First Person Singular Research Articles

TYPES OF DEIXIS IN SONG LYRICS SNOWMAN BY SIA

Deixis is words or phrases that are used as reference to something related to the speaker. There are three types of deixis, namely personal deixis, temporal deixis, and spatial deixis. This study aims to find out types of Deixis and the dominant deixis used in Song Lyrics Snowman by Sia. Sia is an is an Australian singer and songwriter who has unique characteristics. The method used descriptive qualitative because the data are in the form of words and phrases. The source of the data was taken from Sia’s song entitled Snowman. After analyzing the data, the results of study showed that 65 words of deixis. 40 or 65.5% personal deixis, 15 or 23% spatial deixis, 10 or 15.5% temporal deixis in Sia's song lyrics Snowman. There are person deixis words used such as I, me, my, you, your, we, and Mrs. Snow. While in spatial deixis, there are some deixis words used such as this, that, where, below, home, in North pole, and From. Temporal deixis used in this song are now, forever, all seasons, till, and Christmas

PERSONAL DEIXIS USED IN MALCOLM X’S “THE BALLOT OR THE BULLET” SPEECH

This study aims to observe and describe the types of personal deixis used in Malcolm X’s “The Ballot or The Bullet” speech using the theory of Yule (1996). In collecting the data, this qualitative descriptive method was used by watching the video documentation, downloading the transcript, and reading the script that contain personal deixis in the speech. The theory of Miles and Huberman (1994) was used in this study as the steps to analyze the data which consists of data reduction, data display, and data drawing. The result of this study found out there was 662 deixis that consisted of three types of person deixis which are first-person, second-person, and third-person divided into 14 types of personal deixis use, i.e 222 first-person deixes, 211 second-person deixis, and 229 third-person with second-person deixis You (174 times use), They (84 times use) and We (79 times use) as the most often used type in the speech. In addition, Malcolm X used personal deictic expressions as a way to motivate and influence the African-American community in empowering the important philosophy of black nationalism against the racism issue of the African-American community in the 20th-century era.

Gue, Saya, Aku, Kita: Person Deictic Comparison between Male and Female Indonesian Food Vloggers

YouTubers, content creators, or vloggers link in some way to influence their viewers. Therefore, the use of creative languages and a good linguistic approach is crucial to convey the content of the videos. Deictic expression is a common and a universal feature in regular conversation as well as in written productions. Deixis features a word or a phrase that points out people as person deixis, time as temporal deixis, or place as spatial deixis. This study analyzes and compares the use of person deictic expressions from six videos taken from three Indonesian male food vloggers and three Indonesian female food vloggers who have the most subscribers. The findings show that there is a difference between Indonesian male and female food vloggers. While Indonesian male food vloggers are mostly use informal person deictic expression gue (English: I, informal style), Indonesian female food vloggers use formal-polite person deictic expression aku, saya (English: I, formal style). They also use kita (English: inclusive-we) to minimize the distance between them and the viewers, indicating that they are having the same experiences. The findings could help the readers and the YouTube viewers to understand the function of person deictic expression that is to place the food vloggers at the center of the situation

DEIXIS ANALYSIS OF MAIN CHARACTER IN RAYA THE LAST DRAGON 2021 MOVIE

The objective of this research was to figure out how deixis was used in the movie that released in 2021, entitle “Raya and the Last Dragon”. Additionally, this research was also concerned with the type of deixis. The researchers employed a qualitative descriptive research method in this research. The source of data for the research is the movie's main character. The data was gathered using an observational method and a note-taking technique. The pragmatic competence-in-equalizing were implemented to analyse the data. The results obtained from this research define the numerous types of deixis, such as personal deixis, place deixis, temporal deixis, social deixis, and discourse deixis by using Levinson's (1983) theory. According to the findings, the following types of deixis exist: person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, social deixis, and discourse deixis. Person deixis accounted for 11 data, place deixis accounted for 3, time deixis accounted for 1, social deixis accounted for 2, and discourse deixis accounted for 4. Thus, in the movie Raya and the Last Dragon, person deixis was determined to be the most prevalent type of deixis.

A Discourse Analysis on Deixis Used in “Night Changes” Song by One Direction

The purpose of this study is to conduct an analysis and determine which deixis are present in the song "Night Changes" by One Direction. The lyrics to the song are the focus of this particular piece of research "Night Changes" by One Direction. The researcher dissects and investigates each and every line in One Direction's song "Night Changes" in order to make it simpler to sample the words of the deixis contained inside the song. In the future, the results from the song's deixis information "Night Changes" will be evaluated in order to further define and categorize the different types of deixis; this study employs a qualitative methodology with realistic analysis results. The author of this study conducted an analysis of a song by One Direction titled "Night Changes" and discovered various types of deixis that frequently appear in each verse of the song's lyrics. These types of deixis include person deixis and temporal deixis, respectively. The specific individual deixis is utilized most frequently throughout the song "Night Changes" by One Direction, making it the song's primary focus deixis.

AN ANALYSIS OF DEIXIS IN THE KING’S MAN (2021) MOVIE: PRAGMATICS STUDY

The goal of this research is to identify the different types of deixis and the most dominant deixis in the Kings'man Movie. This study used a qualitative approach, with data gathered by watching the film and trancribing the dialogue delivered by the characters. The data used in this paper are the movie The King's Man and its transcript. This study looked into two research questions. The first question is to determine what types of deixis are found in The King's Man Movie, and the last is to determine the types of deixis that are most commonly used in The King's Man Movie. The researcher discovered 786 deixis data. The data was categorized to person, time, place, discourse, and social deixis. The result showed that there are 666 person deixis (85%), 14 time deixis(2%), 22 place deixis (3%), 52 discourse deixis(7%), and 32 social deixis( 4%). the most dominant types of deixis is person deixis.

Deixis in Folklore Collections and Implications for Learning Indonesian Language and Literature in Senior High School

In ten collections of folklore, the singular first person deixis appears most often in story II (Sawunggaling), while the plural first person deixis occurs most frequently in story III (The Faithfulness of a Wife). The total number of singular first person deixis is 86, while the plural first person deixis is 4. Furthermore, the second singular persona deixis appears most often in story II (Sawunggaling), while the second plural persona deixis appears most often in story II (Sawunggaling). The total number of singular second persona deixis in the story is 60 pieces, while the second plural persona deixis is 3 pieces. Then the singular third person deixis appears the most in story IV (The Game of Calamity), while the third person plural deixis appears the most in story X (Fire Stone). The total number of singular third person deixis in the story is 408, while the plural third person deixis is 95. Spatial deixis appears most often in story II (Sawunggaling). The total number of spatial deixis in the story is 84 pieces. Finally, time deixis, out of 10 folklore discourse deixis, time deixis appears the most in story III (The Faithfulness of a Wife). So of the three types of deixis, namely persona, space, and time deixis, only the second-plural persona deixis is very rarely found in stories. This means that the use of the second plural person deixis is rarely used in sentences.

There might be more to syntactic bootstrapping than being pragmatic: A look at grammatical person and prosody in naturalistic child-directed speech.

In 'Being pragmatic about syntactic bootstrapping', Hacquard (2022) argues that abstract syntax is useful for word learning, but that an additional cue, pragmatics, is both necessary and available for young children during the first steps of language acquisition. She focuses on modals and attitude verbs, where the physical context seems particularly impoverished as the sole basis for deriving meanings, and thus where linguistic cues may be particularly helpful. She convincingly shows how pragmatic and syntactic cues could be combined to help young language learners learn and infer the possible meanings of attitude verbs such as "think", "know" or "want". She also argues that, in some circumstances, syntax and pragmatics would need to be supplemented by semantic information from context - for instance, in the case of modals such as "might", "can", or "must". We agree with Hacquard on the importance of the synergies between these different cues to meaning, and wish to add two other aspects of the input that might also be used by young children in these contexts. The aspects we describe can only be noticed when one analyzes concrete examples of what children hear in their everyday lives, something which Hacquard does very often in her work (e.g., Dieuleveut, van Dooren, Cournane & Hacquard, 2022; Huang, White, Liao, Hacquard & Lidz, 2022; Yang, 2022). Taking into account different cues for meaning would help the field go beyond current models of syntactic bootstrapping, and create an integrated picture of the synergies between different levels of linguistic information.

Едносъставни глаголни изречения, безлични глаголи, предикативи и форми на изразяване на субективност в българския език

One of the essential aspects of the concept of subjectivity proposed by Émile Ben-veniste (1966) is related to the idea that there are only two parts of speech in the lan-guage where the category of subjectivity is directly expressed in the category of gram-matical person – these are (personal and possessive) pronouns and verbs. In sentences comprising a subject and a predicate, the person of the nominally or pronominally ex-pressed subject must agree in person with the finite verb form (predicate). Taking this assumption as a point of departure, I consider the possibilities for realising the category of subjectivity in the cases where (pro)noun – verb person agreement is violated, as in the socalled subjectless sentences in Bulgarian.

KNOWLEDGE SHARING IN SOCIAL MEDIA: AN ANALYSIS OF DEIXIS ON AN INDONESIAN PODCAST PROGRAM

Podcasting has become a common phenomenon among Indonesian youth which can draw pragmatic attention. This study investigates the types of deixis used in Raditya Dika’s podcast and analyzes factors that influence its uses. The data of this qualitative research were verbal communication in some selected episodes of podcast programs. Furthermore, the data were analyzed by Levinson’s (1983) about deixis use and Holmes’ (2013) about factor. Analysis found four types of deixis; person, time, discourse, and place. The most dominant used was person deixis with 644 occurrences (86%) to show knowledge-sharing. The findings indicate that the use of different deixis was due to some factors such as social distance or solidarity, status or power, formality, and function.

Deixis in Traditional Wedding Ceremony ``Mangambat Boru'' of Mandailing

This study attempted to describe the various deixis contained in traditional wedding ceremony ”mangambat boru”of Mandailing. The problems in this study are: 1) what types of deixis are there in traditional wedding ceremony”mangambat boru”of Mandailing ; 2) what is the functions of the deixis uses in traditional wedding ceremony”mangambat boru”of Mandailing. The purposes are going to be achieved by this study are such as: 1) to describe the various types of deixis, 2) to describe the function of the deixis were used.The subject of this researchwas thetraditional wedding ceremony”mangambat boru”of Mandailingwhich consist six wedding in Panyabungan. The data in this study are: words, phrases, sentences, using Mandailing Language.Furthermore, there are four kinds of deixis used in traditional wedding ceremony”mangambat boru”of Mandailing, which consists of deixis place, deixis time,deixis demonstratif, and deixis persona. Based on this research then the number of data were 180words deixis, the most frequently used was person deixis with 120 words. On theorder of second was demonstratif deixis with 30 words . In the third sequence spatial deixis with theamount of data that found as many as 20words, and the last temporal deixis was 10 words.
 Keywords: Wedding ceremony; Deixis; traditional; Mangambat Boru

A Contrastive Study on Image Repair Strategies in Chinese and American Corporate Apologies

Nowadays, frequently-happening wrongdoings have seriously damaged the corporate image and threatened the survival of corporations. For companies in crises, an appropriate apology has become a vital strategy to repair corporate image. Remarkable achievements have been made in the contrastive study of corporate apologies, but there is still much to be explored about Chinese and American corporate apologies. Therefore, this paper investigates the differences of the image repair strategies employed in Chinese and American corporate apologies, in order to help corporations handle crises in a cross-cultural context. With AntConc 2019, the paper first analyzes the major linguistic devices in 100 Chinese and American corporate apologies, and then finds out the differences of image repair strategies and the underlying factors through qualitative analysis, based on Benoit’s image repair strategies and Adaptation Theory. The results show that (1) Chinese companies show their solemnity and sincerity in the crisis through person deixis such as company and customer and strengtheners such as again, seriously and first time, while American companies use more demonstrative pronouns like this, these and it, and politeness words like please, hope and thank to mitigate crisis conflicts. Meanwhile, when providing compensation and follow-up services, American ones would use if-conditionals to control the cost of the apology. (2) Reducing offensiveness and Mortification are the two most commonly used strategies, respectively accounting for 37.7% and 36.3%. In mortification, asking for forgiveness is often used in American corporate apologies (11.3%), while accepting the blame is more common in Chinese corporate apologies (11.1%). When reducing offensiveness, Chinese corporations would choose bolstering (20.9%) and transcendence (10.5%), while American ones prefer compensation (17.6%) and valuing the customer (13.9%). (3) Chinese culture emphasizes collectivism and high-power distance, while American culture emphasizes individualism and low-power distance, which accounts for the difference of image repair strategies in Chinese and American corporate apologies. This paper can act as a complement to the contrastive research on American and Chinese corporate apologies and provide references for corporate communication in a cross-cultural context.

AN ANALYSIS OF DEIXIS IN DAUGHTER OF THE WOLF MOVIE

Deixis is an utterance of meaning based on the word and phrase in the context of utterance. Deixis is divided into five categories. They are person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, discourse deixis, and social deixis. Deixis is important to be analyzed, because if we read some conversations in the movie or the other literary works, sometimes we will be confused about the meaning in that conversation. It means that deixis is the way to analyze unspeakable context. This study examines types of deixis used in Daughter of the Wolf movie. Research method which was used is qualitative. Type of study is a document analysis. The writer watched Daughter of the Wolf movie and downloaded the scripts to classify type of deixis and the writer did analysis. Based on finding the writer found the type of deixis in Daughter of the Wolf movie, there are four categories of deixis, they are person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, and discourse deixis, and also meaning of deixis used in Daughter of the Wolf movie. The writer suggests, for the future writers who are interesting in doing similar research, this research will give contribution to comprehend the types of deixis and also this research can give inspiration and guidance for the future researchers to be more careful in doing research Keywords: Pragmatics, Deixis, Daughter of the Wolf

Spanish subject pronoun expression among Bube speakers in Equatorial Guinea

Aims and Objectives: Spanish subject pronoun expression (SPE) among Bube speakers in Equatorial Guinea has hardly been examined. Thus, the paper aims to (a) examine the SPE rate (b) and the linguistic and social predictors of SPE in this variety. Methodology: The data for the present study were collected using sociolinguistic interviews. These interviews lasted between 45 minutes and an hour. Data and analysis: The audio recordings of 18 bilinguals of Bube and Spanish in Equatorial Guinea were transcribed and analyzed using the Rbrul mixed-effects statistical software. Findings: The overt SPE rate of these bilingual speakers is 17.9%. This pronoun rate is one of the lowest ever found among bilinguals. The significant factors are grammatical person and number, ambiguity, the lexical content, and gender. The insignificant predictors were reference, reflexivity, and education. Originality: This is the first variationist study on Spanish SPE among Bube speakers in Equatorial Guinea. In this study, switch reference, a usually robust predictor, is insignificant among bilingual speakers. Significance: This study expands on the scarce research conducted on Equatoguinean Spanish and opens new avenues for exploration.

Deixis Analysis on The Halsey’s Song Lyrics “Manic” Album

Deixis is important to help the listener or addressee distinguish between what the speaker says and what is intended. It is possible that the listener might misinterpret a reference in vague utterance. The meaning of a sentence or utterance becomes understandable if the addressee knows who, when, and where it is spoken. In this study, researcher examines the types and meaning of deixis used in Halsey's songwriting lyrics. The study involves qualitative data analysis. The data are obtained through listening to song lyrics, understanding lyrics, looking for deixis, and finally noting down the data. After obtaining the data, the data are analyzed in some ways; identifying the types of deixis in Halsey’s song lyrics “manic” album, describing the meaning of deixis words that found in that song lyrics, and concluding the result of the data analysis. The result of the study showed that there are 130 data of deixis. They are divided into 105 data of person deixis, 5 data of place deixis, 1 datum of time deixis, 17 data of discourse deixis, and 2 data of social deixis in Halsey’s song lyric album. Person deixis was investigated as the most dominant type of deixis in the lyrics. All deixis had their meanings based on the situations of the song.

Analysis Discourse of “Blarak” Short Story by Yanusa Nugroho

In communicating, humans sometimes need to show directly what they mean. The use of language in communication between humans in dating is a form of discourse. Besides discourse being a form of language use, discourse is also an utterance. Discourse analysis based on context is, of course, inseparable from the use of pragmatics. Pragmatic discourse analysis in literary works has been done—analysis of the novel Bumi Manusia by Pramodya Ananta Tour, translated into English by Max. This study aims to analyze discourse with a pragmatic approach in the short story Blarak by Yanusa Nugroho. The type of research used in this research is descriptive qualitative research. The data of this study are the words or sentences contained in the short story Blarak by Yanusa Nugroho which are contained in the 2009 Kompas short story collection. The data collection technique in this study used note-taking techniques. This study's research instrument (data collection instrument) is from the researcher himself. The analysis technique used in this study is a qualitative data analysis technique. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the deixis in the short story Blarak by Yanusa Nugroho includes personal deixis, place deixis, and time deixis. Keywords: analysis, discourse, short story

Deixis in Raya and The Last Dragon Movie Script

Some difficulties of the speakers in using the diexis in the social interaction, and make the speakers misunderstand the message of utterances. The research aimed to find out the types and function of deixis in the Raya and The Last Dragon movie script. The deixis are always found in the daily interaction. The deixis were analyzed in the interaction or the utterance in which related to the people, something, place and time. The research applied qualitative descriptive through pragmatic approach in analyzing the data. The data were obtained by reading, identifying, highlighting the words that contained deixis in the utterance based on Levinson theory. The results show that there were five types of deixis used in movie script namely person deixis, time deixis, place deixis, discourse deixis and social deixis. Person deixis was the most dominant types used in movie script. Every deixis has different functions based on the types of deixis such as: person deixis has 6 functions, time deixis has 3 functions, place deixis has 3 functions, discourse deixis has 2 functions and social deixis has 5 functions.

Authority and solidarity on the Estonian COVID-19 signs: In line with the government's guidelines, we ask you to wear a mask.

This article presents the results of a quantitative analysis of 900 Estonian COVID-19 door signs, which were studied to investigate the linguistic means of establishing and maintaining contact between the sign's author (institution) and the addressee (client). Malinowski's notion of "phatic communion" and Laver's notions of "self-oriented" and "other-oriented" utterances as means for expressing status relations-authority and solidarity-between the participants of the communication act were used to establish four types of grammatical person usage on the COVID-19 signs: (1) "neither 1st nor 2nd person"; (2) "1st person only"; (3) "2nd person only", and (4) "both 1st and 2nd person". Grammatical person of personal pronouns and verb forms were included. The presence and absence of two other means for expressing authority-the imperative mood and lexical expressions of authority-were analyzed within these four types of grammatical person usage. The most important difference emerged between the signs belonging to the types "2nd person only" (i.e., signs with only other-oriented 2nd person, without 1st person) and "both 1st and 2nd person" (i.e., signs with both self-oriented 1st person and other-oriented 2nd person). On the signs belonging to the type "2nd person only" that, relying on Laver, express the higher status of the sender of the message in relation to the receiver of the message, the authors of the signs use significantly more imperative mood and less refer to an authority outside the communication act, thus putting themselves in the role of authority. However, on the signs belonging to the type "both 1st and 2nd person" that, relying on Laver, express the solidarity of the sender of the message with the addressee, the authors of the signs seem less inclined to assume the role of authority (using less imperative mood) and rather call the reader of the sign to submit to some higher authority (using lexical expressions of authority, e.g., Vabariigi Valitsus "Government of the Republic", Terviseamet "Health Board", etc.) to which the author of the sign and the addressee are both in a subordinate position and, therefore, of equal status.

Past verb form of third person masculine singular in the vernaculars of Kosovsko Pomoravlje

The paper provides an overview of the state of the past verb form of the third person masculine singular in the vernaculars of the Kosovsko Pomoravlje region. The languages of this area belong to the Prizren-South-Moravian dialect of the Serbian language, and the category of past verb form is one of its specificities. The main goal of this research was to determine the state of the past verb form of the third person masculine singular in the vernaculars of Kosovsko Pomoravlje. This paper gives an overview of the forms represented in the vernaculars of Novo Brdo, Kosovska Kamenica, Gnjilane and Vitina regions. It was established that the forms that end with -ja (radija) are present in verbs with a vocal base, while in verbs with a consonant base the suffix -a (isa) is used, provided that -ja or -aja (isja, isaja) are occasionally also used. Given the indications that this form is correlated with the third person plural present, these forms were followed in the same vernaculars. Since the form of the past verb form of the third person masculine singular is phonetically linked to the reflex of the final l, other types of words with -l or its different reflexes followed simultaneously. In addition to the unfixed past verb form of the third person masculine singular in these vernaculars, the present form of idev can be heard sporadically with ideju. Inconstancy is also confirmed in the realization of the final l in other types of words, because forms with -l and -a are used simultaneously: pepel - pepeja and pepe. The conclusion is that in the vernaculars of Kosovsko Pomoravlje its state is insufficiently finalized in terms of the development of forms with final l, which refers to the past verb form of the third person masculine singular and to other word types, with the fact that they are accompanied by forms of the present tense third person plural. These conclusions confirm the assumption that the categories of the past verb form of the third person masculine singular and the present of the third person plural can correlate, to which one should certainly add the realization of -l with nouns, adjectives and adverbs. In order to establish a complete picture of the spread of the abovementioned forms, the conditions in other nearby and slightly more distant dialects were analyzed, as well as the vernaculars of Presevo, Bujanovac, Vranje, Pcinja, Kumanovo, Skopska Crna Gora, Letnica, Gatnje, Sirinic, Prizren, Podrima, Sretecka zupa and Gora. It was concluded that the most stable state is shown in the vernaculars of Presevo, Bujanovac, Vranje, Gornja Pcinja and Kumanovo. In those of Prizren and Gatnje, stability is also observed due to the use of -a, but not -ja in the corresponding forms. This state is accompanied by the stability of the plural -v present, and this is again best recognized in more Eastern spoken languages. Apart from that, it can be added that they keep -l in other word types: nouns, adjectives and adverbs. The summarized results of the entire research are presented in a table and on a map.

Personal Deixis in Political Discourse

Deixis is manifested especially as the pronouns I, you and he. It is possible to appoint the person producing the discourse and the participant in it. Deixis may be received, accompanied by gestures, to express a specific purpose and help the addressee communicate the meaning of what is referred to. When using a pronoun, you refer to one of the parties to the discourse and determine their place in it, especially if the speaker has political authority. The mechanism used by deixis to direct the discourse and the success of the communication process is important to clarifying the speaker's intention in a contemporary political discourse. An example of this is the discourse of Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman at the G-20 summit and his use of deixis to understand, persuade and influence, as well as his statement on the nature of the relationship between the speaker and his addressees. This study clarifies the nature of deixis in general and personal deixis in particular. It explores their types and presents the study model for analysis according to the pragmatic approach to explain the status of the counselors and their importance in the analysis of political discourse.