Fiscal Economy Research Articles

Linguistic policy in Greece and teacher’s training in question

After the 1980s, Greece, as a member state of the European Union (EU), entered in a series of educational reforms that compiled to the EU’s agenda on societal modernization and fiscal economy. In relation to language, the reforms dealt with the teaching of standardized Greek as a mother tongue, as a second/foreign language, of traditional foreign languages (e.g., English, French, German), and recently, of immigrant languages. Gradually, the official language curriculum is transformed in a multilingual and multimodal one, calling the student to learn and the teacher to teach multiliteracy, within a multilingual and multicultural context. The paper discusses Greece’s language policies in parallel to the indigenous curriculum as a minority curriculum that is based on two contrastive concepts: the societal (hence, educational) multiculturalism, and the monolingual homogeneity of its corresponding community.

THE DISSEMINATION OF PUBLIC ECONOMICS IN BRAZIL AT THE TURN OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: RUI BARBOSA BETWEEN LAW-MAKING AND POLICY-MAKING

Rui Barbosa was a renowned jurist who served as the first finance minister of the Brazilian Republic, established in 1889. Despite his renown as an intellectual, Barbosa faced a severe financial crisis during his ministerial tenure and gained a bad reputation for his economic policy. In the texts produced in this context, he combined different traditions of economic thought from the point of view of the legal expert serving as economic policy-maker. In the field of public finance, while assimilating arguments associated to German state socialism and its North American developments, he was also influenced by French liberal economist Paul Leroy-Beaulieu. Through these international assimilations, Barbosa constructed an assemblage of economic ideas organized not by theoretical affiliations in the contemporary sense but around two main goals: to rationalize and legitimize his policy as finance minister and to influence the legal ordering of the Brazilian fiscal economy.

THE RISING IMPACT OF INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT IN MALAYSIA: POST COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Even before the COVID-19 pandemic, the informal employment sector has been experiencing steadily increasing popularity. Although market trends and most workers enjoy the flexibility and challenges of informal employment, such employment does have its own risks, especially now, amid the COVID-19 pandemic crisis, employee protection have been side-lined for more important considerations such as businesses and/ or employers struggling to stay afloat and not file for bankruptcy proceedings and/or being wound-up. Extenuating circumstances such as economic sustenance, employer-reduced mobility for expansion, employee movement, etc. have all contributed to the more precarious position of informal employees. Yet, there is a great advantage of informal employment in the new norm. This paper aims to address current, prominent issues relating to women and children amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. It seeks to examine their roles and status in informal employment, their contributions in mobilizing the county’s fiscal economy, and eventually its permanence in the country’s employment landscape.

The Fiscal Economy of Good Government

We demonstrate that good government, similar to modern liberal democracies, emerged apart from Western history or influence. This finding is counter to the conventional understanding that democratic state building is an expression of Western-inspired modernity. Yet, we argue, irrespective of cultural context or time period, good government policies and practices will be instituted when revenues that underpin governance are jointly produced, as predicted by collective action theory. We also find that good government will be relatively weakly expressed when private wealth plays an uninhibited role in political agency and when leaders have direct, discretionary control over fiscal economy. These research findings, derived from an extensive comparative study of past societies, provide theoretical support for scholars who argue that contemporary democracies are threatened by economic and political forces that undercut the fiscal foundations of good government while strengthening the link between concentrated private wealth and the political process.

Moral Collapse and State Failure: A View From the Past

Abstract We have found that collective action theory, as developed by Margaret Levi and others, provides a new direction for the study of growth and decline of premodern states. By following this lead, we have challenged the traditional consensus that despotic rule characterized most premodern states, demonstrating instead the existence of a state-building process in which fiscal economies of joint production fostered the implementation of good government such as accountable leadership and public goods. In this paper we focus attention on causes and consequences of state decline, highlighting the decline pattern found where there was good government. Our investigation reveals that while regimes providing good government policies and practices were highly regarded by citizens and brought benefits to them, they were not always highly endurable and regime decline was frequently followed by serious demographic and economic consequences. While causes of decline were varied, we describe and comment on four well-documented examples in which primary causality can be traced to a principal leadership that inexplicably abandoned well-established principles of state-building, while also ignoring their expected roles as effective leaders and moral exemplars.

Nirmala and Sonia: the city through embodiment

ABSTRACT In this article, we explore the duality and performativity of bodies as they move through multiple social, sexual and fiscal economies of Kolkata. We offer the story of Sonia, a middle-aged feminine man, who despite a number of obstacles within his family, experiments with a range of sexual identities, and in the process challenges the notion of conformist heteronormative trajectories in the city. Our second character, Nirmala, works as a commercial surrogate in Kolkata. Nirmala's story shows how the cultural script of the pregnant body, associated with heterosexual intercourse and motherhood, is defied by the renting of wombs for profit within the assisted reproductive sector in the city. The personal accounts of Sonia and Nirmala eventually tell a story of Kolkata itself. They underline its transition from older post/colonial economies towards neoliberal aspirations and gendered freedoms. These processes of change remain imprinted in the rebellious, unorthodox bodies of ordinary citizens.

ANALISIS PENGARUH DANA ALOKASI UMUM (DAU) DAN PENDAPATAN ASLI DAERAH (PAD), TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI DI KABUPATEN DELI SERDANG DENGAN BELANJA DAERAH SEBAGAI VARIABEL INTERVENING

The government hold significant role in the implementation of fiscal economy policy to achieve the main goal of development: high economic growth, decrease of unemployment, and control of inflation, income and expenditure that can be used in increasing economic growth. Regional incomes are locally-generated revenue, General Allocation Fund. Meanwhile, cost is regional expenditures. Thus, this study is aimed to determine the influence of the General Allocation Fund and Regional income on economic growth with the role of Regional Expenditure as an intervening variable. The study was located on Deli Serdang Regency. This is a quantitative research with multiple linear regression analysis by using SPSS. The result shows that General Allocation Fund and Regional income influence the economic growth, meanwhile regional expenditures mediates between General Allocation Fund and Regional income on economic growth.

Взаимодействие экономического роста и уровень общественных расходов в контексте закона Вагнера

The paper looks into how the law formulated by A. Wagner can be used to stimulate economic growth in a post-crisis period. The major principles of the concept of fiscal economy are given. It is mainly focused on identifying regularities in perpetually growing state spending, which can be explained by increasing the fiscal needs of the state. On the basis of data from 1960 to 2015, this regularity is confi rmed for the G7 countries and Russia. It is shown that state spending goes up mostly due to growing pension payments. The authors present the results of Wagner’s Law testing obtained by researchers based on the analysis of data on both developed and developing countries. It has been discovered that it is impossible to conclude categorically about a positive effect of fiscal stimulation on economic growth. The main factors which affect the efficiency of the applied fi scal measures are described. Russia is given as an example, where the growth of state spending due to an increase in fiscal needs has not made it possible to ensure the necessary economic growth rate due to its low efficiency. The authors have found out that the main cause of the continually growing budget spending is a large share of the state presence in the Russian economy. This slows down the process of its recovery growth, which does not allow for realizing the existing potential. It has been concluded that state spending efficiency must be improved, among other things, due to a structural transformation of state spending in the budgeting system of the RF.

Dictablanda: Politics, Work, and Culture in Mexico, 1938–1968

Dictablanda: Politics, Work, and Culture in Mexico, 1938–1968

“Eco-Logical” Engineering: A Teaching-Research Model to Foster Students’ paradigm thinking of wastes as commodities

SummaryCivilisation’s quality of living and vitality of their economy are inextricably linked to healthy ecosystems. Engineers harvest the earth’s biophysical resources and generate ensuing wastes, so are critical players for ensuring that ecosystems can support current and future sustainable civilisations. Educating future generations charged with mitigating environmental degradation through resource conservation is essential for sustainability to eventuate. This can be fostered through teaching “Eco-Logical” Engineering. Natural Resources Engineering students at the University of Canterbury engaged in prescribed desktop research to recognise capital in waste streams. Projects adopted decentralised engineering solutions in partnership with local ecosystems to ensure survival of the interdependent biotic and fiscal economies. All projects aligned with the core principles of ecological engineering with a particular focus on mass conservation and were contextual, real-world national problems. Students identified that sustainable engineering solutions in New Zealand require integrated technical robustness, promising cost-benefit returns and ecological connectivity. Pedagogical outcomes include helping equip students with the knowledge, technical insight, creativity and context required for challenging and complex problem-solving in the engineering profession.

Beyond Broadcast Yourself™: The Future of Youtube

Since its launch in early 2005, video-sharing website YouTube has emerged as a culturally, politically and economically significant medium, and as one of the inheritors of the social role played by broadcast television. However, its continued growth and journey to profitability are not guaranteed. This paper queries the future of YouTube by exploring the tension inherent in the site's three key characteristics embodied within its slogan ‘Broadcast Yourself™’. The site is based within regimes of consumer production and identity practices, yet it is also located within a traditional fiscal economy as indicated by the trademark identifier. The contradictory pulls of these positions pose challenges for YouTube and its parent company Google. The difficulty of sustaining an emergent social economy alongside the requirements of advertising-driven economics raises questions about the future of YouTube, and indicates the complex terrain of what lies beyond broadcasting.

Anaesthesia for day-care surgery: a symposium (IV). Anaesthesia for paediatric out-patients.

Out-patient surgery for infants and children offers the advantages of minimal emotional upset, less risk of infection, and fiscal economy. Many different operations can be done in the out-patient department and most children can be accepted for general anaesthesia for these operations. Preparation of the child is similar to that required for in-patient surgery. Premedication is unnecessary and contraindicated. A variety of techniques may be selected for induction of anaesthesia without unduly prolonging recovery. General inhalation anaesthesia with halothane is preferred for maintenance. Careful tracheal intubation should be utilized whenever indicated. Regional analgesia has many advantages over narcotic analgesics in the treatment of post-operative pain. A follow-up service should be provided.

The Prince of Wales's Children Act, 1889

Nothing was more abrasive to the popularity of the British monarchy than the civil list during the reign of Queen Victoria. The repeated requests to parliament for annuities and dowries for her children brought accusations against the sovereign of evading the responsibility to take care of her own family. The chief critics were the Radical M.P.s, a sort of left wing in the Liberal party. A few were theoretical republicans but tempered their views by an acknowledgement that the constitutional monarchy was in reality a veiled republic capable of yielding the most advanced political and social reforms. Their twin interests would seem to have been 1) to complete the Gladstonian principle of fiscal economy by its extension to the royal family and 2) to make court life a model of simplicity in harmony with the nineteenth-century goal of human dignity.What brought the matter to a climax was the prospective requests in the eighteen-eighties for the children of the Prince of Wales. As the Radical M.P.s saw the issue, parliament was about to be asked to take care of the Queen's grandchildren numbering more than a score. What seemed imperative was the appointment of a select committee to determine both the extent of the legal obligation of parliament and the ability of Queen Victoria to find the money from her available funds. Sir Charles Dilke, Chelsea, whose outbursts against civil list expenditures had aroused the anger of the Queen in 1871-72, had been suggesting such a body. But he agreed that the children of the Prince of Wales (whom he met frequently at social events) merited grants as they were in the line of succession but not those of the Queen's younger sons and daughters. Dilke was more specific on May 27, 1883 (or as Lee states May 7), when he dined at Marlborough House. The Prince of Wales raised anew the needs of his children. Dilke assured him of support and favored a lump sum to be distributed by the Prince of Wales rather than piecemeal legislation as had been the case with the Queen's own children.

Chinese Finance under the Republic

Introduction, 738. — I. Foreign loans to China, 740. — The international money trust described, 741. — Effect on interests of borrowers and lenders, 747. — Breakdown under pressure of competition, 749. — Critical comparison of the Taft and Wilson policies, 758. — II. Internal development of Chinese finance since the Revolution. The escape from bankruptcy, 1912–14, 762. — Political basis of the Chinese financial system, 765. — Influences tending toward improvement, 766. — The political and fiscal reorganization, 767. — First loans from Chinese lenders, 768. — Reform of salt administration, 771. — Fiscal economy, 774. — Political changes underlying these reforms, 775. — Summary of conclusions, 1912–16, 777.