First Week Of October Research Articles

English

The major insect-pests observed attacking soybean variety JS 335 were girdle beetle, Obereopsis brevis; tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura; green semilooper, Chrysodeixis acuta; whitefly, Bemisia tabaci and jassids, Empoasca kerri. The peak activity of girdle beetle (1.0 damaged plant per meter row) was observed during first week of October. Whereas the peak activity of caterpillar pests that is, S. litura (2.5 larvae per meter row) and C. acuta (0.7 larvae per meter row) was recorded during second fortnight of August and that of sucking pests that is, B. tabaci (3.2 whiteflies per plant) and E. kerri (3.4 jassids per plant) was recorded during last week of August and Second week of August, respectively. The biocontrol agent’s three species of lady bird beetle, Menochilus sexmaculata, Coccinella septumpunctata and Coccinella transversalis and orb weaver spider, Neoscona sp. were found predating mainly upon whiteflies and jassids. Whereas, lynx spider, Oxyopes sp. and a predatory pentatomid bug, Eocanthecona furcellata was noticed sucking the body sap of lepidopterous larvae. The peak activity of lady bird beetle in second week of August and September with 0.4 grub and adult per plant, whereas the predatory pentatomid bug and spider is both last week of August with 1.1 and 1.2 bugs and spider per plant respectively. Key words: Girdle beetle, caterpillar, sucking pests and soybean.

EVALUATION THE VARIATION OF MORPHINE PERCENTAGE IN DIFFERENT TURKISH OPIUM POPPY (PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM L.) LINES IN THREE YEARS

Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) has two major products: alkaloids in the capsules and the seeds. It is known that opium poppy today contains alkaloid in great quantities. Opiate alkaloids and their synthetic derivatives are widely used in medicines which are produced in hundreds of tons for the medicine industry. The study aimed to screen the capsules of six Turkish opium poppy lines to evaluate their morphine percentage. The trial was carried out at the Experimental Fields of the Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture of Ankara University, Turkey during three years. All seeds were sown during first week of October and harvested during second week of July during three years of experimentation to investigate the variation of morphine content. During first year hairless stem and strong capsule types were selected and sown followed by. Alkaloid analysis was performed at the laboratory of the alkaloid factory at Bolvadin province of Turkey in three years. Morphine percentage of six different lines were determined. The results showed that the average of morphine contents of lines ranged 0.731-0.851%, 0,813-1,147% and 0.815-1.142% during 2010, 2011 and 2012 respectively. In conclusion, these opium poppy especially L1 and L2 lines could serve as major source of morphine in future.

Development of Weather Based Forewarning Model for Major Pests of High Altitude Rainfed Rice Agroecosystem

Studies were conducted to develop weather based forewarning model for the major pests of high altitude rice viz., green leaf hopper (GLH), brown plant hopper (BPH), leaf folder, yellow stem borer and ear head bug. Three field trials were conducted at Hybrid Rice Evaluation Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Gudalur, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu during Kharif 2010 to 2012. Results revealed that the population of GLH and BPH started from first and second week of September, respectively and leaf folder and yellow stem borer damage started from third week of September and continued till harvest (December) of the crop. Ear head bug population was noticed during first week of October coinciding flowering of the crop with a peak during December first week and persised up to the harvest. The results of correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the population of GLH, BPH, ear head bug, leaf folder and stem borer damage had exerted a significant positive association with maximum temperature and significant negative association with morning relative humidity and rainfall. However, the influence of minimum temperature and evening relative humidity was not significant and 80, 81, 92, 67 and 76 per cent of variation in the population of GLH, BPH, ear head bug, leaf folder damage and stem borer damage, respectively was influenced by weather parameters. The multiple regression equation fitted with weather parameters to predict the GLH population is Y = -2.28 + 0.416 X1 - 0.043 X3 – 0.018 X5, BPH population is Y = 62.73 + 0.28 X1 – 0.67 X3 – 0.010 X5, leaf folder damage is Y = 248.23 – 1.22 X2 – 2.35 X3 + 0.04 X5, yellow stem borer damage is Y = 29.09 + 0.32 X1 -0.36 X3 – 0.002 X5, ear head bug population is Y = 26.64 – 0.253 X2 – 0.234 X3 – 0.005 X5. where, X1 - maximum temperature (oC), X2 - minimum temperature (oC), X3 - morining relative humidity (%), X4 - Evening relative humidity (%) and, X5 - rainfall (mm)

SAFETY OF PREOPERATIVE USE OF ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS AND ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR BLOCKERS IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING CARDIAC SURGERY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS OF THE LITERATURE

Although the long-term benefits of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) in myocardial infarction and heart failure have been repeatedly proven, reports concerning their continuation in patients scheduled for cardiac surgery have produced conflicting results. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to assess the impact of preoperative ACEI/ARB on short term outcomes following cardiac surgery. We performed a meta-analysis of articles comparing preoperative ACEI/ARB with no ACEI/ARB in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The EMBASE, MEDLINE and CENTRAL databases were searched until the first week of October 2013. Two reviewers performed independent article review and study quality assessment. Data on atrial fibrillation, vasopressor requirements, acute kidney injury and mortality all occurring in the first month following surgery were collected. Since most included studies were retrospective, the generic inverse variance method was used to analyse adjusted odds ratios, calculating pooled odds ratios (ORs) and associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using a random effects model. We retrieved 24 studies (2 randomized trials, 20 cohort studies and 2 case-control studies) enrolling a total of 52 378 patients. Preoperative administration of ACEI/ARB significantly increased postoperative atrial fibrillation (OR: 1.15; 95% CI: 1.01 - 1.31) and vasopressor requirements (OR: 1.65; 95% CI: 1.25 - 2.22). However, no differences in mortality (OR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.8 - 1.16) or acute kidney injury (OR: 1.05; 95% CI: 0.86 - 1.26) were observed. Preoperative use of ACEI or ARB is potentially associated with an increased risk of adverse events following heart surgery, including atrial fibrillation and greater vasopressor requirements. Large randomized trials are required to confirm these findings.

Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use among Elderly Diabetic Patients attending Assiut University and Health Insurance Hospitals

Background: Diabetes among elderly population is difficult because of complex co-morbid conditions and the generally lower functional status of elderly patients. In recent years, there is a rising concern that many patients use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). Aim of the study: Determine the percentage of CAM use and its related factors in elderly diabetic patients attending diabetes clinics in Assiut city. Subjects and Methods: cross-sectional study was done. The data for this study were collected with 400 elderly diabetic patients attending diabetes outpatient clinics of Assiut University and Health Insurance Hospitals. A semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection from the first day of September 2013 to the first week of October 2013. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 16. Results: About one third (33.8%) of the respondents used CAM in addition to conventional medicine. Most common type used was herbal medicine. The CAM use was more frequent among male patients, aged 65- < 70 years, university educated and urban residents. Conclusion: About one third of the studied elderly diabetic patients used CAM and conventional medicine in managing their illness There is statistical significant difference between CAM use and sex and level of education of our respondents. Recommendations: Evidence-based CAM information should be provided to patients as part of diabetes routine management and counseling.

Las efemérides de San Fernando

La primera semana de octubre es tradicionalmente reconocida como la semana de la Medicina Peruana, con su efeméride principal, el cinco de octubre, que conmemora la muerte de Carrión, el estudiante símbolo de nuestra Escuela Médica. Probablemente envueltos en ese halo, pocos recuerdan celebrar el aniversario de la Facultad, el cual forzada o descuidadamente se considera que coincide con las mismas fechas. Un breve resumen de nuestra historia institucional nos permitirá identificar diferentes efemérides que debieran ser recordadas por nuestra Alma Mater, naturalmente sin disminuir el carácter icónico de la muerte de Carrión.

Influence of environment on growth and bulbing of onion (Allium cepa) under Gangetic alluvial plains of West Bengal

The study was set up to investigate the influence of environment on the growth and bulbing of 14 varieties/ cultivars of onion under sub-tropical humid climatic condition of Gangetic alluvial plain of West Bengal. Bulbing in all the 14 varieties/cultivars at 11 hour photoperiod suggested that all the materials could be referred to as tropical and short day varieties/cultivars. Planting of 45 days old seedlings of the selected varieties like, Agrifound Dark Red, Baswant 780, Phule Safed and N-53 in the first week of October and harvesting the bulbs during last week of February has been found to be the best option for growing Early-Rabi onion having the projected bulb yield potential of 49-50 tonnes/ha in the agro-climatic condition of West Bengal with average day/night temperature of 21 to 22°C coupled with rainless condition and just above 11 hour photoperiod.

Should suspected cervical spinal cord injuries be immobilised? A systematic review protocol

BackgroundCervical spinal cord injuries may result in life-threatening situations and long-term disability. Prehospital spinal immobilisation is the standard of care for patients with potential spinal cord injury (SCI). It aims...

Seasonal population trend of the peach fruit fly (PFF), Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (Diptera: Tephritidae), in Assiut, Northern Upper Egypt

The population of peach fruit fly during 2011 season increased gradually starting from the fourth week of July to reach its first major peak throughout the second week of September with 1340 flies/trap/day for traps suspended at 1 m height and during the third week of September with 909 flies/trap/day for traps hung at 2 m heights. Afterwards, the population trend showed a slight but gradual declining trend from the third week of September up to the third week of October. The population was then increased to reach its second major peak during the fourth week of October with 696 and 595 flies/trap/day for traps hung at 1 and 2 m heights, respectively. The greatest drop in the trapped population at both trap heights was observed from the second week of November until the end of the season (second week of December). A total of 105270 flies/trap at both 1 and 2 m trap heights during the entire seasons of 2011 were recorded. In 2012 season, the population followed nearly the same trend as that observed during 2011 season with minor variations. One major peak of abundance was recorded during the first week of October with 1344 and 955 flies/trap/day for traps hung at 1 and 2 m, respectively. The second major peak (1104 and 894 flies/trap/day) was observed during the fourth week of October for traps suspended at 1 and 2 m, respectively. A remarkable decrease in the population could be seen from the first week of December until the end of the season (fourth week of December). Statistical analysis of the data showed highly significant differences between fruit fly population captured at 1 m trap height (Mean = 446.9 ± 97 flies/trap/day) and that captured at 2 m trap heights (Mean = 321 ± 72 flies/trap/day) with paired t of 4.7** and p-value of 0.0001**.

Written Revalida Examination as Predictor in Passing the Radiologic Technology Licensure Examination among the Radiologic Technology Graduates of Liceo de Cagayan University

The success of every student does not depend on how much grades he has, but on how he learns and applies his knowledge. Determining the academic performance of a student in the written revalida, Radiologic Technology Licensure Examination and its relationship is the primary intention of this study. Knowing the weakness and strengths of a student in a certain examination would help the student to motivate more on his/her studies. This study would also help to lessen the number of students who failed in the Radiologic Technology Licensure Examination and its contributing factor that made them to obtain a failure grade by enhancing the academic program of the school. The Radiologic Technology clinical internship program aimed to provide clinical skills and excellent core values towards patient care among intern students. Its objective is to develop the students with a broad skill in applying into clinical practice the learned theories in the classroom generally. Specifically at the point of the program the students are expected to perform different diagnostic procedures in diagnostic computed tomography, ultrasound, radiotherapy and nuclear medicine and to employ protective measures and devices for radiation workers and the general public. . The Revalida is a comprehensive examination, in oral (25%), practical application (25%) and written (50%) based on all major subjects. This will be given on the first week of October (Pre-revalida) and first week of March of the clinical internship program. Failure of the revalida will merit an extended rotation of duty. The study showed that only one Cluster is a predictor in passing the Radiologic Technology Licensure Examination compared to the Written Revalida Examination. It also showed that four clusters (1, 3, 4, and 5) are not significant in passing the Radiologic Technology Licensure Examination. All graduates have failed their Written Revalida Examination. All graduates have passed their Radiologic Technology Licensure Examination. Among all the clusters composed the examination in both Written Revalida Examination and Licensure Examination does not predict in passing the Radiologic Technology Licensure Examination, except the Image Production and Evaluation. KEYWORDS - Revalida, Radiologic Technology Licensure Examination, Liceo de Cagayan University.

English

The pattern of total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) accumulation in strawberry ( Fragaria ananassa Duch.) nursery runner plants, cv. eCamarosaf, was determined for three growing seasons. Plant growth and fruit production patterns were also evaluated. The experiments were carried out on plants propagated in high latitude (41‹50' N) and high elevation (1292 m) nurseries in Siskiyou County, California. Plants were sampled beginning in late summer through early autumn and analyzed for dry mass (DM) and TNC. Plants from different digging dates were established in growth chambers (GC) at UC Davis or fruit evaluation plots in Irvine, California. In the nursery, TNC concentration in storage tissues increased steadily from the second week of September to the third week of October, and crown and root TNC concentration was positively correlated with the accumulation of chilling units (hours .7.2‹C). The root TNC concentration consistently increased from 6 to 10% DM from mid-September to the first week of October. Transplant growth and fruiting pattern were affected by digging date. Overall, the roots were more sensitive to chilling in terms of TNC accumulation, than the crowns. Therefore, roots would be the appropriate organ for assessing TNC status and potential digging dates of strawberry nursery runner plants early in the fall. Key words : Transplant, carbohydrate, chilling, growth analysis.

CULTIVATION OF Melissa officinalis ,L IN THE NORTH MIDDLE NILE DELTA REGION: A. EFFECT OF PLANTING AND HARVESTING DATES

Two field experiments carried out at Sakha Agricultural Research Station during the two seasons of 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 to study the effect of planting and harvesting dates on the growth ,yield and oil component of Melissa officinalis ,L .Two planting date , spring cultivation (11th March ) and autumn cultivation (24th October) in the two seasons and two harvesting date 1- spring cultivation, the first harvest was done in the middle of July and the second in the third week of October 2-autumn cultivation, the first harvest was done in the middle of June and the second in the first week of October in the two seasons .The obtained results showed that the favorable planting date in kafr El-sheikh Governorate is spring planting which produced significantly the highest plants, more branches ,increased leaf area , the heaviest weights of fresh and dry /plant and dry yield /fed, maximum chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll , increasing N,P and K% , oil % and oil yield/plant and /fed. Concerning essential oil constituents geranial (citral A) were the major component of spring oil followed by camphene .Meanwhile, neral (citral B) was the major component of autumn oil , followed by geranial (citral A).The second harvesting time gave better results in most parameters than the first harvesting time .From the obvious results we can conclusion to cultivate Melissa officinalis,Lin the spring and harvesting it after 219 day (Time of flowering).

West Nile Virus in North‐Eastern Italy, 2011: Entomological and Equine IgM‐Based Surveillance to Detect Active Virus Circulation

Since 2008, West Nile Virus (WNV) has expanded its range in several Italian regions, and its yearly recurrence suggests the virus may have become endemic in some areas. In 2011, a new plan based also on the detection of IgM antibodies was implemented in the north-eastern Italian regions of Veneto and Friuli Venezia Giulia, aiming to early detect WNV infections in areas where the virus had already circulated during the previous summers, and in adjacent zones. From July to November 2011, 1880 sera from 521 equine premises were screened by a commercial IgM capture ELISA. Mosquitoes were captured by CDC-CO2 traps at 61 locations in the two regions. Collected mosquitoes were identified, pooled by species/date/location and examined by real-time RT-PCR and sequencing. Passive surveillance was carried out on clinically affected horses and non-migratory wild birds found dead. IgM sero-positive equines were detected in 19 holdings, five in the area with WNV circulation (AWC) and 14 in the surveillance area (SA); 10 more horse premises tested positive to further serological controls within 4 km of the positive holdings. A total of 85,398 mosquitoes of 15 species were collected and 2732 pools examined. Five Culex pipiens pools tested positive for the presence of WNV. Passive surveillance on non-migratory wild birds allowed detection of the virus only in one found dead collared dove (Streptopelia decaocto), of 82 birds sampled. The WNV belonged to the lineage 2, which had been isolated for the first time in Italy earlier in 2011. By the first week of October, nine human cases had been confirmed in the same area. The implementation of a protocol combining IgM screening of horses with surveillance on mosquito vectors proved to be valuable for early detecting WNV circulation.

An October call to arms: We Are Research!

The American Society for Cell Biology is targeting the first week of October 2012 (the week before Nobel Prize winners are announced) to launch the We Are Research initiative. The goal of this initiative is to mobilize practicing junior and senior scientists, including graduate students, postdocs, and other lab members, to make contact with their elected officials and neighbors and explain to them why Federal support and investment in biomedical research is vital to the health and economic welfare of the United States. This initiative is designed to illustrate how important people are to scientific research and to supply our representatives with reliable and accurate information in the form of letters, emails, telephone calls, and personal visits.

BERRY TRIALS IN THE AZORES

The Direccao de Servicos de Agricultura e Pecuaria, Ponta Delgada, Sao Miguel, Acores, Portugal, began a collaboration with the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Clonal Germplasm Repository at Corvallis, Oregon, and The Ohio State University, Department of Entomology in 2004. While previous horticultural production in the Azores included bananas, pineapples, apples, pears, and grapes, the cultivated temperate zone berry crops have not been grown extensively. Our objective was to compare berry cultivars in the Azores. Between 2006 and 2009, plantings of southern highbush blueberries, Vaccinium corymbosum, 'Emerald', 'Jewel,' 'Misty' and 'O'Neal'; of northern highbush blueberries, V. corymbosum, 'Brigitta', 'Duke' and 'Elliott'; and a rabbiteye cultivar, V. virgatum, 'Spring High', were established in Furnas and in Ponta Delgada. In 2007 and 2009, plantings of thornless blackberry Rubus hybrid 'Triple Crown', and two cultivars of red raspberries, Rubus idaeus 'Heritage' and 'Taylor', were established. In Furnas, only the 'Emerald' blueberry produced fruit in 2008 and 2009. The average yield in the first year was 0.4 kg/plant; in 2009 it was 2.6 kg/plant. The average fruit diameter was 13.95 mm, and weight was 2.44 g. The other cultivars did not produce fruit and the 'Jewel' plants were susceptible to leaf rust disease caused by Naohidemyces vaccinii (Wint.) Sato, Katsuya et Hiratsuka (=Pucciniastrum vaccinii). The blackberry plants produced fruit in 2009. Bud break occurred very late in the season (beginning of June) and the crop season extended from 26 August to 17 December although during the last month only a few fruit were produced. The production peak occurred on the first week of October. The 'Heritage' red raspberry fruit first ripened on 7 August and finished 14 September. The maximum production occurred on 17 August. The average fruit diameter was 15.93 mm, length was 17.50 mm, and weight was 2.60 g/berry. The raspberries became infested with the insect Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval). 'Taylor' was more susceptible than 'Heritage' to this lepidopterous pest. Trials are continuing.

‘A Temporarily Vanished Civilisation’: Ice Cream, Confectionery and Wartime Cinema-Going

The editorial page of The Times on 22 November 1944 contained the following breathless passage: Many a heart must have leapt up at the news, as at a rainbow in the sky, must have felt this one litt...

NeuroRAD—Idea and Realization of a New Concept

In the first week of October 2011 the 46th annual meeting of the German Society of Neuroradiology (Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Neuroradiologie, DGNR) took place again in Cologne, named neuroRAD 2011. After 2009 and 2010 this new concept of the annual German meeting inspired again nearly 1,200 participants to attend with a successful mixture of teaching, science and industry. The executive board of the DGNR decided to change the concept and location of the annual society meeting 4 years ago and founded neuroRAD, the new annual meeting platform, together with the congress organizer. The reason for this was the continuous decrease in congress participants over the years and comments from the industry that this kind of annual scientific meeting with changing locations and a rather small number of participants (300–400) will become more and more difficult to be sponsored. The board decided to change the meeting concept and chose Cologne for the next years as the fixed congress site. Over the years and with the development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) neuroradiology has become a specialty of common interest for radiologists, neurologists and other neuroscientists. Having this in mind the board decided to implement a major teaching platform into the congress. Parallel scientific sessions, poster sessions, industry-sponsored symposia and special teaching sessions for technicians (this year more than 300 participants) offer a broad choice of education not only for neuroradiologists. However, with nearly 190 scientific contributions there is also a huge platform to communicate and discuss new developments in diagnostic and therapeutic neuroradiology. neuroRAD 2011 also had a large and positive feedback from industry and succeeded to implement several sponsored sessions and a large industrial forum. With the third year in line with more than 1,000 participants neuroRAD has become established as the largest neuroradiological congress in Europe. The board of the DGNR will hold on to this successful concept of its annual society meeting as an open and exciting platform for all who are interested in clinical and scientific neuroradiology.

Aerobiological dynamics of potentially pathogenic fungi in a rice agroecosystem in La Habana, Cuba

The aerobiology can play a key role in protecting the rice crop since many fungi can cause serious damage to agricultural areas. In this way, the ideal time to implement different security measures can be identified. To determine the presence of potentially pathogenic fungi in the air of the rice agroecosystem, a weekly monitoring of viable fungi was carried out using a volumetric sampler. Collected fungi were quantified, isolated, and identified based on their morphological characteristics. The results obtained demonstrated that the annual average concentration of filamentous fungi in the atmosphere of rice agroecosystem studied was 1,225 cfu m−3 levels ranging between 115 cfu m−3 (April) and 2,865 cfu m−3 (August). Pyricularia grisea was detected in the air for 5 months, since the second week of June until the first week of October, and highest average concentration (25 cfu m−3) was observed in August. Of the meteorological factors evaluated, temperature and relative air humidity influence the concentration of propagules of P. grisea in the air. Besides, other fungi were detected such as Curvularia, Bipolaris, Alternaria, and Cercospora, all with relevance to rice cultivation. This is the first characterization of aeromycological biodiversity in the studied region.

Choosing Academia Versus Private Practice: Factors Affecting Residents' Career Decisions

Research on the future workforce in academic dentistry and oral surgery showed that a lack of dental educators can be expected. This study explored which factors affect oral surgery residents' decision-making process concerning choosing a career as an educator versus private practitioner. Specifically, this study investigates how three groups of factors, namely background characteristics (gender, race, marital status), level of engagement in different professional activities such as types of surgeries conducted and preferred, and professional values affect whether residents intend to go into private practice versus academic careers. A population study of the residents in oral maxillofacial residency programs in the US was conducted. In the first week of October 2010, recruitment emails were sent to all 535 residents in these oral surgery residency programs. A total of 51 emails could not be delivered. In response to the 484 delivered emails, 271 residents (response rate = 56%) responded to a web based survey. This survey consisted of questions concerning the residents' background characteristics, their career decision-making considerations, professional activities and values, and their job satisfaction. The data were analyzed with SPSS. While 65% of the respondents indicated that they intended to have a career in private practice, 35% intended or considered becoming academicians. The responses of the future private practitioners were compared with the responses of the residents who intended/considered to become educators. χ2 analyses were used to compare the responses to the categorical variables and independent sample t tests were conducted to test whether the average responses of the 2 groups were different. The results showed that there were significant differences in the background characteristics of the 2 groups: residents who considered academia as their future profession were more likely to be female (% female of educators: 29% vs % female practitioners: 8%; P < .001), were more likely to be non white (37% vs 20%; P = .006), were less likely to be married (43% vs 71%; P < .001) and had on average fewer children (0.33 vs 0.84; P < .001). No significant differences between these 2 groups were found in the way they financed their education, in the level of accumulated debt, and in their involvement in research both in dental school and during their residency program. However, there were significant differences in their involvement in different surgical activities and their preferences for different types of surgeries. While future educators spent a lower percentage of their time on dentoalveolar surgeries (45% vs 67%; P < .001) and significantly more time on surgeries related to trauma (18% vs 12%; P < .001), orthognathic surgery (17% vs 12%; P < .001), and craniofacial surgeries (9% vs 6%; P = .024) than future clinicians. These rates of engagement in different types of surgeries paralleled the level of enjoyment that these 2 groups of respondents reported for these professional activities. In addition, the 2 groups also differed in their professional values with future clinicians valuing having manageable hours, less time in the operating room and more time without patients more than future educators. In conclusion, understanding how residents who plan to become private practitioners differ in their background characteristics, professional activities, and values from residents who consider becoming dental educators might contribute to developing measures to increase the number of academics in oral maxillofacial surgery departments and thus avoid the shortage of educators in this field in the future.

Effect of Synoptic Scale Weather Disturbance to Philippine Transboundary Ozone Pollution using WRF-CHEM

Air pollution is not only caused by local emission but also by atmospheric pollutants being transported from the surrounding region. This study examines the impact of the downdraft at the edge of a long-lived typhoon system Parma on the transport of atmospheric pollution from the main Asian continent to the Philippines using the fully coupled Weather Research and Forecast - Chemistry (WRF-CHEM) regional air quality model. On the first week of October 2009, typhoon Parma became virtually stationary at the northern tip of the Philippines as it interacted with typhoon Melor via the Fujiwara effect, producing a rare northwest wind that provided a transport path for the pollutants. The simulation of Nitrogen Oxides (NOx: including NO and NO2) and Ozone (O3) showed that gaseous NOx do not travel very far while the secondary pollutant O3 underwent long range transport.