First Step In Learning Research Articles

Pembelajaran Membaca dan Menulis Melalui Penggunaan Bahasa Ibu di SDN 153 Rejang Lebong

Student learning at this level is very important for reading and writing skills which are the driving force for research. Need for learning to read and write to students. are two abilities that must be taught. Lower grade students who learn in their native language usually show better learning outcomes. Purpose of this study was to identify barriers and challenges associated with reading and writing learning as well as the process of learning to read and write through mother tongue. Qualitative method descriptive instruments used interviews, observation, documentation. The results of the study, the first step in learning to read the mother tongue is to introduce letters of the alphabet, string words, read aloud, read sentences, read self-identity, and distinguish letters of the alphabet. Write alphabets, words, sentences, write self-identity, write the difference between capital and lowercase letters. Through asking and answering and interacting with friends, students understand what the teacher teaches, difficulty understanding letters, intellectual and environmental factors.

Application of the Project Based Learning Model to Improve Student Learning Outcomes

This research aims to examine the application of the Project Based Learning learning model to improve student learning outcomes. This research concludes that the application of the Project Based Learning learning model can improve student learning outcomes, because the project based learning model in any subject related to projects has an effect on student learning outcomes. Because students are actively involved when taking part in the learning. This learning model is where students not only understand a problem in learning but students are creative, innovative, and create projects as the final step. using problems as a first step in learning, aims to provide an understanding of critical thinking.

Exploring the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Employees' Workplace Health Promotion Preferences.

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to profound changes in the workplace as well as increases in stress, missed preventive care, and other health concerns. There is limited research since the onset of the pandemic on employees' primary health concerns and their willingness to engage with workplace health promotion (WHP) programs to address these needs. We conducted this survey about employees' current health priorities as a first step to exploring whether WHP programs need to evolve to be responsive to employees' needs at this stage of the pandemic. National cross-sectional survey. United States, April 29-May 5, 2022. 2053 Americans employed part or full time. 17-item online survey assessing demographics, health priorities, and impact of the pandemic on health. Descriptive statistics, SPSS Version 19. Employees' most common health concerns included work/life balance and stress (each cited by 55%). Nearly half (46%) said their health or well-being was affected by the pandemic; within this group, the most common concerns were stress (66%), anxiety (61%), sleep (49%), and depression (48%). Almost all (94%) indicated they would be open to receiving support from their employers. This research is a first step in learning about employees' current health priorities and how they may have changed. WHP researchers and practitioners can determine how their programs align with current priorities. Our future research will explore employees' preferences, heath behaviors, and their current workplace environments in more depth.

IMPLEMENTASI MIT APP INVENTOR DALAM GAME MENGENAL HURUF BERBASIS ANDROID

A game or game is something that can be played by having rules so that there is a winning and losing result, usually the game is a context that is not serious or for self-entertainment. Learning to recognize letters is one of the most important milestones in a child's development because it is the first step in learning to read and write. The game was made using the MIT App Inventor so that this game can be used on cellphones or smartphones, with the aim of this educational game not only for mere entertainment but with games we can also learn, so with educational games like this we can increase interest in learning. From the results obtained the conclusion is that this application can help respondents to learn to recognize letters. Based on the results of the recapitulation of the 5 test criteria that have been carried out, the results show that the number of answers from the respondents has a value of 100% according to the system functionality test using black box testing.

Blood cancer caregiving during COVID-19: understanding caregivers' needs.

The COVID-19 pandemic likely exacerbated caregiving challenges for caregivers of parents diagnosed with a blood cancer. Providing care during a public health crisis presents a complex web of uncertainties regarding cancer care, personal health, and COVID-19 risk. Identifying caregivers’ uncertainty experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic can be a first step in learning where to direct resources or alter policies to ensure that they can not only perform their caregiver role but also cope in health-promoting ways. Using uncertainty management theory, this study explored how the pandemic has impacted adult child caregivers’ experiences caring for a parent diagnosed with a blood cancer, as well as their experiences of uncertainty and uncertainty management. As part of a larger study on blood cancer caregivers’ needs, a survey was administered from March 30 to June 1, 2020, to recruit caregivers through the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society. A qualitative and quantitative content analysis was conducted on open-ended responses from 84 caregivers. Caregivers described changes illustrating the complexity of providing care during a pandemic: (a) increased fears and uncertainty-related distress, b) reduced in-person care opportunities, (c) increased isolation, and (d) enhanced family communication. Caregivers with parents diagnosed with acute blood cancers used significantly more uncertainty management strategies and had more sources of uncertainty than caregivers with parents living with chronic blood cancer types. Findings highlight the need for supportive services to help caregivers manage uncertainty and improve their capacity to provide care in an unpredictable global health crisis. Such support may reduce poor psychosocial outcomes.

Globalization and its Impact on Higher Education: The Case of Colleges of Technology in Oman

The main aim of this paper is to explore the impact of globalization processes on higher education institutions, with a particular focus on Colleges of Technology (CsoT) in Oman. To achieve this aim, this paper first defines and illustrates the concept of globalization and then draws upon the World Systems Theory and Dependency Theory to contextualize Oman in terms of its global position. Through the lens of these theories, the paper explores the consequences of implementing English as a medium of instruction (EMI) policy at CsoT. The findings reveal that English language is still considered a foreign language, yet EMI is implemented at higher education. Moreover, despite the challenges faced by students, some exhibited a positive attitude towards the implementation of the EMI policy. For instance, many students perceived learning and using English as a means of endowing them with high international status, referencing its utility in relation to global communication, development, and employment. Such an impact is arguably linked to semi-colonialization. A link is then made to the concept of memorization, which is historically associated with the Islamic culture of Oman. The paper explains how the memorization strategy could be misunderstood. The paper contends that memorization is the first step in learning and understanding, not a substitute. A link is also made to the EMI policy, in which the low levels of achievement among students at these colleges have driven them to memorize and does not reflect a lack of critical thinking skills.

Ideal conditions for increased trapping success of pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis) across the Great Basin

Abstract Sagebrush-steppe ecosystems are one of the most imperiled ecosystems in North America and many of the species that rely on these habitats are of great conservation concern. Pygmy rabbits (Brachylagus idahoensis) are one of these species. They rely on sagebrush year-round for food and cover, and are understudied across their range in the intermountain west due in part to their recalcitrance to standard capture techniques. Identifying an efficient and minimally biased trapping method therefore is a critical first step in learning more about this species. We assessed how trap orientation and weather characteristics influenced trap success for Tomahawk traps placed in and around pygmy rabbit burrows by carrying out trapping surveys at 16 occupied pygmy rabbit sites across the Great Basin from 2016 to 2018. We found that pygmy rabbits had a greater probability of being captured in traps with the open end facing away from burrow entrances. Pygmy rabbits also were more likely to be captured on clear days (0–5% cloud cover) and during periods of cooler temperatures during summer months (June–August). We found no evidence that sex or age ratios differed, or that individuals differed meaningfully, in their preference for certain trap orientations. To increase trap success for pygmy rabbits, we suggest maximizing trapping effort during summer months, at dawn, and maximizing the proportion of Tomahawk traps facing away from burrow entrances. We anticipate that our monitoring protocol will enable more effective research into the ecology and conservation of this cryptic and potentially imperiled species.

Learn to Manage Yourself.

It's the first step in learning to manage others.

Variation in Women’s Success across PhD Programs in Economics

We document wide and persistent variation in women’s representation and success across graduate programs in economics. Using new data on early career outcomes for recent graduates, including first job placement, publications, and promotion, we rank (anonymized) departments on outcomes for women relative to men graduating from the same program. We then conduct interviews with faculty and former students from five programs with better and worse relative outcomes. We find that departments with better outcomes for women also hire more women faculty, facilitate advisor–student contact, provide collegial research seminars, and are notable for senior faculty with awareness of gender issues. We offer our qualitative evidence as the first step in learning about “what works” in expanding women’s representation in economics.

Exploring how teachers teach literacy at grade one in Jamaica: a pilot study of three classrooms

ABSTRACTThis paper presents preliminary findings about how literacy is taught at the elementary level in three grade-one classrooms in Jamaica. While this might seem rudimentary, there is a dearth of information in Jamaica about how teachers teach reading and writing. We attempted to fill this gap by conducting an exploratory small-scale qualitative case study. Interviews and classroom observations were conducted to obtain a snapshot of teachers’ literacy practices in order to explore how teachers teach reading and writing in grade-one classrooms. Three themes emerged from the data. The findings illustrated that while teachers were working to create engaging classroom environments, they tended to adopt a reading readiness orientation to literacy. Also, while teachers valued the children’s home language, they were ambivalent about how to teach literacy in a Creole-speaking environment. The study represents a first step in learning about the teaching practices of grade-one teachers in Creole-speaking environments.

Measuring Ageism Based on Knowledge, Attitudes and Behavior: Findings from an Israeli Pilot Study

The purpose of this article is to present the challenges and findings of a preliminary attempt to create a national “measurement” tool for ageism. We conducted on a random sample of 92 participants and used three ways of measuring ageism. This was the first time that the components of knowledge, attitudes and behaviour were combined within the framework of a single national-based survey. Respondents demonstrated a “fair” level of knowledge with regard to ageing and older adults; some level of implicit ageist attitudes; and some negative ageist expressions; however, the respondents rejected blatant ageist comments. This exploratory survey represents a first step in learning about the phenomenon on a national scale and in the Israeli context. This study can act as a basis for continued research and study of the concept of ageism on national scales both in Israel and in other countries.

Investigating the Functional Form of the Self-control–Delinquency Relationship in a Sample of Serious Young Offenders

This work further examines the functional form of the self-control–delinquency relationship as an extension of recent work by Mears et al. (J Quant Criminol, 2013). Given the importance of the authors’ conclusions regarding the nonlinear relationship between these two variables and the recognition that there are some potential limitations in the sample and assumptions required for the analytic methods used, we apply both similar and alternative techniques with a data set comprised of serious youthful offenders to determine whether key findings can be replicated. Data from the Pathways to Desistance study, which comprise extensive individual and social history interviews with 1,354 offenders over multiple waves spread out over 84 months, is utilized in this analysis. These data are well-suited to investigating the questions of interest as the target population comprises youth with offending histories that are more extensive than those likely to be found in general surveys of adolescents. The analyses consider the self-control–delinquency relationship in an alternative sample with the previously used Generalized Propensity Score (GPS) procedure, which requires strong assumptions, as well as nonparametric regression which requires far weaker assumptions to consider the functional form of the self-control–delinquency relationship. The results generally show that the identified functional form of the self-control–delinquency relationship seems to be at least partly dependent on aspects of the modeling of dose–response associated with GPS procedures. When nonparametric general additive models are used with the same data, the relationship between self-control and delinquency seems to be approximately linear. Identifying functional form relationships has importance for many criminological theories, but it is a task that requires that the balance of model assumptions to exploratory data analysis falls toward the latter. Nonparametric approaches to such questions may be a necessary first step in learning about the nature of mechanisms presumed to be at work in important explanations for crime and criminality.

Literacy Scenerio in Andhra Pradesh in a Decade

Literacy rate is one of the important social characteristics. The diversity in literacy rate among the districts in the state is extraordinary. Further, it varies considerably changes in number of schools, enrolment and dropout rate, and numbers of teachers, etc., the number of schools enrolment ratio, number of teachers, and dropout rate are differ among districts of Andhra Pradesh over a period of time. However the present study is confines to Andhra Pradesh state only, because as there are large number of districts. Therefore analysis of trends and patterns of literacy, and related points are given in-depth knowledge, which is grater useful for planners and policy makers. Hence in this context an attempt is made in this paper to study the literacy levels by analyzing the data available in the censuses and information on DISE details. Literacy and education are reasonably good indicators of development in society. According to Human Development Report (2006) “literacy is a person’s first step in learning and knowledge building.’’ Literacy as a prerequisite to education is an instrument of empowerment. It is an essential quality of civilization such as modernization, urbanization industrialization, communication and commerce. It also forms an important input in the overall development of individuals enabling them to comprehend their social, political and cultural environment in a better way. Higher level of education and literacy lead to a greater awareness, communication and also contribute in improvement of economic conditions. Primary education develops the capacity to learn, read and use mathematics, to acquire information to think critically about the information. Indeed, primary education is the basis of all planning all development and all progress. As such our programs of education should lie at the base of efforts to forge bonds of common citizenship, to harness energies of young people and to develop natural and human resources of every part of the country. Even as the government has been grappling with educational reforms the system has not moved out of the rut and is still way behind our cultural and development needs. Hence there is an utter need for revolutioning the process of education in India, right from the primary stage to the university level. The trends in no. of institutions, teachers, and teacher pupil ratio in Andhra Pradesh has been increased from 63,897 in 2003 to 67,150 in 2013, during same period in upper primary from 15,215 to 16,407. In number of teachers decreasing from 1,72,601 to 1,84,772 in primary, and at upper primary from 1,00,365 to 97,871 in 2013, in teacher pupil ratio is around only 29 to 35 in both primary and upper primary. In case of trends in no. of enrolment, of upper primary is less when compared to primary sections, but the primary is almost double in number from 2003 to 2013 over a decade. In gross enrolment started with 87.72 in 2003 by 2013 it is 100.38 in upper primary ratio is from 64.86 to 91.40 in 2013. The dropout rate decreased from 42.61 to 14.91 in 2013 same results also in upper primary from 59.79 to 29.58. Among total districts of Andhra Pradesh statistics from 2003 to 2013 in both primary and upper primary sections some districts are good in educational development and literacy like schools, enrolment, and teachers and some are not in even average level like Adilabad, Nizamabad, and Mahaboob Nagar. The progress of literacy in primary and upper primary is a reflection of success of the government policies and programs. Hence effective implementation of compulsory education which was passed by the parliament recently is a welcome step for attainment, besides the implementation of mid-day meal program for reduce the dropout in primary sections.

Pay Attention! Understanding the Neurobiology of Attention

> “To pay attention, this is our endless and proper work.” > > – Mary Oliver > http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/23988.Mary_Oliver As a crucial first step in learning and remembering, teachers urge students to “pay attention.” But just what is involved in paying attention? In the last issue, we examined long-term potentiation and memory. Working memory accepts, stores, and manipulates information about our internal and external world. With attention we focus on salient input while ignoring the competing, extraneous input. Relevant information in working memory becomes the basis for decisions and actions (Knudsen, 2007). Additionally, attention is important for regulating emotions and behavior. Genes and environment influence attention. Animal studies have identified two alleles of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene important in memory. One allele group of animals performed less well on learning and memory tests. Brain imaging revealed significant differences between the two groups’ hippocampi, an area critical to memory storage and retrieval (Posner et al., 2012). Training (an environmental influence) given …

The syllabic bridge: the first step in learning spelling-to-sound correspondences*

It is widely agreed that learning to read starts with the establishment of letter-to-phoneme correspondences. However, it is also widely agreed that prereaders do not have access to phoneme units. Here we show that the building of associations between letters and syllables, which we call the 'syllabic bridge', might be a faster and more direct way of learning spelling-to-sound correspondences in French. After a few minutes of exposure, prereaders are able to learn the statistical properties of letter co-occurrences. Statistical learning is boosted by explicit instructions about the associations between letter clusters and syllables. Building the syllabic bridge from available phonological syllables and frequent letter clusters may therefore be the first step in learning to read.

A hypomethylating variant of MTHFR, 677C>T, blunts the neural response to errors in patients with schizophrenia and healthy individuals.

BackgroundResponding to errors is a critical first step in learning from mistakes, a process that is abnormal in schizophrenia. To gain insight into the neural and molecular mechanisms of error processing, we used functional MRI to examine effects of a genetic variant in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR 677C>T, rs1801133) that increases risk for schizophrenia and that has been specifically associated with increased perseverative errors among patients. MTHFR is a key regulator of the intracellular one-carbon milieu, including DNA methylation, and each copy of the 677T allele reduces MTHFR activity by 35%.Methodology/Principal FindingsUsing an antisaccade paradigm, we found that the 677T allele induces a dose-dependent blunting of dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) activation in response to errors, a pattern that was identical in healthy individuals and patients with schizophrenia. Further, the normal relationship between dACC activation and error rate was disrupted among carriers of the 677T allele.Conclusions/SignificanceThese findings implicate an epigenetic mechanism in the neural response to errors, and provide insight into normal cognitive variation through a schizophrenia risk gene.

Multilevel modeling: Overview and applications to research in counseling psychology.

Multilevel modeling (MLM) is rapidly becoming the standard method of analyzing nested data, for example, data from students within multiple schools, data on multiple clients seen by a smaller number of therapists, and even longitudinal data. Although MLM analyses are likely to increase in frequency in counseling psychology research, many readers of counseling psychology journals have had only limited exposure to MLM concepts. This paper provides an overview of MLM that blends mathematical concepts with examples drawn from counseling psychology. This tutorial is intended to be a first step in learning about MLM; readers are referred to other sources for more advanced explorations of MLM. In addition to being a tutorial for understanding and perhaps even conducting MLM analyses, this paper reviews recent research in counseling psychology that has adopted a multilevel framework, and it provides ideas for MLM approaches to future research in counseling psychology.

Collective Experimentation: Lessons from the Field

The purpose of this paper is to document smallholder experiences during a participatory experimental initiative and draw useful lessons for field practitioners. The main methods used to collect data were participant observation, in-depth interviews among 40 farmers, and analyses of notes taken during participatory monitoring and evaluation. These farmers were regular participants in four collective trials—designed by scientists, managed by smallholders—that were run for over five years in western Kenya. This paper shows that scientific trial designs enhanced ‘conviction’ among smallholders in new technologies that were being experimented. The study further reveals that (1) collective trials must last long enough for interactive learning to effectively occur, (2) farmers’ selected aspects of experiments and did not generally treat the whole trial as one concept, (3) field trials were forms of evidence of research or project activity, and (4) trials were seen as like ‘churches’ and multipurpose congregating sites, especially because these collective experiments had roots in local traditions. The practical implication is that because interactive trials are social events, like other learning platforms, they must be appropriately situated within local contexts to enhance their relevance. This paper also shows that experiments are only a first step in learning, which needs to be supported by in-depth research and support for smallholder experiments. Collaborative experimentation is an effective tool for improving smallholder knowledge. Experimentation is a hands-on tool; it strengthens interactive learning, enhances understanding of a concept and improves ownership of the process or research among farmers. However, longer-term collective experiments develop a strong underlying human dimension. Understanding the social dynamics that influence the value of collective experimentation is critical for the process of scaling out.

Structural Vulnerabilities of Networked Insurgencies: Adapting to the New Adversary

The ongoing conflict in Iraq has sparked a renewed interest in the study of counterinsurgency, leading many to comb the wars of the twentieth century, the golden age of insurgencies, for lessons that can be applied to today. (1) Much of this recent analysis has focused on the knowledge gained from fighting Marxist revolutionaries. The insurgent of today, however, is not the Maoist of yesterday. His organization and methods are strikingly different from his twentieth century predecessors. The modern insurgent aims to defeat his opponent by psychological warfare and terrorism instead of military action. (2) He draws his support from criminal networks as opposed to popular mobilization. He fights a netwar not a People's War. These dissimilarities raise the question of just how much of twentieth century counterinsurgency thought can be applied to twenty-first century conflicts. Methods from past wars are put forth as guiding principles with only a nod towards these differences. (3) Applying these principles without examination could lead, at best, to wasted effort, at worst, to defeat. Sun Tzu said, Know your enemy. (4) The structure of a movement, meaning its organization and methods, is the key to understanding it. Modern and Maoist insurgencies are structurally different. In order to be effective, those conducting counterinsurgencies must take into consideration these differences and adapt their methods to the structure of modern adversaries. This article examines the distinction between Maoist and modern insurgencies and the implications for counterinsurgency methods. First, it contrasts the two types of insurgencies in terms of their organizations and strategies. Building on that information, it analyzes the vulnerabilities of Maoist and modern insurgencies in their organization, political cohesion, support base, and use of information technology. From this analysis, it draws conclusions about how to modify twentieth century methods to combat the modern insurgent. The purpose of this article is not to propose a comprehensive strategy for a modern counterinsurgency. Instead, it examines one component of such a plan--understanding and exploiting the insurgent's structural vulnerabilities. It does not exhaust this analysis; the conclusions drawn here are demonstrative of the possibilities inherent in this methodology. Throughout this article, the conflict in Iraq is used as an illustrative example of a modern insurgency. The Iraqi insurgency is thus far the most advanced embodiment of netwar, where small groups coordinate, communicate, and conduct their campaigns in an internetted manner, without a precise central command. (5) As such, this conflict is a powerful predictor of the future of insurgency. Structure of the Maoist and Iraqi Insurgencies The first step in learning to defeat this new netwar adversary is to understand how its structure differs from past movements. The following contrasts the organization and strategy of the Maoist and Iraqi insurgencies. Organization The last half of the twentieth century witnessed the appearance of several effective revolutionary movements based on Mao's strategy of the People's War. (6) Examples include the Hukbalahap in the Philippines, the Malaya Races Liberation Army (MRLA) in Malaya, and the Viet Cong in Vietnam. These groups were all organized in similar hierarchies. (7) For example, at the head of the Viet Cong was the Central Office for South Vietnam (COSVN), a committee composed of the top political and military leaders. Below the COSVN were six regional committees, each of which oversaw several provincial and district offices. At the district level was an extensive support organization including medical personnel, weapon manufacturers, training teams, and fiscal auditors. At the lowest level, the cadres organized the entire population to support the movement. Armed bodies consisted of main force units, local guerrillas, and village militias. …

El error en la práctica médica: una presencia ineludible

El errar, que es una característica humana y un mecanismo de aprendizaje, se convierte en una amenaza para el hombre mismo en algunos escenarios como la aviación y la medicina. Se presentan algunos datos acerca de la frecuencia del error en medicina, su ubicuidad y las circunstancias que lo favorecen, y se hace una reflexión acerca de cómo se ha enfrentado el error y de por qué no se habla abiertamente del mismo. Se propone que el primer paso para aprender del error es aceptarlo como una presencia ineludible.