First Half Of 20th Century Research Articles

Grevenius granulifer (Thulin, 1928) revised: a fresh look at one of the most intensively studied water bears (Eutardigrada: Isohypsibioidea)

AbstractRedescriptions of species established in the incipient stage of tardigrade taxonomy, in the first half of 20th century, have currently become a routine. Especially type species of all genera should undergo an urgent revision to allow more precise diagnoses and unravel species complexes. Herein, an aquatic species Grevenius granulifer is amended based on the topotypic population from a pond in the Botanical Garden of Lund. Detailed qualitative and quantitative characters alongside a full set of standard DNA barcodes (18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, ITS-2, and COI) are provided. This will open a window for systematic works on other representatives of Grevenius and delivers new data on rarely addressed freshwater tardigrades.

Japan’s Educational Journalism and Joseon Education in the First Half of 20th Century

Japan’s Educational Journalism and Joseon Education in the First Half of 20th Century

INFLUENCE OF MODERNISM ON POST-INDEPENDENCE INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

The modern architecture, which was conceived as a reaction to the chaos and eclecticism of the earlier 19th century was taking its shape in the late 19th century and earlier 20th century. The exact timeline in which the modern movement in architecture started in the world cannot be described with precision. But ‘Modern architecture’ had its origin in the developments of the late 18th century with major thrust on the idea of progress. This movement of modern architecture in India started quite late in the first half of 20th century. Its development in India started with the isolated efforts of some foreign architects’ works. But the movement gained momentum only after the arrival of foreign trained Indian architects with imbibed policy of modernism in their mind. Final thrust to this movement was given by the political patronage bestowed upon the idea of modernism by the then Prime Minister Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru, when he invited Swiss born French architect Le Corbusier to design the state capital city of Chandigarh. This paper delves upon the Influence of Modern architecture of these foreign architects built in India on the Post independence Indian architecture.

Discovery and lectotype designation of Longitarsuscalifornicus (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae, Alticini).

The lectotype of Longitarsuscalifornicus (Motschulsky, 1845) is designated, described, and illustrated. An illustrated key to eight light-colored Longitarsus species known to occur in the western United States is presented. A brief history of Russian entomological collecting in North America during the first half of 19th century, with specimens preserved in Zoological Museum of Moscow University, Moscow and Zoological Institute, St. Petersburg, is provided.

Bombyx vs Sericum: The Humanists’ «Invention» of European Silk at the End of the 15th – First Half of the 16 th Century

This paper deals with the humanists’ historical interpretation of the origin of silk in Europe. The lasting progress of Italian sericulture aroused the interest of intellectuals who turned to study ancient texts on the question of sericulture. Within the growing interest to the origin of things, special attention was paid to the beginnings of silk production in Europe. Based on ancient texts humanists cultivated an idea that in ancient times the women of is Island were the first to learn how to unravel silkworm cocoons for the production of bombazine, called in Latin bombyx. When in the first half of 16th century the work of Procopius of Caesarea «History of Wars» came into knowledge, a new revision began. The renaissance thinkers started to criticize the concept of the ancient sericulture on Cos. It was little by little replaced with the idea that the production technology of «real», Chinese silk (called in Latin sericum) was not known in Europe until the reign of Justinian. This conclusion was one of the factors that predetermined a revision of the authority of ancient knowledge for the modern science.

Report in Documentary Communication in Southern Region of Russia during First Half of 18th Century

This article examines the report as a new type of document in the business writing system of the first half of the 18th century. The aim is to identify common and distinctive features of reports from various institutions in the southern region of Russia. The materials used for this study are documents from the Don Army (State Archive of the Volgograd Region) and the Astrakhan Province (National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia). Through a comparative analysis of their content, functions, and speech organization, it is revealed that all reports were submitted from subordinate subjects to superiors, served informative purposes, and occasionally served as accompanying documents. They shared a similar form (addressee, addresser, title, main text, date, place of creation), although there were variations in the placement of requisites, document titles, and addresser formulas. Differences were also identified, such as the larger number of reports in the documentation of the Don Army and their frequent use as accompanying documents, while Astrakhan reports often contained financial reports. In Don reports, the addresser was referred to in the final formula as “about this report,” while Astrakhan reports only included their name (or signature). It can be concluded that reports were increasingly integrated into official communication, becoming firmly established in the military sphere, and their form became more standardized, reflecting the development of common rules for document management.

Диахронный анализ философского термина “mōrālitās”

The paper explores the origin and semantic derivation of Latin philosophic term “mōrālitās” (“morality”), keeping in mind its generalizing and object-giving function in modern moral philosophy, which is obvious in its derivates in European languages. The semantic derivation of “mōrālitās” is being examined by means of comparative analysis of lexicographical data in three dictionary groups: that of the Late Latin (when the word “mōrālitās” first occurs), of the Medieval Latin (when it enters philosophical lexicon) and that of Early Modern Latin (when the term became widespread and got its modern meaning). To cover the lack of lexicographical information in the latter two groups of dictionaries the study uses Google Books full-text search, which statistically proves, that the term gained popularity only in the first half of 17th century and also gives important clues on the development of its meaning in late scholasticism. In conclusion, it is stated, that semantic derivation of the term in Late, Medieval and Early Modern Latin shares the same common guidelines, namely steady synonymic ties with emerging substantive forms of the adjective “mōrālis” (moral) and term phrases, formed with “mōrālis” and “mōs” (habit, custom). As a result of such a derivation “mōrālitās” came to be highly polysemic term, denoting the very quality of the free and conscious action, its moral worth and the rules to estimate the worth, and the philosophical discipline for doing that, and the subject of this discipline in the same time.

Theological Form of Slovak Culture and Its Current State

The aim of the study is to analyse the form of Slovak culture, which has been linked to Christianity for over a thousand years but has undergone considerable development in recent decades. It is confirmed that the bond between Christianity and culture was not only historically conditioned, but also academically reflected and programmatically formed even in the first half of 20th century. However, communism and secularization brought about changes that affected the original form of culture and influenced the distanced approach to culture from the side of Christianity. The study analyses such approach of the Catholic Church in Slovakia and offers a vision of reform, the principles of which were proposed by Pope Francis during his visit to Slovakia in 2021.

British Travelers and British Travel Writing: An Overview to British Travelers Visiting Albania in the First Half of 19th Century

The Grand Tour played an important role in the education of the aristocratic British youth. Several requirements served for its classical qualification. The Tour lasted from some months to some years. Travelers’ individual choices, spread of diseases, priority to special places, as well as historical events shaped the travel plan. The Tour changed its classical denotation in the 19th century, reflecting a radical social transformation in the British society. The middle class would be engaged in travelling beyond the borders of the British territory. The Romantic traveler of the 19th century differers from the classic traveler of the Grand Tour, stressing heroism and bravery, avoiding scenic descriptions. These travelers resembled the explorer. A term introduced by the Romantics. The dense narrative produced in this period would permit the British public to become familiar with unalike people, experiences, and lands. There are five travellers that visited the Albanian land in the first half of 19th century, during British Romanticims. Dodwell, Hughes, Martin Leake, Urquhart and Best published works mentioning the Albania theme, people, culture, nature, geography. Dodwell’s work is significant because of classical archeology. T.S. Hughes gives information about Ali Pasha and his mystical figure. Topographical data on the Albanian population, customs, and traditions are introduced in Leake’s book. Urquhart looks at the Orient from a philosophical viewpoint. A work about hunting, natural beauty, customs, traditions is written by Best. Therefore, their books give essential information about the country in the first half of this century.

Music education in first half of 20th century in Albania: Its institution and contribution to urban music life

The aim of this research paper is to build the historical journey of the development of music education since its origins until the middle of the 20th century. Based on archival documents and facts, historical and journalistic publications, texts and didactic musical pedagogical methods, as well as in other supplementary materials I present with facts, analysis and generalizing treatments in the historical plane, the path of the formation and development of the music education tradition as part of general education system and also outside it. The research model was historical research which underpins all other research into music education as even the most contemporary facts have already occurred. The technique for analysing archival documents in the context of music education were document identification, document evaluation, content analysis, interpretation of the findings from the archival documents and synthesize the information to form a coherent narrative or analysis of music education practices descriptive analysis of the technical character of music methods that is made to each document stored in the Central State Archive (CSA), the comparative method for the recognition and contributions given by every religious educational institution in Scutari or secular in the four cities. To accomplish this objective, the study is focused on the documents researched mainly in Central State Archive as well as other sources publication interviews). On this basis and according to the historic importance, the study is shed light on the path of development of Albanian music pedagogy and the stages which defined this development, both in the drawing up of programs as well as through the publication of musical books by Albanian or foreign authors. The article gives a unique contribution of the first phase of the establishment of the music education tradition in Albania, as an outcome of which there were some achievements of the artistic activities, which linked the general music education of the first half of 20th century. This study may be the beginning of a wider research for professional music pedagogy in Albania, may serve for the international researchers to know the development of music pedagogy in the early years of education in Albania and to compare it with the developments in the Balkans.

«Он сын князя, и ему не место в семье советских художников»: жизненный путь художника-иллюстратора В. М. Голицына в контексте событий первой половины ХХ века

The article on the basis of the published memoirs and archival documents of the Museum-Archive of the History of Studying and Exploration of the European North of the Barents Centre of the Humanities of the KSC RAS describes the life and creative way of the book illustrator, graphic artist, inventor of board games for children V. M. Golitsyn — a representative of the younger generation of the princely family Golitsyn, as a typical example of tragic fate of members of Russian aristocratic families in the Soviet state of the first half of 20th century.

Historical and Literary Contexts of the Establishment of the Lithuanian Nation-State in the First Half of 20th Century

The article is dedicated to the developments in Lithuanian literature and history that led to the establishment of an independent modern state in the 20th century. The article analyses the historical context of Lithuanian literature in the 19th and early 20th centuries; the path of Lithuanian nationalism towards maturity, the panorama of literature and literary life at the end of the 19th century and on the eve of the Great War (WWI); the potential visions of the state emerging at the time of war in the political and power centres; and the new impetus within the literature in the aftermath of the war and through the fight for independence. The paper concludes with a discussion of the relationship between contemporary collective memory and the perceptions of the significance of the Great War and the fight for independence (1914–1920). The Lithuanian nation-state was established in 1918–1920 and went down in history as the First Republic.1 On the other hand, Poles refer to inter-war Poland as the Second Republic, the first one being the Rzeczpospolita. There is the logic behind it: never before 1918 had there been a nation-state, i.e., a state with a Lithuanian-language governmental structure, educational system, and Lithuanian culture. Thus, for Lithuanians, unlike for Poles, the independence achieved after the Great War was not a return to a former statehood, but a more significant step: the first ever establishment of a nation-state.

Doctor, Indian nationalist and humanitarian: Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari (1880-1936).

Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari was a doctor and remarkable political figure in the late 19th century and the first half of 20th century. After studying medicine in Edinburgh, he returned to his country and became interested in political issues. Not unlike other educated Indian Muslims, Ansari first expressed his concerns about the situation in the Ottoman empire and went to Istanbul as the head of the medical mission. Ansari, who became more interested in politics after his days in Istanbul, came to the forefront as one of the leading figures of the Indian independence movement. Along with Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948), Ansari did not engage in violence but supported the unity of Muslims and Hindus and opposed communalism. Despite his active political life, Ansari continued his medical studies with great seriousness and played an active role in establishing the Delhi Medical Association in 1914. During this period, his most important aim was to graft animal testicles onto human beings.

Change in mean and extreme precipitation in eastern China since 1901

Extreme precipitation in the monsoon region of China can cause a variety of weather and climate disasters, and its long-term change has a significant impact on human life and social production. However, due to the lack of high-resolution precipitation data for the early 20th century, the variation characteristics and causes or mechanisms of extreme precipitation change in eastern China in the last 100 yr or more are still unclear. Based on the ‘daily precipitation dataset of 60 city stations in mainland China from 1901 to 2020’ developed by the National Meteorological Information Center, China Meteorological Administration, the main characteristics of extreme precipitation changes at 38 stations in eastern China during a recent 120 yr period (1901-2020) are analyzed in this paper. The results show that: (1) From 1901 to 2020, there was no significant trend in precipitation amount and precipitation days in the region, but a quasi-period of about 15 to 20 yr or longer existed during the period. (2) The average daily precipitation intensity and most of the extreme precipitation indices first decreased and then increased over the whole time period. In the period 1901-1950, which has rarely been studied in the past, most of the extreme precipitation indices, including intense rainfall, rainstorms, and the maximum precipitation within 1 day, 3 consecutive days, and 5 consecutive days, showed a significant decreasing trend. Since 1951, however, various indices have tended to increase. (3) From 1901 to 2020, the precipitation and extreme precipitation indices to the north of 35° N generally decreased, while they consistently increased in the south. The spatial pattern of extreme precipitation changes for the first half of 20th century was also quite different from that of the last 70 yr. Overall, the mean and extreme precipitation change trends in eastern China were not consistent in different sub-periods during the past century.

Malay Folk Beliefs and Rituals in the Prose Writings by Muslim Reformist Authors in the First Half of 20th Century

The study explores texts of Malay literature of 1920-s – early 1940-s focusing on pre-Islamic worldview and magic rituals. These topics were widely represented in Western research, but fiction of the time provides a unique opportunity to contemplate the attitude to traditional beliefs within Malay society itself at the important stage of its historical development. The authors’ evaluation of the whole complex of animistic beliefs and shamanistic practices is studied in the light of Islamic reformist thought. The first decades of the 20th century in British Malaya witnessed the rise of reformism with its preaching of socioeconomic progress based upon the purification of Islam from the remnants of archaic perception of being and upon public education. In the meantime, genres of modern literature were evolving with active participation of the writers who shared reformist ideas. On the one hand, the study reveals negative attitude of these authors towards what they called “dark superstitions”. This position is actualized in the texts of literature aiming to change the reader’s opinion through the revision of his convictions. The authors of early Malay prose aspired to expose the emptiness of traditional beliefs, powerlessness of magic rituals, amorality and deception of shamans. On the other hand, the analysis traces a number of motifs demonstrating the importance of traditional cults and the demand for their practitioners within the Malay community, that made them able to withstand the pressure of reformist thought. The paper specifies factors that contributed to the survival of traditional worldview.

Исторические и методические аспекты преподавания латинского языка в Тобольской губернской гимназии в первой половине XIX в.

Исторические и методические аспекты преподавания латинского языка в Тобольской губернской гимназии в первой половине XIX в.

Phenomenon of Interaction between Italian and English Court Culture in the First Half of 17th Century

The purpose of the article is to identify the points of interaction between the English court culture and the Italian court culture of the first half of the 17th century and to highlight their characteristic features. The novelty of the study lies in understanding the interaction, similarities, and differences between the leading court genres of the Italian and English culture in the first half of the 17th century. The research methodology consists in applying the methods of analysis and synthesis, systematisation of facts, comparison, and generalisation of the research results. The system-historical method made it possible to consider the formation of Italian court culture in the Renaissance. The comparative method helped to reveal the similarities between court musical and theatrical performances in the above-mentioned countries. Conclusions. The attachment of the court culture of England, in general, and the genre of the English court mask, in particular, to the culture of the educated aristocracy of Italy, is verified by the cultural inclusion in the traditions of Italian carnival values and cult Italian dances. During the reign of the Stuart kings, the Italian carnival was well-known in England along with other European court entertainments. Italian dances, costumes, and scenery were used in court musical and theatrical performances in England. Italian choreographers and musicians were welcome guests at the Royal Palace of Whitehall, which contributed to the interaction and interpenetration of continental court culture with the culture of England. However, despite certain parallels between the court musical-theatrical entertainments of England and Italy, their difference was carried out due to the orientation of the performances to a narrow and, accordingly, wider circle of aristocratic participants.
 Key words: court culture, court mask, dance, Italian carnival, carnival mask, borrowed and creatively used.

A bibliographic review of the history of Dexiinae (Diptera, Tachinidae) taxonomy in the Neotropical Region with bibliographic notes on Dominik Bilimek and Fritz Plaumann

The knowledge of Dexiinae and Tachinidae diversity in the Neotropical Region, in contrast to other regions, e.g., the Palaearctic Region, is in a poor condition. The history of these taxa has gradually increased since the 18th Century from the works of European and North American authors such as Johan C. Fabricius, Christian R.W. Wiedemann, Jean B. Robineau-Desvoidy, Pierre J.-M. Macquart, Jacques M.F. Bigot, Francis Walker, Victor von Röeder, Ermanno Giglio-Tos, Friedrich M. Brauer and Julius E. Bergenstamm, Frederik M. van der Wulp, Charles H. Curran, John M. Aldrich, Charles H.T. Townsend, Henry J. Reinhard and William R. Thompson. It was only in the first half of the 20th Century that scientists born or established in South America began to enter tachinidology. Dipterists like Jean Brèthes and Everardo E. Blanchard from Argentina, Rául E. Cortés Peña from Chile and José H. Guimarães from Brazil, are the most memorable names for, not only to Neotropical Dexiinae, but, indeed for the whole family. Herein, a brief chronological review of tachinidology, with emphasis on Dexiinae and based on a literature review, is given. The history is divided into four periods: the pre-Linnaean period of the 16th and 17th Centuries, the 18th Century, the 19th Century and the first half of the 20th Century. After the first half of 20th Century, the emphasis is focused on European and North American dipterists with an overview of their contributions on Dexiinae taxonomy. Later, with presence of the South American dipterists, the emphasis is directed to them. Then a few notes are given on the Czech Dominik Bilimek, a poorly known collector from the 19th Century and Fritz Plaumann, a well-known German immigrant who collected in Brazil during the earlier 20th Century. Finally, some notes and perspectives about the 21st Century dexiinidology from the Neotropics is briefly discussed.

19세기 전반 순조와 헌종대의 도별읍지 편찬

In the first half of the 19th century, when the central government or Gamyeong ordered the eupji to be compiled, each county often used or copied the previously compiled eupji. Looking at provincial eupjis that were leaked overseas, it can be seen that the central government or the Gamyeong’s eupji(official county gazetteer) compilation project continued even in the first half of 19th century during King Sunjo and Heonjong.BR In many cases, the context before and after is not grasped through individual eupjis. It is often said as if the changes in each county can be grasped based on the time of the compilation, but the eupji often does not reflect the reality of the day. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively grasp the compilation period and contents of the eupji, and the relationship between the original and the copied main, centering on the provincial and national eupjis.

Argentine Women’s Contribution to the Knowledge of India in Latin America

Argentina has been interested in the Eastern cultures in general, and in India in particular, since the very beginning of the nation. Although often not taken into account, that interest, and its subsequent influence, does not begin in the 20th century but goes back to the first half of the 19th century. Argentine intellectuals were influenced by European Orientalism, but they developed their own approach toward the Eastern world, free from any colonialist influence. The first half of 20th century shows the strong influence of Indian culture in Argentine culture. The contribution of men in this process is well recognized, however, women’s fundamental contribution to spread knowledge of India’s culture in Argentina has not received proper attention nor rightly emphasized. Half a dozen Argentine women, from Victoria Ocampo, born in 1890, to Adelina del Carril, Indra Devi, Myrta Barbie, and Ada Albrecht, still alive, have significantly contributed to understanding India not only in Argentina but also in all Latin America. In the current paper, this aspect will be discussed and an attempt will be made to present a proper trajectory of Argentine women’s contribution to the dissemination of Indian Knowledge in Latin America.