First-line Treatment Option Research Articles

Changes in the treatment landscape of metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer following approval of upfront androgen receptor signaling inhibitors: A multicenter study.

A multicenter database was utilized to examine the current treatment landscape and clinical outcomes among patients with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) following approval of upfront androgen receptor signaling inhibitors (ARSIs). We retrospectively analyzed patients with mHSPC who commenced treatment between February 2018 and June 2023. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to assess oncological outcomes, including time to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), progression-free survival 2 (PFS2, duration from initial treatment to tumor progression during second-line treatment), cancer-specific survival (CSS), and overall survival (OS). Cox regression analyses were performed to determine the impact of treatment choices on oncological outcomes. In addition, the incidence rate of adverse events was assessed. In total, 829 patients were analyzed; 42.5% received ARSIs with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), 44.0% received combined androgen blockade (CAB), and 13.5% received ADT alone. Kaplan-Meier curves and multivariate Cox regression analyses indicated higher rates of CRPC and shorter PFS2 in patients treated with CAB versus ARSIs with ADT. By contrast, CSS and OS were not significantly different between the ARSI with ADT group and the CAB group. Grades 3-4 adverse events occurred in 1.9% of patients receiving CAB and 6.0% of those receiving ARSIs with ADT. Initial treatment with ARSIs in combination with ADT resulted in a longer time to CRPC and longer PFS2 compared to CAB. Although CAB and ADT alone were associated with fewer adverse events, ARSIs with ADT should be considered a first-line treatment option given its superior oncological outcomes.

Neoadjuvant therapy of sequential TACE, camrelizumab, and apatinib for single huge hepatocellular carcinoma (NEO-START): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundThe high recurrence rate after liver resection emphasizes the urgent need for neoadjuvant therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to enhance the overall prognosis for patients. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, camrelizumab combined with an anti-angiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) apatinib, have emerged as a first-line treatment option for patients with unresectable HCC, yet its neoadjuvant application in combination with transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) in HCC remains unexplored. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the efficacy and safety of sequential TACE, camrelizumab, and apatinib as a neoadjuvant therapy for single, huge HCC.MethodsThis multi-center, open-label randomized phase 3 trial will be conducted at 7 tertiary hospitals. Patients with single huge (≥ 10 cm in diameter), resectable HCC will be randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to arm of surgery alone or arm of neoadjuvant therapy followed by surgery. In the neoadjuvant therapy group, patients will receive TACE within 1 week after randomization, followed by camrelizumab (200 mg q2w, 4 cycles), along with apatinib (250 mg qd, 2 months). Patients will receive liver resection after neoadjuvant therapy unless the disease is assessed as progressive. The primary outcome is recurrence-free survival (RFS) at 1 year. The planned sample size of 60 patients will be calculated to permit the accumulation of sufficient RFS events in 1 year to achieve 80% power for the RFS primary endpoint.DiscussionSynergistic effects provided by multimodality therapy of locoregional treatment, TKI, and anti-programmed cell death 1 inhibitor significantly improved overall survival for patients with unresectable HCC. Our trial will investigate the efficacy and safety of the triple combination of TACE, camrelizumab, and apatinib as a neoadjuvant strategy for huge, resectable HCC.Trial registrationwww.chitr.org.cn ChiCTR2300078086. Registered on November 28, 2023. Start recruitment: 1st January 2024. Expected completion of recruitment: 15th June 2025.

Retrospective Evaluation of Survival and Prognostic Factors in Immune Thrombocytopenia: A Single-Center and Cross-Sectional Study.

Background and Objectives: Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the autoantibody-mediated destruction of platelets. The treatment of ITP aims to maintain a sufficient platelet count to prevent bleeding. First-line treatment options include corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), while second-line treatments include splenectomy, rituximab and other immunosuppressive agents, and thrombopoietin (TPO) receptor agonists. This study aims to discuss the treatment methods and results from 100 patients with ITP at the Muğla Training and Research Hospital through a pharmacological approach. Materials and Methods: Demographic characteristics, clinical findings, bone marrow aspiration and biopsy results, and treatments and treatment responses at the time of diagnosis of the 100 patients with ITP who were treated and followed up in the period 2015-2023 were evaluated retrospectively. Results: In the third month after treatment, the overall response percentage was 100% in patients who received steroids only and 88% in patients who received IVIg treatment alone or in combination with steroids (p > 0.05). The most preferred second-line treatments were splenectomy (41%), eltrombopag (26%), and rituximab (10%). Bone marrow biopsy was performed in 54% of patients, where 35.1% showed increased megakaryocytes, 44.4% adequate megakaryocytes, and 14.8% decreased megakaryocytes. It is noted that eltrombopag and rituximab, in particular, yield higher complete remission rates than immunosuppressive drugs. Conclusions: Considering the side effects of immunosuppressive medications, IVIg, splenectomy, and steroid therapy, the use of new agents such as eltrombopag, which are easily tolerated and have a lower risk of side effects, is expected to increase.

Secretory Trefoil Factor 1 (TFF1) promotes gemcitabine resistance through chemokine receptor CXCR4 in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Gemcitabine is the first-line treatment option for patients with locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, the frequent adoption of resistance to gemcitabine by cancer cells poses a significant challenge in treating this aggressive disease. In this study, we focused on analyzing the role of trefoil factor 1 (TFF1) in gemcitabine resistance in PDAC. Analysis of PDAC TCGA and cell line datasets indicated an enrichment of TFF1 in the gemcitabine-resistant classical subtype and suggested an inverse correlation between TFF1 expression and sensitivity to gemcitabine treatment. The genetic ablation of TFF1 in PDAC cells enhanced their sensitivity to gemcitabine treatment in both in vitro and in vivo tumor xenografts. The biochemical studies revealed that TFF1 contributes to gemcitabine resistance through enhanced stemness, increasing migration ability of cancer cells, and induction of anti-apoptotic genes. We further pursued studies to predict possible receptors exerting TFF1-mediated gemcitabine resistance. Protein-protein docking investigations with BioLuminate software revealed that TFF1 binds to the chemokine receptor CXCR4, which was supported by real-time binding analysis of TFF1 and CXCR4 using SPR studies. The exogenous addition of TFF1 increased the proliferation and migration of PDAC cells through the pAkt/pERK axis, which was abrogated by treatment with a CXCR4-specific antagonist AMD3100. Overall, the present study demonstrates the contribution of the TFF1-CXCR4 axis in imparting gemcitabine resistance properties to PDAC cells.

First-Line Aspiration Thrombectomy of M2 Occlusions with a Novel Reperfusion Catheter (REDTM 62): Real-World Experience from Two Tertiary Comprehensive Stroke Centers.

The direct aspiration first pass technique (ADAPT) is an effective and safe endovascular treatment for distal medium vessel occlusions (DMVOs). We evaluated technical features and initial results of a novel reperfusion catheter (REDTM 62) used for frontline aspiration thrombectomy of M2 occlusions in acute ischemic stroke patients. Appropriate aspiration catheters are crucial for a successful ADAPT maneuver; however, the selection of catheters suitable for smaller-sized vessels is scarce compared to the ones for large vessel occlusions. All patients treated with ADAPT using REDTM 62 as the frontline treatment approach for acute M2 occlusions between December 2022 and February 2024 were retrospectively enrolled. Demographic data, procedural timings and safety, recanalization rates, and outcome data were recorded. Twenty patients with a median admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score of 8 were identified. Successful revascularization (DMVO-thrombolysis in cerebral infarction [TICI]≥2b) with REDTM 62 aspiration thrombectomy was obtained in 65.0% (13/20) of cases. The first pass effect was 45.0% (9/20). In 2 cases, the REDTM 62 did not reach the clot due to marked distal vessel tortuosity. Stent retrievers were additionally used in 9 cases and led to an overall DMVO-TICI 2c/3 of 90.0% (18/20). Mean procedural time was 48 minutes. No complications directly related to ADAPT occurred. In-hospital mortality rate was 20.0% (4/20). The median discharge NIHSS score was 2.5. A good functional outcome at discharge (modified Rankin scale 0-2) was achieved in 55.0% (11/20) of cases. Our initial experiences with the novel REDTM 62 reperfusion catheter for treatment of M2 occlusions is in line with published data. ADAPT using this catheter may be considered as a safe and effective first-line treatment option. Further studies are warranted to validate the initial results.

A Podcast on Platinum Eligibility and Treatment Sequencing in Platinum-Eligible Patients with Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma.

The treatment landscape for patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma continues to evolve. Enfortumab vedotin plus pembrolizumab has received Food and Drug Administration approval based on recent phase 3 trial data showing superior efficacy compared with first-line platinum-based chemotherapy; however, its distinct toxicity profile may make it less suitable for some patients, and availability in some countries may be limited by cost considerations. Consequently, platinum-based chemotherapy is expected to remain an important first-line treatment option. Choice of platinum regimen (cisplatin- or carboplatin-based) is informed by assessment of clinical characteristics, including performance status, kidney function, and presence of peripheral neuropathy or heart failure. For patients without disease progression after completing platinum-based chemotherapy, avelumab first-line maintenance treatment is recommended by international guidelines. For patients who have disease progression, pembrolizumab is the preferred approach. Additionally, following results from a recent phase 3 trial, nivolumab plus cisplatin-based chemotherapy has also received Food and Drug Administration approval and is an additional first-line treatment option for cisplatin-eligible patients. Later-line options for patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma, depending on prior treatment, may include enfortumab vedotin, erdafitinib (for patients with FGFR2/3 mutations or fusions/rearrangements), sacituzumab govitecan, and platinum rechallenge. For the small proportion of patients ineligible for any platinum-based chemotherapy (i.e., unsuitable for cisplatin or carboplatin), immune checkpoint inhibitor monotherapy with pembrolizumab or atezolizumab is a first-line treatment option, although approved agents vary between countries. In summary, this podcast discusses recent developments in the treatment landscape for advanced urothelial carcinoma, eligibility for platinum-based chemotherapy, potential first-line treatment options, and treatment sequencing. Supplementary file1 (MP4 246907 KB).

Life-threatening amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis – Personalized approach to radical treatment

ObjectiveAmiodarone is an iodine-rich molecule and an effective antiarrhythmic drug. It is a first-line treatment for patients with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and for prevention in patients at high risk. The use of amiodarone may cause serious adverse effects such as pharmacotherapy-resistant, life-threatening amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT)leading to rapid deterioration of the patient's condition.According to the European Thyroid Association (ETA) guidelines, emergency thyroidectomy is the first-line treatment option in these cases. ; however, is not always feasible in the clinical setting due to the high anesthetic risk.We aimed to assess the clinical course and results of urgent thyroidectomy and 131-I therapy in patients with severe AIT with worsening of cardiac status. MethodsRetrospective analysis of the clinical course and outcomes of life-threatening AIT refractory to pharmacotherapy in patients hospitalized at a tertiary endocrinology center between 2014 and 2022. ResultsAn electronic database search identified 75 patients hospitalized for severe AIT. At the time of AIT diagnosis, median Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration was 0.001 mIU/L (range 0.001–0.35), fT4 63.2 pmol/L (range 9.0 - >100), and fT3 10.2 pmol/L (range 3.8–49.3). All patients received optimal conservative treatment. Among them, 20 required urgent radical therapy due to worsening arrhythmias and/or AIT-related heart failure. In this group, 6 patients died before any radical treatment was applied, 6 underwent total thyroidectomy, while 8 patients were successfully treated with 131-I (in 6 cases after rhTSH stimulation). The median dose of 131-I used for the therapy was 784MBq (range 627–860). The decision to treat with 131-I despite low but detectable 131-I uptake (median value 6 %) was made in cases of significant contraindications to anesthesia due to refractory ventricular arrhythmias, exacerbation of severe heart failure unresponsive to cardiac treatment, myocardial infarction during AIT course, massive pulmonary embolism. ConclusionThe decision regarding the optimal time and type of radical treatment of AIT refractory to pharmacotherapy is critical for patients management and should not be delayed. Urgent therapy with 131-I may be an effective therapeutic option in patients who are unsuitable for thyroidectomy due to the high risk of anesthesia.

Impact of EML4-ALK Variants and Co-Occurring TP53 Mutations on Duration of First-Line ALK Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Treatment and Overall Survival in ALK Fusion-Positive NSCLC: Real-World Outcomes From the GuardantINFORM database

IntroductionTyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are first-line treatment options for ALK-positive (ALK+) NSCLC. Factors such as variant allele frequencies (VAFs), EML4-ALK fusion variant, and concurrent TP53 mutations (TP53mt) in circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) may affect treatment outcomes. We evaluated their effects on time to discontinuation (TTD) of first-line treatment with next-generation ALK TKIs in a real-world setting. MethodsAdults with advanced or metastatic NSCLC and ctDNA-detected ALK fusion who received first-line next-generation ALK TKI monotherapy were identified in GuardantINFORM. Effects of ALK fusion VAF, EML4-ALK variants, and TP53mt detection on TTD were evaluated. ResultsA total of 307 patients with ALK fusion in baseline ctDNA received first-line alectinib (n = 280), brigatinib (n = 15), lorlatinib (n = 9), or ceritinib (n = 3); 150 patients (49%) had ALK-fusion VAF greater than or equal to 1%. Among 232 patients with EML4-ALK fusions (v1, 50%; v3, 36%), TP53mt co-occurred with v1 in 42 (18%) and v3 in 32 (14%). Patients with VAF less than 1% versus greater than or equal to 1% had a median TTD of 32.2 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 20.7–not estimable [NE]) versus 14.7 months (10.4–19.9; hazard ratio [HR] = 1.57 [95% CI: 1.09–2.26]; p = 0.0146). Median TTD was 13.1 (9.5–19.9) versus 27.6 months (17.3–NE) in patients with versus without TP53mt detected (HR = 1.53 [1.07–2.19]; p = 0.0202) and 20.3 (14.4–NE) versus 11.5 months (7.4–31.1) in patients with v1 versus v3 (HR = 1.29 [0.83–2.01]; p = 0.2641). Patients with TP53mt and v3 had a median TTD of 7.4 months (95% CI: 4.2–31.1). ConclusionHigh ctDNA VAF, EML4-ALK v3, and TP53mt were associated with early discontinuation of first-line ALK TKIs.

Finotonlimab with chemotherapy in recurrent or metastatic head and neck cancer: a randomized phase 3 trial.

Immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy regimen has been shown to be effective in recurrent or metastatic (R/M) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, due to the small number of patients, its efficacy remains controversial in Asian populations, particularly in mainland China. Here a randomized, double-blind phase 3 trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of finotonlimab (SCT-I10A), a programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) monoclonal antibody, combined with cisplatin plus 5-fluorouracil (C5F) for the first-line treatment of R/M HNSCC. Eligible patients (n = 370) were randomly 2:1 assigned to receive finotonlimab plus C5F (n = 247) or placebo plus C5F (n = 123). The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS). In the finotonlimab plus C5F group, OS was 14.1 months (95% confidence interval (CI) 11.1-16.4), compared with 10.5 months (95% CI 8.1-11.8) in the placebo plus C5F group. The hazard ratio was 0.73 (95% CI 0.57-0.95, P = 0.0165), meeting the predefined superiority criteria for the primary endpoint. Finotonlimab plus C5F showed significant OS superiority compared with C5F alone and acceptable safety profile with R/M HNSCC, supporting its use as a first-line treatment option for R/M HNSCC. These results validate the efficacy and safety of the combination of finotonlimab and C5F in Asian patients with R/M HNSCC. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04146402 .

Immunomodulatory effects of antiangiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitors in renal cell carcinoma models: Impact on following anti-PD-1 treatments

The approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionized the management of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC), introducing several ICI-based combinations as the new standard of care for affected patients. Nonetheless, monotherapy with antiangiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as pazopanib or sunitinib, still represents a first-line treatment option for selected patients belonging to the favorable risk group according to the International mRCC Database Consortium (IMDC) model. After TKI monotherapy, the main second-line option is represented by ICI monotherapy with the anti-Programmed Death Receptor 1(PD-1) nivolumab.To date, the expected clinical outcomes are similar with pazopanib or sunitinib and there is no clear indication for selecting one TKI over the other. Moreover, their impact on subsequent ICI treatment outcomes is not well defined, yet.Based on these premises, we investigated the immunomodulatory activity of these drugs in vitro and in vivo.Both TKIs induced Programmed Cell Death Ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression and soluble PD-L1 release in RCC cells, and hampered T cell activation, reducing cytokine production and the proportion of activated T cells. Nevertheless, in a syngeneic co-culture system with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and tumor cells, incubation with anti-PD-1 antibody following TKIs treatment significantly restored T cell function, potentiating the cytotoxic effects against tumor cells. Pazopanib and sunitinib followed by anti-PD-1 antibody produced a comparable inhibition of tumor growth in a RCC syngeneic mouse model. Our findings suggest that pazopanib and sunitinib, showing similar immunomodulatory effects, may have a comparable impact on the subsequent effectiveness of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade.

Emerging chemotherapy-based treatments in anaplastic thyroid cancer: an updated analysis of prospective studies.

For patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) without mutational driver genes, chemotherapy is suggested to be the first-line treatment option. However, the benefits of chemotherapy in treating ATC are limited. In this analysis, we collected the prospective data reported since 2010 to analyze the emerging chemotherapy-based treatments in ATC comprehensively. For this updated analysis, we searched PubMed (MEDLINE), Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane CENTRAL databases from 1 January 2010 to 7 February 2024 for prospective clinical studies that contained chemotherapy-based treatments. This analysis was done to pool overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rates (ORRs), disease control rates (DCRs), and grade 3 or worse treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs). Six prospective clinical trials with 232 patients were included. Chemotherapy was commonly combined with targeted therapy or radiotherapy. The pooled median OS was 6.0 months (95% CI 4.1-9.7), and the median PFS was 3.2 months (95% CI 1.9-6.0) in patients with ATC who received chemotherapy-based strategies. The integrated ORR and DCR were 21% (95% CI 15%-27%) and 64% (95% CI 55%-72%), respectively. Regarding the grade 3 or worse TRAE, the pooled incidence was 68% (95% CI 47%-86%). Although the emerging chemotherapy-based treatments showed antitumor activity in patients with ATC, these strategies failed to prolong the survival time substantially. More practical, safe, and novel therapeutic regimens for patients with ATC warrant further investigations.

Study on the Mechanism of the Combination of Methotrexate and Leflunomide in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis Based on Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and in vitro Experimental Verification.

To date, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are widely used as the primary first-line treatment option for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and the curative effect of methotrexate (MTX) and leflunomide (LEF; MTX + LEF) is greater than that of single-agent MTX therapy, but the synergistic mechanism of MTX + LEF is unclear. First, we explored the mechanism of action of MTX + LEF in RA through network pharmacology and molecular docking. Venn diagram analysis revealed 97 overlapping gene targets of MTX + LEF-RA and STRING, along with Cytoscape plug-in MOCDE and cytoHubba; and GO enrichment analysis revealed that the functions of 97 synergistic targets were related to 123 molecular functions (MF), 63 cell components (CC), and 1,068 biological processes (BP). The Cytoscape plug-in ClueGO demonstrated that these targets were enriched in KEGG pathways of 52 terms, whereas 9 pivotal genes were mainly involved in the signaling pathways of estrogen, Ras, Rap1, PI3K-Akt, relaxin, TNF, AMPK, FoxO, prolactin, IL-17, and adherens junction. Finally, CETSA and DARTS validated the direct binding of MTX or LEF to the selected target proteins EGFR, PPARG, MMP9, and SRC in RAW264.7 cells. We identified 292 MTX targets and 247 LEF targets from 7 databases. Furthermore, 2,814 potential targets of RA were identified by merging 1,925 targets from 7 databases and 999 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between normal controls and patients with RA extracted from 5 GEO databases. Nine pivotal genes, ESR1, ALB, CASP3, EGFR, HSP90AA1, SRC, MMP9, PPARG, and IGF1, were identified. Molecular docking verified that both MTX and LEF strongly bind to most of the 9 pivotal proteins except ESR1 and IGF1. These results contribute to our understanding of the enhancement mechanism of MTX combined with LEF and provide a targeted basis for the clinical treatment of RA.

Early dose reduction of dasatinib does not compromise clinical outcomes in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia: A comparative analysis of two prospective trials

Dasatinib is a potent second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) used as a first-line treatment option for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Currently, dose modification due to adverse events (AEs) is common in patients treated with dasatinib. This study compared the outcomes of two sequential prospective trials that enrolled patients with newly diagnosed chronic phase of CML (CP-CML) and initiated dasatinib at a starting dose of 100 mg daily. In the PCR-DEPTH study, CP-CML patients who started dasatinib 100 mg daily were enrolled and followed up, while in the DAS-CHANGE study, when patients achieved early molecular response with any grade of AEs were enrolled and treated with dasatinib 80 mg once daily. A total of 102 patients (PCR-DEPTH) and 90 patients (DAS-CHANGE) were compared. Although the median value of the relative dose intensity (RDI) of dasatinib was significantly higher in PCR-DEPTH than in DAS-CHANGE (99.6 % vs. 80.1 %, p <0.001), the MMR rate at 12months showed a trend toward superiority in DAS-CHANGE compared to PCR-DEPTH (77.1 % vs 65.2 %, p = 0.084). The frequencies of MR4.0 at 24 and 36 months were higher in DAS-CHANGE than in PCR-DEPTH (44.4 % vs 28.8 %, p = 0.052 and 63.6 % vs 40.3 %, p= 0.013, respectively). RDIs were not different according to the MMR, MR4.0 or MR4.5 in analyses using a pooled population. Our results suggest that early dose reduction of dasatinib does not compromise efficacy in patients achieving EMR at 3 months and could be an interventional strategy for improving long term outcomes.

An Online Decision Aid for Patients With Metastatic Melanoma.

Treatment decisions in metastatic melanoma (MM) are highly dependent on patient preferences and require the patients' involvement. The complexity of treatment options with their individual advantages and disadvantages is often overwhelming. We therefore developed an online patient decision aid (PtDA) to facilitate shared decision making (SDM). To evaluate the PtDA we conducted a two-armed, twocenter, prospective, open randomized controlled trial with MM patients who were facing a decision about first-line treatment. The patients were allotted randomly in a 1:1 ratio to an intervention group (IG) with access to the PtDA before discussion with a physician or to a control group (CG) without access to the PtDA. The primary endpoint was knowledge about the options for first-line treatment (multiple-choice test, 10 items, range 0-40 points). The secondary endpoints were the SDM (third-party ratings of audio recordings of the treatment discussions) and satisfaction with the decision at the follow-up visit. Of the 128 randomized patients, 120 completed the baseline questionnaire and were analyzed (59% male, median age 66 years). The primary endpoint, i.e., the mean difference in knowledge after discussion with a physician, differed significantly between the IG and the CG (-3.22, 95% CI [-6.32; -0.12], p = 0.042). No differences were found for the secondary endpoints, SDM and satisfaction with the decision. The patients in the IG rated the PtDA as very useful. The PtDA improved the knowledge of patients with MM about the options for treatment. Both groups were highly satisfied with their treatment decisions. However, additional physician training seems necessary to promote SDM.

Long-Term Outcomes of Additional Surgery After Endoscopic Resection Versus Primary Surgery for T1 Colorectal Cancer.

There is considerable concern about whether endoscopic resection (ER) before additional surgery (AS) for T1 colorectal cancer (CRC) has oncologically potential adverse effects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the long-term outcomes, including overall survival (OS), of patients treated with AS after ER vs primary surgery (PS) for T1 CRC using a propensity score-matched analysis from a large observational study. This study investigated 6,105 patients with T1 CRC treated with either ER or surgical resection between 2009 and 2016 at 27 high-volume Japanese institutions, with those undergoing surgery alone included in the PS group and those undergoing AS after ER included in the AS group. Propensity score matching was used for long-term outcomes of mortality and recurrence analysis. After propensity score matching, 1,219 of 2,438 patients were identified in each group. The 5-year OS rates in the AS and PS groups were 97.1% and 96.0%, respectively (hazard ratio: 0.72, 95% confidence interval: 0.49-1.08), indicating the noninferiority of the AS group. Moreover, 32 patients (2.6%) in the AS group and 24 (2.0%) in the PS group had recurrences, with no significant difference between the 2 groups (odds ratio: 1.34, 95% confidence interval: 0.76-2.40, P = 0.344). ER before AS for T1 CRC had no adverse effect on patients' long-term outcomes, including the 5-year OS rate. ER is a viable first-line treatment option for endoscopically resectable T1 CRC.

Efficacy and Safety of Atezolizumab as a PD-L1 Inhibitor in the Treatment of Cervical Cancer: A Systematic Review.

The efficacy and safety of PD-L1 inhibitors in the treatment of cervical cancer is an ongoing research question. This review aims to establish a clear profile of atezolizumab, examining its impact on survival outcomes, response rates, and safety measured by serious adverse events (SAEs). A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, focusing on articles published up to February 2024. The review followed the PRISMA guidelines and synthesized outcomes from four randomized trial studies involving atezolizumab administered at 1200 mg IV every three weeks, alone or in combination with chemoradiotherapy. A total of 284 patients received atezolizumab, the majority being advanced stage cervical cancer (IVA-IVB). Median follow-up times ranged from 9 weeks to 32.9 months. It was found that combining atezolizumab with standard therapies extended median progression-free survival (PFS) from 10.4 to 13.7 months and overall survival (OS) from 22.8 to 32.1 months, according to the phase III trial. Monotherapy and initial treatment settings with atezolizumab also showed promising efficacy, with disease-free survival rates at 24 months reaching 79% compared to 52% with standard therapy alone. However, the treatment was associated with high rates of SAEs, reaching up to 79% in more intensive treatment combinations. Atezolizumab demonstrates significant potential in improving PFS and OS in patients with cervical cancer, supporting its inclusion as a first-line treatment option. Despite the efficacy benefits, the high incidence of SAEs necessitates careful patient selection and management strategies to mitigate risks. This systematic review supports the continued evaluation of atezolizumab in broader clinical trials to refine its therapeutic profile and safety measures in the context of cervical cancer treatment.

Assessing the Effectiveness of Voice Therapy Techniques in Treating Dysphonia: An Otolaryngological Review.

Dysphonia is a prevalent condition that can impact individuals across all age groups. It occurs when normal voice quality is altered, caused by structural and/or functional issues. Evaluation and assessment from clinicians are warranted if dysphonia persists for more than four weeks and/or is coupled with risk factors or other concerning clinical manifestations. Additionally, voice disorders can increase the risk of depression and anxiety disorders, as well as raise stress levels and lower self-reported health indicators. Dysphonia can have a substantial influence on interpersonal interactions and lower overall quality of life since effective communication relies significantly on spoken language. Hence, managing dysphonia is essential for enhancing communication abilities, improving quality of life, maintaining vocational functioning, promoting psychological well-being, and addressing underlying health concerns. Speech and language therapy, medical management, surgery, or a combination of the aforementioned are all possible treatments for dysphonia. Speech and language therapy is often the first-line treatment option for dysphonia patients who do not meet the criteria for surgical intervention. Voice therapy is often beneficial and remains the first line of treatment, even when patients approach with benign vocal fold nodules. A well-designed voice therapy program improves both the quality of life and vocal performance. The majority of the studies in the existing literature advocate for and report beneficial outcomes associated with voice therapy; however, more research is needed to provide evidence-based findings to guide clinical practice and achieve optimal outcomes. This comprehensive review elaborately highlights the utilization and efficacy of various voice therapeutic modalities utilized for the management of dysphonia in light of current literature.

Isatuximab, Bortezomib, Lenalidomide, and Dexamethasone for Multiple Myeloma

BackgroundBortezomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone (VRd) is a preferred first-line treatment option for patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Whether the addition of the anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody isatuximab to the VRd regimen would reduce the risk of disease progression or death among patients ineligible to undergo transplantation is unclear.MethodsIn an international, open-label, phase 3 trial, we randomly assigned, in a 3:2 ratio, patients 18 to 80 years of age with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma who were ineligible to undergo transplantation to receive either isatuximab plus VRd or VRd alone. The primary efficacy end point was progression-free survival. Key secondary end points included a complete response or better and minimal residual disease (MRD)–negative status in patients with a complete response.ResultsA total of 446 patients underwent randomization. At a median follow-up of 59.7 months, the estimated progression-free survival at 60 months was 63.2% in the isatuximab-VRd group, as compared with 45.2% in the VRd group (hazard ratio for disease progression or death, 0.60; 98.5% confidence interval, 0.41 to 0.88; P<0.001). The percentage of patients with a complete response or better was significantly higher in the isatuximab-VRd group than in the VRd group (74.7% vs. 64.1%, P=0.01), as was the percentage of patients with MRD-negative status and a complete response (55.5% vs. 40.9%, P=0.003). No new safety signals were observed with the isatuximab-VRd regimen. The incidence of serious adverse events during treatment and the incidence of adverse events leading to discontinuation were similar in the two groups.ConclusionsIsatuximab-VRd was more effective than VRd as initial therapy in patients 18 to 80 years of age with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma who were ineligible to undergo transplantation. (Funded by Sanofi and a Cancer Center Support Grant; IMROZ ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03319667.)

Cost-effectiveness of tislelizumab plus chemotherapy vs chemotherapy as first-line treatment of PD-L1 positive advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma from a Chinese perspective

ABSTRACT Background This work was designed to assess the cost-effectiveness of front-line tislelizumab plus chemotherapy (TIS+Chemo) in advanced gastric cancer (GC) or gastroesophageal junction cancer (GEJC) with positive expression of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) from the perspective of Chinese healthcare system. Research design and methods A 10-year partitioned survival model was undertaken utilizing clinical data from RATIONALE 305. Costs and utilities were both discounted at an annual rate of 5%. The primary outcome was incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) and calculated as the cost per quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). The willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold was set as $18,625/QALY. Only direct medical costs were considered. Sensitivity analyses and subgroup analyses were performed to evaluate the robustness of the model. Results In the base-case analysis, the incremental cost and effectiveness associated with TIS+Chemo vs Chemo was 7,361 and 0.38 QALYs, respectively, leading to an ICER of 19,371/QALY. At the WTP threshold of $18,625/QALY, the TIS+Chemo was not a cost-effective first-line treatment option. The model outcomes were robust. Conclusions TIS+Chemo did not provide a cost-effective approach for PD-L1 positive advanced GC/GEJC in China setting. However, TIS+Chemo might be cost-effective in provinces with higher WTP threshold. Clinical trial registration RATIONALE 305, www.clinicaltrials.gov, identifier is NCT03777657.

Graves’ ophthalmopathy: the clinical and psychosocial outcomes of different medical interventions – a systematic review

BackgroundGraves’ ophthalmopathy is a complex autoimmune disorder that can significantly affect quality of life (QoL), vision and physical appearance. Recently, a deeper understanding of the underlying pathogenesis has led to...