First Order Derivative Spectrophotometric Method Research Articles

Simultaneous biosorption of acid violet and reactive yellow dyes by Cladosporium cladosporioides

The synthetic dye mixture of Acid Violet 90 and Reactive Yellow 145 was treated with dead Cladosporium cladosporioides biomass. The individual concentrations were calculated with the first-order derivative spectrophotometric method. The calibration curves were plotted at wavelengths of 578.4 nm and 318.2 nm in the derivative spectrum for Acid Violet 90 and Reactive Yellow 145, respectively. The calculated limit of quantitation value is ~ 2.5 mg/L for Acid Violet 90 and ~ 1.5 mg/L for Reactive Yellow 145. The achieved mean recovery percentage values are around 100%. The highest removal efficiency (100%) was obtained for both dyes at pH 4 using 0.25 g biomass and 50 mg/L of each dye in 60 min reaction time with 150 rpm shaking speed. The hydrochloric acid solution was used for biomass regeneration, and the removal efficiencies remained at 99% and 89% for Acid Violet 90 and Reactive Yellow 145 in the third cycle.Graphical abstractBiosorption process

First-order derivative spectrophotometric method for simultaneous determination of brinzolamide and timolol maleate in ophthalmic formulation

Multi-analyte determination techniques are favored over those that can only determine a single analyte at a time because they enable resource savings (cost, time, and solvents) and reduce generated waste and the number of samples required for analysis. This research presents a novel method for the simultaneous determination of brinzolamide (BRZ) and timolol maleate (TML) in pharmaceutical ophthalmic preparations using first-order derivative UV–Visible spectroscopy. The proposed approach is environmentally friendly and yet to be previously reported in the literature. In this approach, the peak amplitude of BRZ was quantified at the zero-crossing point of TML, i.e., 248.80 nm, whereas TML was determined by measuring absorbance at 297.60 nm. The developed method was validated according to the International Council for Harmonisation guidelines Q2(R1). The developed method was linear with excellent correlation coefficient values (R2 > 0.9998) in the range of 4 – 24 µg/ml for BRZ and 5 – 25 µg/ml for TML. The accuracy and precision results were within limits for both the analytes (%Relative standard deviation, RSD <2 %). The proposed method demonstrated LOD = 0.38 µg/mL for BRZ and 0.98 µg/mL for TML; LOQ = 0.91 µg/mL for BRZ and 2.99 µg/mL for TML), and was found to be selective, and robust. Lastly, the novel Analytical GREEnness (AGREE) metrics, the analytical eco-scale, and the green analytical procedure index (GAPI) were utilized to evaluate the developed technique's environmental sustainability and compare it to the HPLC method.

Evaluation of Stability and TLC Fingerprinting of the Artemether Component in Artemether-Lumefantrine Combination Suspension Formulations Available in Nigeria Pharmaceutical Market

Aim: Artemether is the main component of the artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT), used in the management of malaria infection caused by Plasmodium falciparum. Hence, its stability and conformation to pharmacopeia standards are necessary for use. The study aimed to review the first-order derivative spectrophotometric method for simultaneous estimation of artemether and its derivatives in pure and combined formulations, and their stability profiles, then develop a simple, precise, and fast technique for their rapid physicochemical analysis.&#x0D; Methodology: Thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) Fingerprinting principles were used in the analysis. Artemether and its derivatives were spotted on the TLC chromatograms after adding 25 mL of the suspension to a mixture of 100 mL of distilled water and 4 mL of NaOH, extracting the mixture with 60 mL of dichloromethane (DCM), drying, and sonicating the residue with 20 mL of the solvent. It was centrifuged, and the clear supernatant was spotted on the TLC plates.&#x0D; Results: The color test results revealed the presence of the artemether compound in the reference standard as well as the six brands of suspensions (A, B, C, D, E, and F) utilized in the study. Artemether melting point was obtained between 86 - 89 °C; within the International Pharmacopeia specified range. The chromatograms of Artemether and derivatives showed Rf values of 0.25 (impurity A), 0.3 (artenimol impurity B), 0.35 (impurity C), 0.4 (α-artemether: impurity D), and 0.55 (artemether).&#x0D; Conclusion: The devised method can be applied to the routine quality control analysis of artemether-lumefantrine suspension in addition to existing analytical techniques.

Validated Analytical Method for Multicomponent Analysis of Famotidine and Ofloxacin in Bulk drug and Tablet Formulation by using UV-Visible Spectrophotometer and RP-HPLC

A simple, sensitive, accurate, precise, and reproducible UV- spectrophotometric method and RP-HPLC methods were developed and validated for the estimation of Famotidine and Ofloxacin in bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulation. The Linearity regression was detected and shows a good linear relationship; in the concentration range of 10-50µg/mL (R2 &gt;0.9908) for famotidine and 10-50µg/mL (r2&gt;0.9913) for ofloxacin. The UV – spectrophotometric estimation was carried out by the first-order derivative spectrophotometric method and absorbance were recorded at 273 and 280nm. Beers range were found to be 5-50µg/mL, respectively for both drugs while, correlation coefficient r2 &gt; 0.9988 and 0.9941 for famotidine and ofloxacin. The isoabsorptive point was found to be 274nm in HPLC optimized mobile phase composition, potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate: methanol (60:40). Chromatographic condition consisted of mobile phase potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate buffer pH 2.3, methanol (60:40v/v), run time 30 min, C-18 column (ODS Hypersil) and flow rate 0.8mL/minute. The retention time for famotidine and ofloxacin were found to be 2.44 min, 7.99 min. respectively, and detection at λmax 274nm for both drugs (overlain spectra). The UV methods and RP-HPLC showed good reproducibility and recovery with the percent relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 5%. As per ICH guidelines, the developed method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, Sandell's sensitivity, and repeatability proving its utility in the estimation of famotidine and ofloxacin in house tablet formulation.

SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF VALSARTAN AND HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE BY FIRST-ORDER DERIVATIVE- ZERO CROSSING UV-VISIBLE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD

Background: Antihypertensive drugs are widely used to treat high blood pressure in patients. The aim of this study is to prepare various mixtures of valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide, to create a matrix effect in the drug, and to determine the determination of these active substances in drug samples after optimum conditions by first-order derivative spectroscopy method.&#x0D; Method: In the first-degree derivative spectrophotometry method applied, valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide were dissolved in methanol and 100 mgL-1 solutions were prepared, and then the mixtures of these solutions were determined in spectrophotometry. After mixing, tablet (drug) sample was prepared and absorbance values were recorded and the first derivative spectrophotometric method was applied to the values obtained.&#x0D; Results: As a result of the spectrophotometric determination of various mixtures of valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide used in the study, it was determined that the first-order derivative spectrophotometric method applied gave very consistent results.&#x0D; Conclusion: The first-order derivative spectrophotometry method used in the study can be easily applied in routine analyzes in drug research laboratories.&#x0D; &#x0D; Peer Review History: &#x0D; Received: 15 July 2022; Revised: 10 August; Accepted: 7 September, Available online: 15 September 2022&#x0D; Academic Editor: Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, amaka_mgbahurike@yahoo.com&#x0D; UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. &#x0D; Received file: Reviewer's Comments:&#x0D; Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10&#x0D; Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10&#x0D; Reviewers:&#x0D; Dr. U. S. Mahadeva Rao, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu Malaysia, raousm@gmail.com&#x0D; Prof. Cyprian Ogbonna ONYEJI, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, conyeji@oauife.edu.ng&#x0D; Similar Articles: &#x0D; UV SPECTROSCOPY DETERMINATION OF CILAZAPRIL AND HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE ACTIVE AGENTS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF HYPERTENSION

Forced Degradation Studies of Nateglinide by the First-Order Derivative Spectrophotometric Method and the Density Functional Theory of the Nateglinide Molecule

Forced Degradation Studies of Nateglinide by the First-Order Derivative Spectrophotometric Method and the Density Functional Theory of the Nateglinide Molecule

Validation of a green spectrophotometric method for the determination of dropropizine in commercial oral solutions

The present work describes a first-order derivative spectrophotometric (1D-UV) method for determination of dropropizine in commercial oral solutions. The method was developed using ecologically correct solvents and validated according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) recommendations. The response was linear in the concentration range of 6–24 μg/mL (r = 0.9997, n = 7) at wavelength 249 nm, which was the zero crossing point of excipient solutions. The detection and quantitation limits were 0.36 and 1.18 μg/mL, respectively. The method showed adequate precision, with a relative standard deviation values lower than 1.41%. Excellent values of accuracy were obtained, with a mean value of 99.44%. The method proved to be robust by a full factorial design evaluation. It is simple, it has low cost, and it has low use of polluting reagents. Minimum environmental hazards observed and the results obtained attest to the reliability of the proposed green method, showing to be specific, linear, precise, accurate and robust. Thus, the validated 1D-UV spectrophotometric method was successfully applied to the quantitative analysis of dropropizine in oral solutions dosage forms, helping to improve quality control and to assure therapeutic efficacy.

Development of a First-Order Derivative UV Spectrophotometric Method for the Assay and Solubility Evaluation of Lamotrigine and Nicotinamide Cocrystals

Pharmaceutical cocrystals are composed of a drug and a coformer and are currently gaining attention due to their possibility of improving drug solubility. Quantitative determination of cocrystals is usually carried out by liquid chromatography method, but an alternative for the same is derivative UV spectrophotometry. Cocrystals of lamotrigine (LAM) were formed with nicotinamide (NIC) in order to improve the solubility of LAM. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a simple, low-cost, environment friendly, first-order derivative spectrophotometric method for simultaneous determination of LAM and NIC in cocrystals. Determination of LAM and NIC was performed at 244.4 and 271.6 nm, respectively. The method was accurate with recovery values of 98.21-101.52%, and precise (relative standard deviation (RSD) < 1.88%). Robustness evaluated by Plackett-Burman design showed no significant influence of the factors (pH, scanning speed, and sonication time) on LAM and NIC assays. The developed method was compared with a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method and applied to study the cocrystal stoichiometry and solubility. The results indicated a molar ratio of 1:1 and that the cocrystal is more soluble than the drug. This study demonstrated that the first-order derivative method is feasible for drug and coformer determination in cocrystals and is a suitable alternative to chromatographic methods.

Biosorption of acid yellow-99 using mango (Mangifera indica) leaf powder, an economic agricultural waste

The competency of mango leaf powder (MLP), an eco-friendly and cost-effective adsorbent, has been extensively studied for the removal of a carcinogenic azo dye, acid yellow-99 (AY-99), from simulated wastewater on principal interest in combating water pollution and to comprehend the mechanisms of the phenomenon. Optimum dye adsorption occurs at pH 2.5, whereas the temperature has no significant effect. MLP can effectively adsorb 708.15 mg g−1 of dye as a function of the initial dye concentration with excellent fitting to the Langmuir isotherm model illustrating monolayer adsorption. The process is rather swift to be completed within ~ 160 min following film diffusion model and pseudo-second-order rate kinetics. The magnitude of hindrance exerted by NaCl in dye adsorption is found to be quite insignificant. The biomass is competent enough for anionic dye decolourization in the binary mixture (AY-99 + AR-88) determined by the first-order derivative spectrophotometric method. Thermodynamically the process is spontaneous, endothermic and entropy-driven. Zeta potential, XRD, SEM-EDXA and X-ray elemental mapping analyses have been used to assess the morphological changes and the mechanisms of dye interaction with MLP. FTIR spectroscopy and chemical modification of functional groups of biomass establish the major contribution of hydroxyl groups for effective dye decolourization through complexation and electrostatic interactions.

Ultrasonic assisted synthesis of magnetic Ni-Ag bimetallic nanoparticles supported on reduced graphene oxide for sonochemical simultaneous removal of sunset yellow and tartrazine dyes by response surface optimization: Application of derivative spectrophotometry

The magnetic Ni-Ag bimetallic nanoparticles supported on reduced graphene oxide (Ni-Ag NPs/rGO) was synthesized and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Subsequently, this magnetic hybrid material as a novel adsorbent was applied for the sonochemical simultaneous removal of sunset yellow and tartrazine dyes in combination with first-order derivative spectrophotometric method to resolve the overlap between the spectra of these dyes. With magnetic properties, the adsorbent could easily be collected from aqueous solution using an external magnetic field. The parameters including initial concentration of each dye, adsorbent dosage and sonication time were studied by Box-Behnken design (BBD) and response surface methodology (RSM), while pH was studied by one-at-a-time approach. According to Box-Behnken design based on desirability function (DF), the best experimental conditions was set as initial sunset yellow concentration 10 mgL−1, initial tartrazine concentration 8.5 mgL−1, adsorbent dosage 0.045 g and sonication time of 15 min. The equilibrium data was fitted to different isotherm models and the results revealed the suitability of the Langmuir model. The maximum sorption capacity calculated from the Langmuir model was 28.57 and 26.31 mg g−1 for sunset yellow and tartrazine, respectively. Kinetic data revealed that the adsorption process followed a pseudo-second-order model. The reusability of the magnetite nanoparticles revealed about 8% decrease in the removal efficiency within four consecutive runs.

Simultaneous adsorption of Remazol brilliant blue and Disperse orange dyes on red mud and isotherms for the mixed dye system.

The paper presents the adsorption of Remazol brilliant blue (RBB) and Disperse orange 25 (DO25) dyes from aqueous solution of the mixture of dyes onto concentrated sulphuric acid-treated red mud (ATRM). First-order derivative spectrophotometric method was developed for the analysis of RBB and DO25 in mixed dye aqueous solution to overcome the limitations arising due to interference in the zero-order spectral method. The optimum conditions to maximize RBB adsorption favoured the adsorption of RBB, and those for DO25 favoured DO25 adsorption from the mixed dye aqueous solutions. Presence of a second dye always inhibited the adsorption of a target dye. The uptake and percentage adsorption of each of the dyes onto ATRM from the aqueous solution of the mixture of dyes decreased considerably with increasing concentrations of the other dye showing the antagonistic effect. Monocomponent Langmuir isotherm fitted the mixed dye adsorption equilibrium data better than the monocomponent Freundlich isotherm. However, monocomponent models are suitable for the fixed concentration of the other dye. Modified Langmuir isotherm model adequately predicted the multi-component adsorption equilibrium data for RBB-DO25-ATRM adsorption system with a good accuracy and is more generic from the application point of view.

&lt;i&gt;In vitro&lt;/i&gt; Evaluation of Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole from Fixed-Dose Combination Generic Drugs using Spectrophotometry: Comparison of Flow-Through Cell and USP Paddle Methods

Purpose: To develop a first-order derivative spectrophotometric method for the determination of trimethoprim (TMP) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) from fixed-dose combination generic products using a flow-through cell technique. Methods: Absorbance measurement was achieved at 247.8 and 257.9 nm for trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, respectively. USP Apparatus 4 with 22.6 mm cells, laminar flow at 16 ml/min, and 0.1 N HCl at 37 °C as dissolution medium, were used. Dissolution profiles were compared with modeldependent and independent methods. Results: All the products met the pharmacopeial dissolution criterion (Q ≥ 70 %, at 60 min), except SMX in two products (SC 400 mg and SB1 800 mg) using the flow-through cell (53.62 and 49.74 % dissolved, respectively). Using both USP apparatuses, significant differences in mean dissolution time and dissolution efficiency values were found (p < 0.05). All products were in line with Weibull’s kinetics and significant differences in derived parameters (Td) values were found (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Determination of TMP and SMX by derivative spectrophotometry can easily be employed for dissolution studies using the flow-through cell technique. However, it would be necessary to determine correlation with in-vivo test results in order to assure safe interchangeability. Keywords: Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole, Flow-through cell method, First-order derivative spectrophotometry, Fixed-dose combination generic drugs

Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of phosphate and silicate in different water and soil samples using chemometrics approach

Continuous wavelet transform together with zero-crossing technique was applied to the overlapping visible spectra, as a very simple and accurate method, for the simultaneous determination of phosphate and silicate without any prior separation steps. Daubechies-4, Symlet 8, and Meyer continuous wavelet transforms for signal treatments were found to be suitable. The calibration graphs for estimation of complexes were obtained by measuring the wavelet coefficients at zero-crossing points for silicomolybdenum blue and phosphomolybdenum blue. The constructed calibration functions were tested by analyzing the composition of the different binary mixtures. The experimental data were also analyzed using partial least squares and first-order derivative spectrophotometric method. The proposed method was validated by simultaneous determination of phosphate and silicate in different environmental waters and soil samples. The results of proposed method have been compared with those predicted by partial least squares and standard methods.

Simultaneous removal of binary mixture of Brilliant Green and Crystal Violet using derivative spectrophotometric determination, multivariate optimization and adsorption characterization of dyes on surfactant modified nano-γ-alumina

The present study deals with the simultaneous removal of Brilliant Green (BG) and Crystal Violet (CV) by surfactant-modified alumina. The utilization of alumina nanoparticles with an anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)) as a novel and efficient adsorbent is successfully carried out to remove two cationic dyes from aqueous solutions in binary batch systems. A first-order derivative spectrophotometric method is developed for the simultaneous determination of BG and CV in binary solutions. The linear concentration range and limits of detection for the simultaneous determination of BG and CV were found to be: 1–20, 1–15mg/L, 0.3 and 0.5mg/L, respectively. The influence of various parameters, such as contact time, initial concentration of dyes and sorbent mass on the dye adsorption is investigated. A response surface methodology achieved through performing the Box–Behnken design is utilized to optimize the removal of dyes by surfactant-modified nanoparticle alumina through a batch adsorption process. The proposed quadratic model resulting from the Box–Behnken design approach fitted very well with the experimental data. The optimal conditions for dye removal were contact time t=50min, sorbent dose=0.036g, CBG (Initial BG concentration)=215mg/L and CCV (Initial CV concentration)=170mg/L. Furthermore, FT-IR analysis, the isotherms and kinetics of adsorption were also explored.

Visible light assisted decolorization of azo dyes: Direct Red 16 and Direct Blue 71 in aqueous solution on the p-CuFeO2/n-ZnO system

The photodegradation of Direct Blue 71 (BD71) and Direct Red (DR16) dyes in both single and binary systems on the p-CuFeO2/n-ZnO system is studied under visible light. The effects of operating parameters like irradiation time, pH and initial dye concentration are investigated. The first-order derivative spectrophotometric method is used to analyze simultaneously DB71 and DR16 in binary solutions. The model of the Langmuir–Hinshelwood is applied for the photodegradation kinetic in single solutions. The apparent rate constant of DR71 is slightly higher than that of DR16. The mineralization of the dyes is confirmed by the Total Organic Carbon (TOC) at natural pH. In single system, the mineralization yields of DB71 and DR16 (50mgL−1) are respectively 56 and 52% after 60 of illumination min and increase up to 87 and 84% after 210min. On the contrary, the mineralization in binary system (50mgL−1 DB71+50mgL−1 DR16) is found to be 40% after 60min and reaches 82% after 210min. A photocatalytic degradation mechanism is proposed to explain the high activity under visible light.

VALIDATED FIRST-ORDER DERIVATIVE SPECTROPHOTOMETRY FOR SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF EMTRICITABINE AND TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE IN PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM

A simple, precise, accurate, and economical spectrophotometric method has been developed for simultaneous estimation of emtricitabine(EMB) and tenofovir(TEN) by employing first-order derivative spectrophotometric method. The first derivative spectrum is a plot of the rate of change of absorbance with wavelength against wavelength (dA /dλ versus λ). It is characterized by a maximum, minimum and a cross- over point at the λmax of the absorption band. The linearity was established over the concentration range of 6-16 μg/mL and 9-24 μg/mL for EMB and TEN with correlation coefficients 0.9994and 0.9992, respectively. The mean percentage recoveries were found to be 99.99% for EMB and 100.43%for TEN. The proposed method has been validated as per ICH guidelines and successfully applied for the simultaneous estimation of EMB and TEN in combined tablet dosage form.

Removal of dyes by an integrated process coupling adsorption and photocatalysis in batch mode

This work deals with an integrated process, coupling adsorption with photocatalysis for removal of two basic dyes, basic yellow 28 (BY28) and basic blue 41 (BB41). In a first step, adsorption of the two dyes by activated carbon prepared from wild olive stones (AC-WOS) prepared from wild olive stones was investigated in batch mode for single and binary systems. The effects of pH, amount of adsorbent, temperature, and initial concentration on adsorption kinetics and equilibrium, for both single and binary mixtures, were investigated. A first-order derivative spectrophotometric method was used to analyze BB41 and BY28 in binary solutions. The mono and multi-component Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were applied to the experimental data and the corresponding constants were calculated. The maximum adsorption capacities of BB41 and BY28 were, respectively, 286.532 and 118.203 mg g−1 for single systems and 380.228 and 82.101 mg g−1 for binary systems. The rate of adsorption follows pseudo-second order kinetics. The thermodynamics constants ΔH ads, ΔS ads, and ΔG ads were evaluated. The results showed that adsorption from a single solution is endothermic and spontaneous. AC-WOS was used as post-treatment and adsorption was coupled with light-driven catalysis over the hetero-system CuFeO2–ZnO. Significant degradation of BB41 and BY28 in single solutions was achieved after ~2 h under optimum conditions.

Development and Validation of First-Order Derivative Spectrophotometry for Simultaneous Determination of Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride and Phenylephrine Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Dosage Form

A simple, precise, accurate, and economical spectrophotometric method has been developed for simultaneous estimation of levocetirizine dihydrochloride (LCT) and phenylephrine hydrochloride (PHE) by employing first-order derivative spectrophotometric method. The first-order derivative absorption at 240 nm (zero crossing point of PHE) was used for quantification of LCT and 283.2 nm (zero crossing point of LCT) for quantification of PHE. The linearity was established over the concentration range of 4–24 μg/mL and 8–48 μg/mL for LCT and PHE with correlation coefficients (r2) 0.9964 and 0.9972, respectively. The mean % recoveries were found to be in the range of 99.14%–100.43% for LCT and 98.73%–100.83% for PHE. The proposed method has been validated as per ICH guideline and successfully applied for the simultaneous estimation of LCT and PHE in combined tablet dosage form.

A sensitive and specific high-performance thin-layer chromatography-densitometry method for determination of Rebamipide in the bulk material and in pharmaceutical formulation

Rebamipide (RBP), α((4-chlorobenzoyl)-amino)-1,2-dihydro-2-oxo-4-quinoline propanoic acid is antiulcer (gastric cytoprotectant). Literature survey revealed many reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) methods for determination of RBP in human plasma, rat plasma, and coionic tissue. Stability-indicating liquid chromatographic assay method and first-order derivative spectrophotometric methods have been established for the determination of RBP in bulk and tablet dosage form. Nowadays, high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) is becoming a routine analytical technique due to its low operating cost, high sample throughput, and need for minimum sample clean up. The major advantage of HPTLC is that several samples can be run simultaneously using a small quantity of mobile phase unlike HPLC, thus lowering analysis time and cost per analysis. The intention of the present work is to establish simple, precise, and accurate stability-indicating densitometric thin-layer chromatography (TLC)-densitometry method for analysis of RBP in the bulk material and in tablets. Further the developed method has to be validated as per the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines.

Quantitative estimation of diacerein in bulk and in capsule formulation using hydrotropic solubilizing agents by UV-spectrophotometry and the first order derivative using the area under curve method

Purpose: This study was designed to develop and validate two simple, rapid, and economical UV-spectrophotometric and the first-order derivative methods using the area under curve method for estimation of diacerein in bulk and in capsule formulation. Materials and Methods: In this study, hydrotrophic solution of 8 M urea and 0.5 M potassium citrate were employed as the solubilizing agent to solubilize a poorly water-soluble drug, diacerein. In the UV-spectrophotometry method, two wavelengths 252.0 nm and 266.2 nm and in the first-order derivative spectrophotometric methods two wavelengths 259.4 nm and 274.2 nm in 8 M urea and two wavelengths 247.8 nm and 267.4 nm in the UV-spectrophotometry method and in the first-order derivative spectrophotometric methods two wavelengths 259.2 nm and 274.2 nm in 0.5 M potassium citrate were selected for determination of areas. Results: Hydrotrophic agents used did not interfere in spectrophotometric analysis of diacerein. Diacerein followed linearity in the concentration range of 2–12 μg/mL with a coefficient correlation of 0.999 for both methods. Conclusion: The amount of drugs estimated by both proposed methods are in good accord with label claim. The % RSD value in recovery, precision, and ruggedness studies are found to be less than 2 indicate that the method is accurate, precise, and rugged.