First Week Of April Research Articles

Scenario of Arthropods Fauna on Rose in Southern Rajasthan

The arthropod fauna associated with rose at Udaipur comprised of 17 species of insects (6 pests and 11 pollinators). The pests included were thrips, aphids, the rose bud caterpillar, black flies and the scurfy rose scale while, pollinators included members of Hymenoptera and Diptera. During the crop season, the peak populations of thrips, aphids and larvae of rose bud caterpillar were recorded in the first week of April (9.80 thrips flower buds-1), first week of March (17.04 aphids flower buds-1) and first week of March (0.56 larvae flower-1), respectively. The mean atmospheric temperature evinced a positive correlation with thrips (r=0.832), rose bud caterpillar (r=0.607) and insect pollinators. Thrips (r=0.583) and aphids (r=0.622) had a significant positive correlation with sunshine, whereas the relative humidity indicates significant negative correlation with thrips (r=-0.720), aphids (r=0.581) and rose bud caterpillar (r=-0.817), respectively. The population of pollinators showed a significant positive correlation (r=0.573) with the mean atmospheric temperature; while a significant negative correlation (r=-0.769) with relative humidity. The relative density of pollinators visiting rose comprised: honeybees, A. florae & A. dorsata with 68.24 per cent; solitary bees (12.08%) and dipteran flies (19.55%). Most pollinators preferred to visit rose flowers during 9 to 11 hours of the day

Seasonal Incidence and Infestation Pattern of Sunflower Head Borer (Helicoverpa armigera) and Leaf Eating Caterpillar (Spodoptera litura) under the Influence of Climatic Factors

Field experiments were conducted at Regional Research and Technology Transfer Station (RRTTS), Ranital, Bhadrak, OUAT during the summer seasons of 2019-20 and 2020-21 to study the seasonal incidence of sunflower head borer and leaf-eating caterpillar in sunflower in relation to the abiotic factor. The seasonal incidence of the target insects, Spodoptera litura and Helicoverpa armigera, was investigated using pheromone traps installed in the unprotected sunflower plots (10 m x 5 m) at the research block. The trap catches of male adults were expressed as a number of males trapped per trap per week. In the observation plots, the sunflower hybrid Aruna was cultivated with the approved agronomic package of techniques without any plant protection measures. Weekwise larval populations of Spodoptera litura and Helicoverpa armigera were counted from 10 randomly selected tagged plants starting from the initiation of damage and expressed as larval intensity i.e. average larval population per plant. Besides, weekwise incidence of the pest (leaf damage by tobacco caterpillar and head damage by head borer) were also recorded. The findings of the investigation indicated that tobacco caterpillars' adult activity commenced from the 5th to 6th standard weeks (1st and 2nd week of February) and peak activity in the 11th standard week (3rd week of March). Similarly, the larval population began to appear in the 6th to 7th standard weeks in 2020 and 2021, respectively with a peak population build-up stage during the 12th standard week and their activity steadily decreased as the cropping season progressed. The peak infestation stage coincided with the period of maximum larval activity and the pest caused sizable damage from the early vegetative stage to the peak flowering stage of the crop. The sunflower head borer (Helicoverpa armigera) infested sunflower crops throughout the reproductive stage of the plant with adult activity beginning in the 9th to 10th standard weeks (last week of February-first week of March) and attaining the peak in the 12th to 13th standard weeks (3rd-4th week of March). Similarly, the larval population began to appear in the 10th to 11th standard week and reached the peak in the 13th to 14th standard week (last week of March to first week of April). Various environmental parameters viz. temperature, relative humidity and rainfall were collected from the automated weather station of Gramin Krishi Mausam Sewa (GKMS) located at RRTTS, Ranital., These abiotic factors were correlated with trap catch, larval intensity, leaf damage head damage to study the influence of ecological parameters on pest incidence and infestation. The findings of the investigation indicated that among the abiotic factors temperature had a positive influence and relative humidity exhibited a negative effect on the population and damage of Spodoptera litura. All the temperature variables and bright sunshine hour (BSH) exhibited a significant positive correlation and relative humidity (afternoon) had a significant negative correlation with the head damage Helicoverpa armigera.

A temporary regulation to manage an impending shortage due to extraordinary prescribing patterns of chloroquines observed during early phase of COVID-19 epidemic.

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine (C/HC) received considerable international media attention due to anticipated treatment effect in COVID-19. This led to increased prescriptions threatening to generate product shortages for patients prescribed within approved indications.We evaluated effects of a temporary regulation mandating pharmacies to only dispense C/HC prescribed by physicians with defined specialties. Data from Region Stockholm, which include 2.4 out of 10 million Sweden's population, were used. Weekly time trends of prescriptions and requisitions of C/HC by prescriber's workplace during January to April 2020 were followed. Numbers of unique individuals with filled prescriptions of chloroquine increased tenfold and of hydroxychloroquine more than threefold from January to March. In the first week of April, filled prescriptions of C/HC dropped. In the later weeks of April, the number of filled prescriptions was back at similar levels as before the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak.During January and February, specialists in rheumatology accounted for 686 out of all 979 prescriptions dispensed (70.1%) of C/HC. In March, a large proportion of prescriptions dispensed were from specialists not usually prescribing C/HC, and rheumatology accounted for 628 out of all 1,639 prescriptions (38.3%). In April, specialists in rheumatology accounted for 386 out of all 641 prescriptions dispensed (60.0%). After an observed increase in prescriptions of C/HC, a temporary regulation was introduced on 2nd April 2020 to reduce prescriptions from specialists not usually prescribing C/HC to avoid shortages for patients within approved indications. Subsequently, dispensed prescriptions decreased from April and remained at pre-COVID-19 levels thereafter.

Marmara Adasında Bulunan Bal Arılarının (Apis mellifera L.) Polen Tercihleri

Islands have a special importance in terms of biodiversity. At the same time, it is important to follow the feeding behavior of pollinators that ensure the continuation of biodiversity throughout the island. In this study, it was aimed to follow the pollen collection activities of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) on Marmara Island and to determine the pollen sources. Pollen sampling was carried out weekly during the 14 weeks from the first week of April to the first week of July when honey bees intensively carried out pollen collection activities. The sampled pollen grains were classified according to their color and examined by light microscopy. A total of 34 taxa were identified from the pollen grains. The taxa represented in significant proportions were; Rosaceae, Fabaceae, and Centaurea, Ericaceae, Brassicaceae, Cistus, Helianthemum, Vitis and Salix. They constitute a total of 79.37%. Rosaceae family pollen has been found as the most preferred taxa by honey bees for 8 weeks. The first two weeks of May was the most productive period in terms of pollen species in Marmara Island and the amount of pollen brought to the hives decreased in early July. In this study, it was tried to shed light on the pollen collection preferences of honey bees and pollination periods of honey bee used plants under conditions of Marmara Island.

David Hare’s Memoir of Coronavirus and His Political Rage in Beat the Devil: A Covid Monologue

In Beat the Devil: A Covid Monologue (2020), David Hare gives a personal account of his illness period during the early stage of the Covid-19 pandemic, from the middle of March 2020 to the first week of April. In this monologue play, Hare deals with the decay of his body under the attack of the coronavirus and then dwells on his recovery process. On the one hand, this play appears to be a personal chronicle of the playwright’s experience with the Covid-19 virus. On the other hand, Hare’s narration of the news about the virus from the United Kingdom and the world serves to reveal national and collective memory of the crisis. As a playwright who frequently works on political realities and topical issues, Hare intermingles his personal memory and the collective record of the pandemic to censure the leaders incapable of coping with ambiguous circumstances. Thus, his memoir unveils not only Hare’s political commentary but also his political rage as his tone is tinged with anger and disappointment when it comes to the Conservative Party’s failure to protect people against the virus in the country. This paper intervenes in Hare’s monologue play, Beat the Devil, to investigate the playwright’s use of autobiographical and collective memory and evaluates Hare’s expression of political rage in his exploration of the coronavirus.

Managing climatic risks in rice–wheat cropping system for enhanced productivity in middle Gangetic plains of India

Rice followed by wheat is the dominant cropping system in the middle Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP). Lower productivity (4.8 t ha−1) of this cropping system in Bihar, compared to the national average (6.8 t ha−1) due to several climate- and production-related issues, is a matter of concern for the farmers and the policymakers. Keeping all these in view, an experiment with rice–wheat cropping system was carried out during 2020–21 and 2021–22 in 17 adopted villages of 13 districts of Bihar under the Project “Climate Resilient Agriculture Program (CRAP)” to evaluate the feasibility of early transplanting of rice in the month of June with the aim of achieving higher system productivity by early harvesting of rice and subsequent timely sowing of wheat before 15 November with the provision of assured irrigation. In this study, the concept of an innovative community irrigation approach and single-phase 3-hp submersible pump was employed. Long-duration rice variety (150 days) Rajendra Mahsuri-1 was sown during 20–25 May in the nursery and transplanted through puddling operation during 15–20 June in 17 locations. Under delayed conditions, the nursery sowing and transplanting window were 10–15 June and 10–15 July, respectively. Timely sown rice grown with the provision of a community irrigation system achieved a grain yield of 5.2 t ha−1 and 85.8% higher water productivity, compared to late-sown crops. Following the harvest of rice, the HD-2967 variety of wheat was planted in the first fortnight of November and harvested in the first week of April, yielding 4.9 t ha−1 with the application of 2–3 irrigations based on soil type and evaporative demand. Timely harvesting of wheat facilitated farmers of the region to take an additional crop of summer green gram. With an assured irrigation system and shifting planting dates and thereby managing climatic risks, the overall productivity of the rice–wheat cropping system was achieved to the tune of 10.1 t ha−1 with a cropping intensity of 300% for better adaptation and sustainable production.

QUALIFICATIONS AND BASIC COMPETENCIES ANALYSIS OF JAVANESE NEWS ANCHORS IN THE YOGYAWARTA PROGRAM AT TVRI YOGYAKARTA STATION

Yogyawarta is a daily news broadcast that covers events in the Yogyakarta region and its surroundings. Yogyawarta is presented by a news anchor wearing traditional Yogyakarta attire and is delivered in the Javanese language, specifically with the highest politeness level (<em>ragam krama inggil</em>), as a representation of the local culture. Naturally, the Yogyawarta news anchor must possess qualifications and basic skills as a good news presenter. This research aims to describe the analysis of the qualifications and basic skills of Javanese-speaking news anchors in Yogyawarta at TVRI Yogyakarta station. The research method used is qualitative-descriptive. The data source for the research consists of Yogyawarta news broadcast videos from the first week of April 2022. Data collection techniques involve observation and documentation. Data analysis is conducted through data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of this research show that the Yogyawarta news anchors have met 11 qualifications for news anchors, including high intellect, strong personality, proficiency in news reading, credibility, journalistic knowledge and skills, clarity and clarity of voice, understanding and mastery of the medium, concern for listeners, attention to pronunciation, readiness for corrections, and preparedness for emergencies. Yogyawarta news anchors also possess two basic news anchor skills, which include vocal skills and personal skills. The dedication and professionalism of the presenters are demonstrated through their individual styles and abilities, supported by the use of traditional Javanese attire from Yogyakarta.

Competitive Regulation of Dominant Exotic Whiteflies on Coconut Palms as Influenced by Biotic and Abiotic Factors

In the recent past, exotic whiteflies viz., Aleurodicus rugioperculatus, Paraleyrodes bondari, Paraleyrodes minei and Aleurotrachelus atratus are infesting coconut plantations in India. Based on the damage potential, the predominant species are the rugose spiralling whitefly, A. rugioperculatus and the Bondars nesting whitefly, P. bondari. A study was undertaken to determine the seasonal incidence and population dynamics of these in the new invasion region at Karungalakudi block of Madurai district from 33rd standard meteorological week (SMW) of 2021 to 32nd SMW of 2022. The results indicated that A. rugioperculatus incidence rose considerably from the first week of April (10.9 adults/ leaflet) to third week of May (8.3 adults/ leaflet; while P. bondari reached maximum during the third week of March (71.99 adults/ leaflet) and extended up to first week of June (67.57 adults/ leaflet) coinciding with summer months with high temperature and limited precipitation. Subsequently, their incidence declined with the onset of north east monsoon coupled with parasitism by Encarsia guadeloupae and predation by chrysopids from third-week of August to fourth-week of December in 2021. The extent of parasitism by E. guadeloupae on A. rugioperculatus nymphs was positively correlated and ranged from 40% (third week of August, 33rd SMW, 2021) to 84% (second week of June 2022, 24th SMW). Chrysopids revealed a highly significant positive correlation with the incidence.

Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice among Dental Sciences and Internship Students in Ajman University, United Arab Emirates: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The aim of this study was to assess the COVID-19-related knowledge, attitudes, and practice among dental students (DS) and internship students at Ajman University (AU). A cross-sectional, web-based study was conducted among Ajman dental college students registered in the academic year 2019/2020, about COVID-19 during the first week of April 2020. A questionnaire was developed and distributed to all DS to examine their knowledge and attitudes toward the COVID-19 pandemic. Chi-square (χ2) test was used to investigate the level of association among categorical variables at the significance level of p < 0.05. Out of 769 students in the dental college, majority (75%) had adequate knowledge of COVID-19, but only 40.6% of the participants projected a positive attitude. A positive behavior was reported by an overwhelming 94.5% of the participants. Participants above 25 years of age had significantly higher (p < 0.001) adequate knowledge (88.2%), positive attitude (56.9%), and positive behavior (100%) compared to those below 25 years of age. Study participants reported social media (71.1%), government websites (63.7%), and family and friends (41.0%) as top three sources of information regarding COVID-19 related information. The results of this study show that AU dental and internship students have adequate knowledge and positive attitude of the COVID-19 pandemic but the majority are not eager to adopt effective strategies to avoid the spread of COVID-19 (practice). Further education should be offered to encourage efficient infection management practices to protect students, faculty, and other university staff.

Using Baidu Index Data to Improve Chickenpox Surveillance in Yunnan, China: Infodemiology Study.

Chickenpox is an old but easily neglected infectious disease. Although chickenpox is preventable by vaccines, vaccine breakthroughs often occur, and the chickenpox epidemic is on the rise. Chickenpox is not included in the list of regulated communicable diseases that must be reported and controlled by public and health departments; therefore, it is crucial to rapidly identify and report varicella outbreaks during the early stages. The Baidu index (BDI) can supplement the traditional surveillance system for infectious diseases, such as brucellosis and dengue, in China. The number of reported chickenpox cases and internet search data also showed a similar trend. BDI can be a useful tool to display the outbreak of infectious diseases. This study aimed to develop an efficient disease surveillance method that uses BDI to assist in traditional surveillance. Chickenpox incidence data (weekly from January 2017 to June 2021) reported by the Yunnan Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention were obtained to evaluate the relationship between the incidence of chickenpox and BDI. We applied a support vector machine regression (SVR) model and a multiple regression prediction model with BDI to predict the incidence of chickenpox. In addition, we used the SVR model to predict the number of chickenpox cases from June 2021 to the first week of April 2022. The analysis showed that there was a close correlation between the weekly number of newly diagnosed cases and the BDI. In the search terms we collected, the highest Spearman correlation coefficient was 0.747. Most BDI search terms, such as "chickenpox," "chickenpox treatment," "treatment of chickenpox," "chickenpox symptoms," and "chickenpox virus," trend consistently. Some BDI search terms, such as "chickenpox pictures," "symptoms of chickenpox," "chickenpox vaccine," and "is chickenpox vaccine necessary," appeared earlier than the trend of "chickenpox virus." The 2 models were compared, the SVR model performed better in all the applied measurements: fitting effect, R2=0.9108, root mean square error (RMSE)=96.2995, and mean absolute error (MAE)=73.3988; and prediction effect, R2=0.548, RMSE=189.1807, and MAE=147.5412. In addition, we applied the SVR model to predict the number of reported cases weekly in Yunnan from June 2021 to April 2022 using the same period of the BDI. The results showed that the fluctuation of the time series from July 2021 to April 2022 was similar to that of the last year and a half with no change in the level of prevention and control. These findings indicated that the BDI in Yunnan Province can predict the incidence of chickenpox in the same period. Thus, the BDI is a useful tool for monitoring the chickenpox epidemic and for complementing traditional monitoring systems.

COVID-19 vaccination campaigns and health outcomes in Spain during 2021

ABSTRACT We evaluate the effects of vaccines in the evolution of the epidemic in Spain during 2021. To this end, we estimate the effect of vaccination in terms of reducing infections, hospitalizations, ICU admissions, and deaths. We also compare the health impact of COVID-19 with that caused by recent influenza seasons, in a scenario where all the population had been vaccinated. The positive impact of vaccination on health indicators has been extraordinary. The non-availability of vaccines would have increased COVID-19 deaths by 571% compared to observed deaths. Moreover, the relative benefit of vaccination increases with the severity of the indicator: greater for deaths and ICU admissions, less for infections and hospitalizations. Under the assumption that the entire population had been vaccinated with the COVID-19 vaccine from the first week of April, the impact of the disease in terms of hospitalizations and deaths during 2021 would have been above a low activity flu season, but in line with a moderate/high activity flu season.

Spatial and Temporal Monitoring of North African Turtle Doves Streptopelia turtur arenicola (Hartert, EJO, 1894): First Migrants Arrive Early and Select Nesting Trees next to Foraging Resources while Second Breeders’ Wave Breed around Earlier Nests

This study aimed to evaluate the spatial microdistribution and temporal microdistribution of the North African subspecies of the globally threatened Turtle Doves in Morocco. From the end of February to early September, we monitored the migration dates, counting arrival and departure dates, and breeding chronology, to clarify if the breeding season is divided into sub-breeding phases or not. Equally, the spatial distribution of nests following potential breeding phases was surveyed weekly in Beni Mellal province following a map of a selected orange orchard. Doves arrived in Beni Mellal in the third week of March and left in mid-October, according to the results. The first nests occurred in the second week of April, followed by the first eggs in the third week of April and the first chicks in the first week of May. PCA analysis showed that the nesting and laying stages were achieved principally during the last two weeks of April and the first three weeks of May, the hatching stage between the fourth week of May and the second week of July, and fledging between the fourth week of July and the first week of September. Further, the breeding season was divided into two phases: the first breeding phase, from the first week of April to the first week of June, and the second phase, between the second week of June and the second week of August. The DCA analysis and orchard-created map indicated that the first wave of breeders colonized the marginal trees located on the orchard sides, surrounded by foraging cereals and legumes, and the second breeding-phase nests were constructed in flocks next to the nests of the first breeding phase. According to this strategy, the first breeders prospect the orchard and select nesting trees near foraging resources, while the second breeders’ wave colonizes trees near successfully used prospector sites. These findings are of great importance for comparative investigations and habitat-scale conservation management.

Can online learning be a reliable alternative to nursing students' learning during a pandemic? – A systematic review and meta-analysis

ObjectivesTo compare online learning with traditional face-to-face and blended learning, based on randomized controlled trials, to determine the impact of online learning on nursing students' learning outcomes. DesignA systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sourcesA systematic search was conducted via English (PubMed, ERIC, Embase, CENTRAL, and CINAHL) and Korean databases (RISS, DBpia, and KISS). Review methodsStudies published up to the first week of April 2022 were reviewed with a focus on the participants, intervention, comparison, outcome, and study design format. Following a primary screening of titles and abstracts, and secondary screening of full texts, 10 randomized controlled trial studies were selected, of which eight were included in the meta-analysis. Two researchers independently reviewed the literature, and the final selection was made in consensus. ResultsOnline learning had a statistically significant positive effect on nursing students' knowledge, compared with no educational intervention (standardized mean difference (SMD) = 1.63; 95 % confidence interval (CI): 1.31 to 1.95). However, there was no significant difference in the impact of online learning on knowledge compared with blended learning (SMD = −0.14; 95 % CI: −0.70 to 0.41) and face-to-face learning (SMD = 0.37; 95 % CI: −0.32 to 1.06). Furthermore, compared with blended learning (SMD = −0.18; 95 % CI: −0.43 to 0.06) and face-to-face learning (SMD = 0.05; 95 % CI: −0.31 to 0.41), there was no significant difference in the impact of online learning on attitudes toward learning. ConclusionsOnline learning in nursing education is not significantly different from blended or face-to-face learning in terms of its impact on knowledge acquisition and attitudes toward learning. The results of this review and meta-analysis highlight the need for selective application of learning methods, taking into account learning environments as well as curricular subjects and topics.

Spring heat waves drive record western United States snow melt in 2021

Throughout the western US snow melted at an alarming rate in April 2021 and by May 1, hydrologic conditions were severely degraded with declining summer water supply forecasts compared to earlier in the winter. The objectives of this study are to (a) quantify the magnitude and climatological context of observed melt rates of snow water equivalent (SWE) and (b) underpin the hydrometeorological drivers during April 2021 based on atmospheric reanalysis and gridded meteorological data. Peak SWE indicated snow drought conditions were widespread (41% of stations between 5th and 20th percentile) but not necessarily extreme (only 9% of stations less than 5th percentile). Here, using observations from the Snow Telemetry (SNOTEL) network we found record 7 day snow melt rates (median of −99 mm; ±one standard deviation of 61 mm) occurred at 24% of SNOTEL sites and in all 11 Western states. Strong upper atmospheric ridging that began initially in the north Pacific with eastward propagation by mid-April to the Pacific Northwest Coast led to near-surface conditions across the western US conducive to rapid snow loss. One heat wave occurred inland across the Rockies the first week of April and then later in April, a second heat wave impacted the Cascades and northern California. We find that ripening of the snowpack by both record high surface solar radiation and air temperatures were factors in driving the rapid snow melt. Equatorial Pacific sea surface temperatures and the La Niña pattern that peaked in winter along with an eastward propagating and intensifying Madden–Julian Oscillation were likely responsible for driving the placement, strength, and progression of the north Pacific Ridge. This study documents the role of two extreme spring ‘sunny heat wave’ events on snowpack, and the cascading drought impacts which are anticipated to become more frequent in a warming world.

Seasonal incidence and effect of abiotic factors on population dynamics of major insect pests on Brinjal crop

Experiment was carried out on Seasonal incidence and effect of abiotic factors on population dynamics of major insect pests on Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) at College Farm, N. M. College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari during summer-2020. The results revealed that incidence of shoot borer infestation on shoot was commenced from second week of March (11th SMW) to third week of May (21st SMW) while, infestation of fruit damage was noticed at first picking of the brinjal fruit in the first week of April (14th SMW) with maximum in fourth week of May (21st SMW). Shoot and fruit borer infestation exhibited significant and positive correlation with maximum temperature (r= 0.8129) and minimum temperature (r= 0.8444) and wind velocity (r= 0.5871), respectively. Whitefly population was started from second week of February (9th SMW) with 0.93 whitefly per leaf, increased gradually to reach its peak in the last week of April, i.e.17th SMW (15.95 whiteflies/leaf) and positively and significantly correlated with and maximum temperature (r= 0.8062). The jassid infestation started from first week of March, i.e. 10th SMW (0.34 jassids/ leaf), initially increased slowly and reached to its peak level (11.89 jassids/leaf) at last week of April (17th SMW) and positively and significantly correlated with maximum (r= 0.7202) and minimum (r= 0.5712) temperatures. Aphid population started from the first week of March (10th SMW) with a minimum level of 0.60 aphids/leaf, increased slowly and reached to its peak level (5.04 aphids/leaf) at third week of April (16th SMW) and exhibited positive and significant correlation with maximum temperature (r= 0.7849).

Etički standardi i fotografija u štampanim medijima

Newspaper photography is a very common and important media content that initially attracts the readers' attention and thus influences their opinions about the depicted events. The study of visual content in the media is increasingly important in media theory. Visual content is becoming more dominant because it can efficiently convey a lot of information due to the absence of language barriers. Thus, adherence to professional standards in the publication of newspaper photographs is very important. In Serbia, the only document that regulates the ethical standards of newspaper photography is the Journalists' Code of Ethics, but it is not legally binding on the editorial policy of the media. The consequences of violating its provisions are public warnings issued by the Press Council, an independent self-regulatory body. The results of a quantitative and qualitative analysis of newspaper photographs published in three daily newspapers (the serious broadsheet daily Politika, the semi-tabloid Blic, and the tabloid Kurir) have shown to what extent the ethical standards are respected in practice. The research was conducted in the first week of April 2023. The analysis included all photos published during this period, except advertising photos. The analysis of newspaper photos included the following criteria defined in the Journalists' Code of Ethics: whether there is a clear distinction between a documentary photograph and a photo-shopped image; whether the illustrative role of a photo is emphasized when it is not taken directly at the scene of the event; whether the source/authorship of the photo is indicated; whether the principle of presumption of innocence has been applied and whether the privacy and identity of the victim or the suspected offender have been respected (e.g. by not publishing photos) even if the offender has pleaded guilty, until the moment of rendering the final court judgment; whether the published photos were taken with hidden cameras; and whether the photos contain inappropriate, disturbing and pornographic content. The article is based on the hypotheses that ethical standards are not fully met in the newspapers under consideration, that there are more violations of ethical standards in the semi-tabloid and tabloid newspapers, and that the most common violations entail the failure to credit the source or authorship of the photo and disregard for the presumption of innocence and the right to privacy.

English

Abstract An intensive, long-term study of the life history of O. rusticus was conducted in Fleetwood Creek, a small stream in Southern Ontario, Canada. The reproductive biology as well as molting cycle were investigated and the larval development and morphology was documented in detail for the first time in this important invasive species. Despite recent climate change effects, such as higher maximum temperatures as well as significant short term temperature fluctuations, the overall life cycle does not appear significantly different from previous studies conducted in the 1980s and 1990s but the crayfish activity appeared to be affected by temperature fluctuations associated with climate change. Mating and spawning occurred in the first week of April. The onset of mating and spawning occurred at temperatures of 9-10°C which was somewhat higher than previously reported for this species in this region of Ontario. Abdominal eggs were carried for approximately 7-weeks and larval stages remain attached to their mothers between 12 and 15 days. Free-living young were first observed in early June. Maturity is attained within the first summer, at 19-20 mm carapace length, in at least 30% of the young-of-the-year and most individuals of both sexes are mature at 25 mm carapace length. Monitoring was conducted weekly and daily during molting and spawning periods in spring 2021 and 2022, which makes this study unique with respect to most other life history field studies.

Socio-demographical Profile of 7285 SARS-Cov-2 Positive Early Cases; Comparison with National Four Epidemic Waves.

Background: Objectives were to investigate aspects of the COVID-19 epidemics via testing the individuals who were referred to Aramesh Medical Laboratory in Tehran and to integrate the molecular results with epidemiological data since the beginning of the epidemic. Methods: In this cross-sectional Study 77528 outpatients were referred to Aramesh Medical laboratory by physicians for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection between March 2019 and May 2021. Viral acid nucleic extracted from nasal and throat specimens and subsequently amplified using Reverse Transcriptase Real-Time PCR. Laboratory data including Ct values compared with epidemic peaks of COVID-19 countrywide. Statistical Analysis was done by SPSS 21 Software. Results: 14312 (18.46%) tested positive.36.5% of the positive cases were in the 30 to 39 years old age group. The positive result rate was significantly different based on months, ranging from 6% to 28%, compatible with four recognized epidemic peaks encompassing the end of March through the first week of April (first epidemic peak), from June to July 2020 (second epidemic peak), October until mid of November 2020 (third epidemic wave) followed by the end of April to May 2021 (until the end period of study, in the middle of 4th peak). In 37.8% of cases, the Ct value was between 21 and 28. Two separate trends were seen for Ct ≤ 25 and Ct ≤ 20 for the first and fourth epidemic peaks, respectively. There was an association between the number of total monthly positive results and total deaths in the country, especially with the second to third peaks (in the course of summer 2020) and fourth epidemic peak. Conclusion: It might be useful to consider laboratory admission rates as an indicator for changes in the epidemic level in the country to continue the SARS-CoV-2 surveillance in accordance with public decision-makers.

Exploring combinations of grafting time and scion cultivar in walnut grafting success under open field condition

Long juvenile period, hard shelled nature of fruit of seed propagated plants, difficulty in grafting and poor success rate has been the major concerns in walnut production in the world. Our study will aid in standardization of suitable techniques for multiplication of high yielding varieties so as to escalate the competitiveness in the international market. Hence, this study was rendered to determine the impact of scion cultivar as well as grafting time in walnut in Jumla district, Nepal in 2021. Hartley and Payne cultivars of walnut together with four disparate grafting dates viz. 14th March, 21st March, 28th March, and 4th April were employed as treatments and the entire analysis was set down in two factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD). Twenty grafted plants were defined per treatment for the investigation and each treatment were replicated four times. Circumference of ingrafted portion (cm), scion diameter (cm), length of scion (cm), number of leaves per shoot, days to bud burst, grafting success (%), and marketable plants (%) were the parameters measured during the experiment. Our experiment unveiled highly significant influence of cultivar and grafting time on length of scion, number of leaves, days to bud burst, grafting success and marketable plants. Highest scion length (66.03cm) was recorded on ‘Payne’ while maximum number of leaves (39.75) were observed on 4th of April and least (32.25) was observed on 14th March. Significantly earlier bud burst occurred in ‘Payne’ (55.87 days) whereas ‘Hartley’ took 61.59 days to bud burst. ‘Hartley’ variety divulged maximum graft take (81.56%) and marketable plants (75%) whereas least graft take (70.31%) and marketable plants (64.38%) was found in ‘Payne’ variety. Similarly, highest grafting success (83.13%) and marketable plants (77.50%) were recorded on 4th April while least graft take (71.25%) and marketable plants (65.63%) were recorded on 21st March. In a nutshell, ‘Hartley’ variety uncloaked higher grafting success rate with 4th April as an ideal grafting time in Jumla district. Thus, grafting on the first week of April using ‘Hartley’ variety is suggested to the walnut growers and other concerned stakeholders of similar agroclimatic conditions to optimize the graft take rate.

Studying the effect of environmental conditions in the seasonal abundance of lesser date moth (Batrachedra : Amydraula : Meyrick) on date palm, Phoenix dactylifera L. in Central and Southern Iraq

A field study was conducted for the 2019/2020 season, which included a field survey to determine the infestation percentages and determine the sensitivity of some date palm varieties to the infestation with the lesser date moth (B.amydraula M.). Besides, determining the date of insect appearance and its population density is based on temperatures, relative humidity, and thermal accumulation. The study showed that infestation with the lesser date moth includes all areas planted with palm trees and the infestation percentages range between medium and severe, especially in dense orchards, and according to the prevailing environmental conditions. Basra Governorate / Abu Al-Khaseeb district gave a severe infection in the total infestation percentage of 67.00%, while the lowest infestation percentage was recorded in Babylon Governorate, Al-Madhatia district, at a percentage of 17.66 %, which considered a weak infection. The study also gave a clear indication that all date varieties were infested with lesser date moths at varying percentages, where the Al - Zahdi cultivar recorded the highest infestation percentage of 58.71%, while Al - Halawi cultivar recorded the lowest infestation percentage amounted to 39.97%. The study recorded the first appearance of the insect adults at the beginning of the second week of March in both Basra and Babylon governorates, with a population density of (2.80, 2.80) insect/in2 respectively at an average temperature (14.26, 15.20) ºC, respectively, and average humidity of (49.86, 51.67) % respectively. The study showed that the insect has three overlapping generations during the year, starting from the beginning of March to the beginning of March of the next season, as the duration of the first and second generations was one month each, while the duration of the third generation extends to approximately nine months. The insect has three peaks in which the insect population density increases significantly. In Basra, the increase reached its peak at the beginning of the second week of April and during the second week of May and June, with a population density of (7.71, 7.39 and 6.88) insect/in2 respectively, and an aggregate temperature of (445.20, 665.52 and 814.65) thermal units, respectively. However, in Babylon, the seasonal abundance of the insect reached its peak at the end of the first week of April and the second week of May and during the third week of June, with a population density of (6.71, 6.40, and 6.60) insect/in2 and a thermal accumulation of (358.08, 418.56 and 586). 08) thermal unit.