficiency of the public debt market of any country. When determining the key determinants of the debt market state, indicators that take into account the macroeconomic conditions of the borrowing country should be taken into account. Therefore, the article focuses on relative indicators. In addition, it is worth taking into account not only the indicators contained in domestic regulations, but also international recommendations. Usually, international standards characterizing debt security are quite high. Compliance with such indicators is primarily important for countries with emerging markets, to which Ukraine belongs. And for highly developed countries, the key is compliance with solvency, not indicators and norms related to the size of the debt and its components. The key determinants of the Ukraine's public debt market state in the pre-war period were the definition and assessment of the following indicators: the ratio of state and guaranteed state debt to gross domestic product, the share of debt in foreign currency, the share of guaranteed debt, the share of external debt, the ratio of gross external debt to GDP and the ratio of official international reserves to external debt, an indicator of the ratio of debt repayment expenditures in relation to general budget expenditures, as well as the ratio of debt service expenditures in budget expenditures. All the analyzed indicators illustrate a permanent excess of the permissible norms, which are substantiated by scientists and recommended by international financial institutions. The high debt burden on the budget and the economy as a whole, caused by the State debt accumulated over the years, is extremely negative. The high level of expenses for maintenance and debt payment makes it necessary to reduce the total expenses of the state, which affects social or other components, or forces to expand fiscal sources and increase fiscal pressure.

“A ship loaded with honey:” assessing the honey trade in the Crown of Aragon, fifteenth to sixteenth centuries

ABSTRACT Honey, a staple product in premodern societies, has been too often overlooked by historical research. The present article focuses on a moment when the honey trade was in decline in the Crown of Aragon (c. 1440-1570). After the heyday of exports to the Levant of the late fourteenth century, supply was now mostly reserved to domestic consumption. Through the analysis of different fiscal sources from Valencia and Barcelona, this study addresses the principal supplying regions in the Crown of Aragon, the actors involved, and the means of transport in the honey market.

Organizational transformations of the Crown Army during the war of the Vistula mouth, 1626–1629

The article explores the organizational transformations of the Crown army during the war with Sweden in the years 1626–1629. On the basis of fiscal sources, correspondence, and war accounts, the author established that the number of Sigismund III’s troops increased. In 1629 they were more numerous in Prussia than the combined armies in Prussia and in Ukraine three years earlier. Positional warfare with the Swedes, who had a considerable number of well-trained infantry and perfect artillery, required a change in the structure of the army, over half of which during hostilities consisted of dragoons and infantry formations, especially those of the foreign contingent. Over the course of the war, free companies (freikompanie), which made up a core of the infantry at the beginning of the war, were mostly replaced by large regiments of over three thousand pay rates. Also, successful attempts were made to create infantry units trained and armed in the German manner, commanded by foreigners, but recruited among Sigismund III’s subjects, and the ranks of Polish-Hungarian infantry were reinforced. In the ranks of cavalry, reiters were of more importance than in Ukraine. They grew into a third force in the Polish cavalry, after Polish hussars and Cossacks. Considerably smaller changes occurred for artillery, which despite significant expenses was still inferior to that of the Swedish artillery. Sigismund III’s troops also struggled with the deficiency of experienced engineers and cartographers. Although after the Altmark armistice the king had to reduce the army, from which the infantry disappeared almost entirely, dragoons were preserved in Ukraine thanks to Crown Field Hetman Koniecpolski. From that time on, they would constitute an indispensable part of the wojsko kwarciane (quarter army). The significance of the Prussian war for the development of the Crown military is best illustrated by the fact that in 1633, in the course of preparations for the war with Muscovy for Smolensk, Władysław IV and his advisers organized the army largely in the manner of the years 1626–1629.

Aproximació a les fonts fiscals de la Catalunya baixmedieval: llibres d'estimes, valies i manifests

L'article constitue une brève exégèse du type de source fiscale, qui reçoit différents noms en Catalogne, noms que l'on trouvera dans le titre même. En prenant comme exemples des extraits de sources appartenant aux archives municipales catalanes (Appendice), l'auteur réalise une description sommaire de la source en même temps qu’il met en évidence, dans chacun des cas, les différents procédés employés pour l' assiette de l’impôt. Il fait tout spécialement ressortir les divers aspects et problèmes que représentent la dite source, en tenant compte de l'historiographie étrangère, en particulier la franco-italienne, qui établit son étude sur similaire documentation.

Women, Business, and Finance in 19th Century Milan

This paper contributes to the growing body of literature on the relations between women and the economy market by adding a backward and Mediterranean country on the chart of female engagement in the world of business. With regard to Anglophone settings, scholars found women managing small and medium business, entering trade, purchasing shares and “consols”, supporting firms, lending money, and investing capitals for profit. As for Italy, women’s involvement in economic activities is almost completely unknown because of the paucity of studies on the theme. The way the country industrialized played a role in that, as it drove scholars’ attention mainly if not exclusively to corporate and large enterprises, where men were obviously ad lead. As privileged sources of business and economic historians, such as trade directories, narrative tales, family, and company papers often undervalue if not hiding the female participation in the “public” sphere of the economy, this work draws on fiscal sources, tax rolls, and estate returns in particular. Notwithstanding robust limitations of such documents due to the high rate of evasion and elusion in Italy, their examination unveils the relevance of women’s role not only in family business, but also in “petty” trade and informal finance, all activities that were crucial to the catching up process of a “late joiner” like Italy

Addressing constraints to private financing of urban (climate) infrastructure in developing countries

ABSTRACTUrban infrastructure investment needs in the developing world are immense, particularly when the additional costs associated with lower carbon, more climate-resilient options are considered. These cannot possibly be financed from fiscal sources and ODA flows alone; private financing will need to be accessed. Focusing on the ability of city governments and subnational urban utilities to mobilize private finance, this paper makes two core arguments. First, private investment in municipal infrastructure requires robust institutional, fiscal and regulatory systems that are often absent in developing countries. Establishing such systems often requires policy and institutional reform, much of which lies beyond the competence and control of city governments themselves. Second, while the marginal investment needs related to climate mitigation and adaptation complicate and aggravate the picture, they do not alter the fundamental requirements of private investors. Put simply, municipalities and utilities will need to satisfy the requirements of regular private finance before they can attract green private finance. This paper looks across the main avenues for city governments to mobilize private finance – municipal borrowing, public–private partnerships, and land value capture instruments – and identifies four broad factors that determine the potential size and scope of city leveraging activity. It then offers a new framework to understand where the most pressing constraints to private investment readiness lie and proposes priority measures that local and national governments, together with development partners and other stakeholders, can take to address them.

La solitude dans les sources de la pratique. L’exemple de Montpellier à la fin du Moyen Âge

History of solitude is a field of research that has not received much attention in medieval studies. Most of the work focuses on religious history, while solitary lay people have been studied in a fragmented manner, without offering an overview of the solitaries’ experiences of solitude. Centred on the example of late medieval Montpellier, this article reflects on the different meanings of “solitude” (i.e. the fact of being alone, social isolation, the feeling and desire of loneliness), and on the ways in which they intersected and were connected to each other. The triptych alone/isolation/loneliness is significant as it enables the study of solitude as a demographic fact, a social situation and an emotional experience. The first section of the article, based on wills and fiscal sources, aims to evaluate the ratio of solitary persons in the city, its chronological variances, and the demographic profile of individuals. The second section looks at social isolation, social status and social interactions. The last section of the article, grounded in cases study, investigates solitude as an emotion and a feeling, and is based on case study.

Statistical Approaches to Estimate Sectoral Economic Aggregates

Dans un proche avenir, l'estimation statistique de la valeur ajoutee des principaux groupes d'entreprises en Europe et des grandes unites complexes pourrait devenir une source pour les estimations preliminaires du PIB au niveau europeen ou etre utilisee pour le l'ameliorartion des indicateurs existants de la performance de la croissance europeenne. Cependant, il est souvent difficile de produire de telles donnees, car dans les formats de comptabilite standard, la distinction entre activites nationales et etrangeres n'est pas toujours demandee. Les etudes de cas suivantes expliquent comment il est possible de resoudre certains des problemes qui se posent lorsqu'il s'agit de calculer des comptes de groupe utiles a l'etablissement d'indicateurs statistiques globaux, a partir des comptes des entreprises et des succursales. La solution retenue depend de la disponibilite des donnees relatives a la production etrangere (notamment pour les entreprises du secteur de la construction et celles operant sur Internet), des criteres comptables appliques dans certains pays et de l'integration verticale : lorsque certaines d'entre elles sont indisponibles, faire en sorte qu'une methode particuliere soit choisie sur une autre. Comme souligne dans le Systeme europeen de comptes dans Eurostat (2010), le centre d'interet economique predominant d'une entreprise indique qu'il existe un endroit ou cette unite exerce des activites et des transactions economiques de grande ampleur sur le territoire economique d'un pays. Certaines sources statistiques, fiscales et administratives peuvent etre utilisees pour esquisser la performance economique nationale des principales entreprises menant des activites a l'etranger. Le document fournit des methodes statistiques robustes concernant l'utilisation de telles sources.

Estimating Top Income Shares Without Tax Return Data: Mexico Since the 1990s

This study estimates the income of individuals in the top part of the income distribution in Mexico since 1992. Mexico is the only Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development country that does not report publicly income from fiscal sources. To circumvent this problem, we use income information from household surveys but adjust the misrepresentation of top earners using national accounts data. We then estimate incomes of the very rich using interpolations based on a Pareto distribution. Once we correct for the misrepresentation of top earners in the survey, we find that the income share of the top decile has increased in the last two decades. Our findings contradict the conclusion that is usually obtained solely from household survey information. We also find that the income share of top‐1% earners in Mexico is close to 25%, making Mexico one of the countries where the rich take the largest share of total income. Moreover, we find that inequality among the rich in Mexico is larger than in most countries where information is available.

Une utilisation des sources fiscales médiévales et modernes pour étudier le tissu urbain sur le temps long

This article sets out a methodology drawn up to study the medieval urban phenomenon. Medieval and modern fiscal sources, traditionally used for the study of landscapes, are modelled in the form of adjacency graphs for the land plots in order to detect the dynamics of the urban area over time. The comparison of plots between the late Middle Ages and the 19th century, made possible by the use of graph theory and cross-referencing with archaeological data, helps to obtain a close idea of how a given urban territory was developed.

Especialización olivarera, cambios institucionales y desigualdad agraria en la Alta Campiña de Córdoba (siglos XVIII-XX)

This article examines from several angles the evolution of inequality since the end of the Ancien Regime in a rural Andalusian village. Our research is mainly based on fiscal sources, aided by data from private accounting registries, land registry documents, texts from agrarian engineers, etc. The transformation of rural spaces and of local agricultural production is discussed first. Second, the evolution of property distribution, agricultural surplus and income are addressed. Last of all, this study explains the inequality effects derived from both socio-institutional transformations begun during the crisis of the Ancien Regime and specialization in wine or olive oil production –combined with intensification in other types of production processes– that took place in Aguilar and the surrounding area much earlier than in the rest of Cordoba Province.

An Integrated Dataset of Italian Firms: 2005-2014

In this paper we describe the steps followed to build a new dataset covering the universe of active private non-financial firms in Italy between 2005 and 2014. The construction of the dataset is the outcome of a collaboration between the Bank of Italy and the Italian National Statistical Agency and made use of statistical, administrative and fiscal sources. The dataset, that contains information on firms’ location, legal form, date of incorporation, industry classification, employed persons, turnover and value added, is suitable for studying the evolution of the Italian productive sectors since the mid-2000s.

Evaluation of Monetary, Fiscal and External Inflationary Sources in Nigeria

This study focuses on evaluating the monetary, fiscal and external inflationary sources in Nigeria. The Auto-Regressive Distributive Lag estimation technique was adapted to capture these effects. Empirical findings of the study showed that overall, the main determining cause of inflation in both short run and long run periods in Nigeria, are more of monetary and external factors and less of fiscal sources. Specifically, the problem of inflation in Nigeria appears to be more of structural phenomenon than monetary in the short run. However, in the long run, combinations of monetary and external factors tend to be the major cause of inflation. The study also found the long run effect of lending rate on inflation to be indicative of the Neo-Fisherism effect.

Financing the HIV response in sub-Saharan Africa from domestic sources: Moving beyond a normative approach

Despite optimism about the end of AIDS, the HIV response requires sustained financing into the future. Given flat-lining international aid, countries' willingness and ability to shoulder this responsibility will be central to access to HIV care. This paper examines the potential to expand public HIV financing, and the extent to which governments have been utilising these options.We develop and compare a normative and empirical approach. First, with data from the 14 most HIV-affected countries in sub-Saharan Africa, we estimate the potential increase in public HIV financing from economic growth, increased general revenue generation, greater health and HIV prioritisation, as well as from more unconventional and innovative sources, including borrowing, health-earmarked resources, efficiency gains, and complementary non-HIV investments. We then adopt a novel empirical approach to explore which options are most likely to translate into tangible public financing, based on cross-sectional econometric analyses of 92 low and middle-income country governments' most recent HIV expenditure between 2008 and 2012.If all fiscal sources were simultaneously leveraged in the next five years, public HIV spending in these 14 countries could increase from US$3.04 to US$10.84 billion per year. This could cover resource requirements in South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, Kenya, Nigeria, Ethiopia, and Swaziland, but not even half the requirements in the remaining countries. Our empirical results suggest that, in reality, even less fiscal space could be created (a reduction by over half) and only from more conventional sources. International financing may also crowd in public financing.Most HIV-affected lower-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa will not be able to generate sufficient public resources for HIV in the medium-term, even if they take very bold measures. Considerable international financing will be required for years to come. HIV funders will need to engage with broader health and development financing to improve government revenue-raising and efficiencies.

Craftsmen, Artillery, and War Production in Renaissance Florence

This article examines technological developments in the production of weapons, especially firearms, during the Florentine Quattrocento, from the early conflicts against the Visconti (1423–1433) until the first years of the Pisan War (1494–1499). The aim is an analysis of the qualitative standards achieved by gunmakers and gunpowder makers before and after the appearance and the assimilation of the most efficient French ordnance into Italian warfare. Data have been collected from the State Archive of Florence. Fiscal sources (catasto, decima) and the documentation of guilds (fabbri and speziali) provided the information on craftsmen and their workshops. The registers of military officers (Dieci di Balìa and Otto di Pratica) show the leading role that public demand played in the introduction of technical changes and innovative tools such as new furnaces, bronze cannons, cast iron shot, and corned powder. The same records provide information about the spread of innovations and the migration of artisans. The results of the research demonstrate that the commune actually enhanced its management of war production, fostering improvements in the fabrication of firearms and a significant growth in the weapons market. Numerous artisans were employed in manufacturing munitions and in supplying soldiers and fortresses, and some famous artists, such as Andrea del Verrocchio, may have been involved in casting beautiful firearms for the Florentine Republic in this period.

Reflections on innovative funding mechanisms for nature reserves in China

The funding scale invested in protected areas is far lower than funding needed. Innovative financ- ing mechanisms in the future will involve seeking external funds, self generating and retaining revenues, and charging fee systems based on products or service markets. Generating revenue refers to fiscal approaches like ecological taxes, benefits and cost sharing mechanisms, and financial trades like carbon trading, etc. The political institutions and regulations as well as market or price policies both affect the financing mechanisms of protected areas. In the future, the financing mechanisms for protected area will depend on diversified fi- nancing channels covering fiscal, finance, market and trade tools. The concept of sustainable financing for protected areas mainly refers to the capacities of obtaining abundant, stable and long-term financial resources as well as allocating these financial resources in a timely and appropriate manner, so as to cover the full cost and achieve conservation objectives for protected areas. The major problems of the current funding mecha- nism and expenditure status of Chinese nature reserves include the unreasonable structure of funding sources and funds expenditure, low levels of funding amounts, as well as the lack of compensation and benefit shar- ing with the local community. This paper suggests ensuring federal fiscal sources as the dominant funding source for national nature reserves and establishing or improving the new market and trading channels such as PES (Payment for Ecosystem Service), carbon trade and green product certification (based on the tradi- tional charging system including payment for eco-tourism services and resources using fees). In addition, we suggest using overseas funds as much as possible to promote capacity building of Chinese nature reserves and trying to raise funds from different domestic societies. Moreover, multi-stakeholders shared governance could be piloted in some nature reserves to achieve cost sharing among key stakeholders and benefit sharing ·保护论坛·