First Half Of 20th Century Research Articles

O colapso do cognitivo no social: Kant à luz de Benjamin, Adorno e Horkheimer

This article intends to identify how the cognitive procedure of Kant’s critical philosophy is related to the enlightened principle of expanding the world. My hypothesis is that the task of the critical philosophy on knowing “how is it possible the synthetic a priori judgements?” takes to the enlargement of the faculty of judgment and the possession of objects by the intellect. Notions such as Copernican Revolution, Experience, and Space-Time are forms which cannot be seen as bare principles for knowing objects but also as elements that allow to have the world through judgments; this expresses a model of modernization as well. That was noted by the young Benjamin and the elders Adorno & Horkheimer, which, despite to have different views on Kant’s philosophy, realized its strength in a way that these principles could still be observed at the social domain in the first half of 20th century.

Folwarki trynitarzy łuckich w latach 1799–1832

The possessions of Roman Catholic Church during the 18th and first half of 19th centuries consisted of many elements owned by: parishes, orders, chapters, seminaries and schools, hospitals, economics of diocesan bishops and bishops suffragans. Among the Orders existing in lands taken by Russian Empire in 18th century important role played the Order of the Most Holy Trinity and of the Captives. One of trinitarian monasteries have been located in Lutsk since the first half of 18th century. During this period monastery’s benefices consisted of sums, alms and incomes generated by estates. Between 1729–1842 Trinitarians of Lutsk owned three land estates. The 1st one contained two villages Jarowica and Wyszkowa, the 2nd some part of Boruchowa and the 3rd village Siekierzyca and three parts of Wólka Siekierzycka. Each of folwarks took care of agriculture and animal husbandry. Moreover the trinitarian’s subjects produced yarn. Annual income generated by land estates depended of many factors – natural ones as well as some depending of men’s will. In 1812 trinitarian’s villages have been plundered by the Russian Imperial Army. This event caused impoverishment of trinitarian peasants and financial troubles of the whole Lutsk monastery.

O idei „Polski Ludowej” i jej orędownikach. Ludowa i socjalistyczna wizja niepodległej Polski – uwagi krytyczne

In this essay I present a book titled Ludowa i socjalistyczna wizja niepodległej Polski [ People’s and Socialist vision of the Independent Polish State ], edited by Janusz Gmitruk and Tadeusz Skoczek. It is a collection of papers which are focused on different aspects of history of modern socialist and peasant movements in Poland during first half of 20th century. I argue, that the idea of „People’s Poland”, currently strictly associated with propaganda of communist „Polish People’s Republic” (1944/45–1989), has deeper historical roots and played a key role in political imagination of democratic and pro-independence movements. In this essay I offer not only a critical review of articles collected in the book, but also try to propose new, potentially promising perspectives for further research on history of mass and plebeian political movements.

Sources of different types of Ukrainian musical creativity of the Baroque period (17th - first half of 18th century): codicological and musical-stylistic aspects

Sources of different types of Ukrainian musical creativity of the Baroque period (17th - first half of 18th century): codicological and musical-stylistic aspects

Evolution of Office Work in State Institutions of Russian Empire in First Half of 19th Century (on Example of Department of Appanages)

The article is devoted to the history of office work in the first half of the 19th century, using the example of the workflow of the Department of Appanages. On the basis of published materials and archival sources, the author examines the general principles of office work of state institutions of the Russian Empire, explores the evolution of document flow in the first half of the 19th century, evaluates the effectiveness of measures to reduce document flow, and identifies common and different features of the evolution of office work of the Department of Appanages. The office work reform in the Russian Empire had a complex character. Both the form of documents and the principles of circulation of documents have undergone changes. The effectiveness of the work of the governing bodies was assessed by the number of incoming and outgoing documentation. Despite the fact that the basic principles laid down by the office work reform were of a nationwide nature, they could acquire their own specific features in the state institutions themselves. In the Department of appanages, this was due to the gradual removal of the management of the appanage from the competence of other authorities of the Russian Empire. In the second quarter of the XIX century the exclusive right to manage all internal issues relating to the department was finally assigned to the specific authorities, which were directly subordinate to the emperor through the minister.

Delegated Papal Jurisdiction and the Religious Orders in the Diocese of Veszprém in the First Half of the 13th Century

The paper is a short contribution to the history of papal delegated jurisdiction in Hungary in the first half of 13th century. The main aim of the study is to analyse the participation of the monasteries of religious orders in the diocese of Veszprém at the practical work of the system of papal judge-delegation. The connection could be formed in two quite separated ways: their officials, or as legal persons the convents themselves could function either as papal judges-delegate in foreign litigations, or they could be contestants of their own cases. The paper introduces the known cases of the second group from the selected era, since the main characteristics of the activities as papal judges-delegate are presented as well.

Bilayer mediated regulation of pore formation by the antimicrobial peptide melittin

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been the subject of inquiry since the initial search for antibiotics in the first half of 20th century (the first antibiotic used in humans was the linear gramicidin). Much of this interest comes from the modest frequency of bacterial resistance, suggesting a possible mechanism of action for rational drug design. Though AMPs differ in sequence and structure, the majority share three core physicochemical properties; they are short, cationic and amphipathic. These common properties have led many studies to focus on the bacterial membrane as a target for AMPs' action.

Cerkiew Zwiastowania NMP w Supraślu i jej freski

The Church of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Suprasl is the example of a medieval, monumental defensive temple. In the first half of 16th century the decoration of the wall started, with wall paintings, in the style of the Orthodox Church. The Iconographic programme of the church was based on the symbolism and allegories from the Holy Bible. It also helped in the process of Christianisation of the society. It showed the content of the gospel, the hagiographies of saints and the activity of individual Church Fathers and bishops. The ornaments of the paintings separated the zones of imagination, decorated the panels formed by the vault and groin ribs and curled rows of medallions. Despite the destruction of World War II, several dozen fragments of polychromes have survived and have been reconstructed from the destroyed church.

The French Court Historical Writing as a Form of Manifestation of the Royal Power (Late 16th — First Half of 17th Century)

The present paper argues that the French historical writing in the late sixteenth and in the first half of the seventeenth century became a form of manifestation of the French royal power. The integrated scientific approach chosen in this research permits the author to draw several new conclusions concerning the multiplicity of forms of publicity of the French absolute monarchy. Three main aspects are in question: the institutional (or socio-political) one, the aspect of publishing specific in early modern Europe, and the substantial aspect of the historical discourse of the epoch. The existence of the court office of the royal historiographer (historiographe du roi) itself was a form of manifestation of the French royal power as it symbolized the special assignment of historical knowledge to the crown. Another visible form of manifestation of the French royal power connected with the historical writing of the epoch was the form of existence of works consecrated to historical subjects, i.e. the peculiarities of design of the editions of historical writings. Finally, the subject area of historical works in question were also related to the manifestation of the strengthening absolute monarchy. The court historical writing in early modern France evolved in tight connection with the erudite intellectual movement. Thus, however diverse the erudite movement had been, its massive current was deeply connected with the crown and its different ambitions — from uniting territories and gaining fidelity of its subjects to glorifying the French kings and controlling all the spheres of political and cultural life in the kingdom.

The Research of Clay Tobacco Pipes and Its Methodological Aspects

Clay pipes are quite a common finding in the study of urban cultural strata, a dozen thousand fragments of them are counted in the collections of Lithuania museums. Nevertheless, the terminology of these of tobacco pipes is not yet quite settled in Lithuania, and archaeologists who investigate urban areas do not even have a methodical material published in Lithuanian. The article aims to distinguish and define the methodological aspects of the analysis of clay tobacco pipes dated from the first half of 17th century to 19th century, which would be suitable for the Lithuanian context. At the beginning of this article, the history of clay tobacco pipes research is analyzed in a methodological aspect, the links to the whole development of archaeology science are presented, and the current tendencies in the tobacco pipes researches are described. The other chapters focus on the matters of clay pipes terminology, methods of analysis, and dating. Considering the locally produced and imported pipes found in Lithuania, methodical matters of recording and describing these findings are analyzed, as well as possible interpretations of the collected data.

Rediscovery of Oocephalus foliosus (Hyptidinae—Lamiaceae): notes on taxonomy and conservation of a species endemic to the campo rupestre of Central Brazil

Oocephalus foliosus was described in the first half of 19th century, based on a collection from central Goiás state, Brazil, being collected again only three times in surrounding areas. Although this species seems to be rare and endemic to a narrow area, it has never been listed on any threatened list or had its conservation status assessed. Recently, we recorded a small population of O. foliosus in the Pireneus peak, an area of campo rupestre located in the municipality of Pirenópolis, Goiás, allowing us to improve the species description, assess its extinction risk and comment on its taxonomy. Also, a second step lectotypification was needed to the species and is here proposed.

On the trail of the Polish encyclopedia, i.e. the model of general information publications in the first half of 19th century

The article deals with the issue of Polish encyclopedism of the 18th and 19th centuries against the background of the European Baroque and Enlightenment trends. The phenomenon of the encyclopaedia by B. Chmielowski, I. Krasicki, F.S. Jezierski was analysed in the text. These were works that did not follow a specific and consistent pattern of encyclopaedic publications, were not popular and did not occupy a permanent place in Polish science and literature. Other ephemeral encyclopaedia initiatives taken into account by the author were undertaken without due patronage, and — as research has shown — were secondary and amateur publications. Some attempts, such as the Encyklopedia powszechna. Zbiór wiadomości dla wszystkich stanów of the Glücksbergs from 1839, or the Mała Polska Encyklopedia by S. Plater did not manage to achieve success. Only the creation of S. Orgelbrand’s Encyklopedia powszechna in 1859 filled a significant gap in the Polish publishing and writing “market”. The article also takes into account the statements of the creators and authors of the encyclopaedia regarding the patterns they used for creating such works, and a partial analysis of the megastructure, microstructure and publishing framework of these works.

A prospective study on surgical management of complex proximal metaphyseal fracture of tibia with hybrid external fixation

Background and Objectives: Fracture of Tibia shaft are the most common long bone fractures. The difficulty in treating the fracture of tibial metaphysis is exemplified by orthopaedists, who in the first half of 20th century, believed the injuries were so severe and operative repair was fraught with so many complications that the fracture was deemed not amenable for surgical reconstruction. Since there was no definitive protocol for the treatment of such fractures, the Hybrid External Fixator seemed suitable for such fractures as they combine the advantages of monolateral and circular fixation, Tensioned wires provide improved fixation in the peri-articular fragments. It allows early weight bearing and movement of the knee and ankle at all times.Methods: A Prospective study of 51 cases of surgically managed fractures of proximal Tibia using Hybrid External fixation undertaken at Department of Orthopaedics, J.J.M Medical College, Davangere from 1st June 2017 to 30th August 2020 who follow Inclusion and Exclusion criteria and followed up for a period of 6-24 months.Results: 9 patients were lost to follow up before removal of the fixator and were thus not included in the statistics. All the fractures consolidated at an average of 14 weeks and the fixators were removed. All but one of the studied fractures resulted in good union. Two proximal tibial fracture resulted in non-union. 14 patients developed pin tract infections which resolved with regular dressings.10 patients had stiffness of the knee joint. This was probably due to the patient incompliance to the physiotherapy regimen. 4 cases had delayed union which resulted in union after bone marrow injection and 2 case of non-union. Results according to the Iowa score of knee showed 5(12%) excellent, 32 (76%) good and 5(12%) fair results. Interpretation and Conclusion: Hybrid external fixator is simple, rapid and straightforward application, reduced surgical time, minimally invasive and adjustable. It has negligible complications and resulted in excellent results for this type of fractures.

“Balkans” in Russian Encyclopedic Dictionaries of First Half of 19th Century

The ways of representing the Balkan Peninsula that existed in Russia in the first half of the 19th century are analyzed in the article. The sources for the study were encyclopedic dictionaries of the first half of the 19thcentury. (A.A. Plyushar, L.I. Zeddeler, A.V. Starchevsky), as well as an unpublished work by I.P. Liprandi “The Experience of the Word Interpreter of the Ottoman Empire”. The author argues that for a long time the Balkan Peninsula was not perceived as a single region with a set of historically deter-mined features. Arguments are presented confirming that certain areas of the peninsula were elements of different discourses. The relationship between the choice of a particular register of descriptions by the authors of the dictionaries and the political affiliation of the described regions of the Balkan Peninsula is shown. The relationship between the choice of a particular register of descriptions by the authors of the dictionaries and the political affiliation of the described regions of the Balkan Peninsula is shown. A special attitude of the authors of encyclopedias to Serbia and Greece, the newly formed states on the territory of the Balkan Peninsula, has been established. Examples are given that show the duality of their images in the Russian narrative in the first half of the 19thcentury.

“Book-Life” Metaphor in Medieval Literature and Russian Literature of First Half of 19th Century

The article deals with the semantics of the “book-life” metaphor. Variations in its lexical composition, changes in meaning are described using the material of medieval literature and Russian literature of the first half of the 19th century: on the example of N.M. Karamzin, N.M. Yazykov, P.A. Vyazemsky, A.S. Pushkin. The textual analysis carried out allows us to conclude that the most significant vital bibliometaphors for two cultural epochs were “the book-treasure of eternal life”, “book-world”, “life-edifying Scripture”; “Expense book of being”, “life is a book read a hundred times”, “novel is life”. They express a range of value judgments: in ancient Russian texts, the bibliometaphor ex-presses respectful admiration for the secrets of God’s creation. The axiological component of the vital metaphor of the 19th century is more varied: religious reverence is noticeable in it, indignation at the boredom of the “book of life,” an understanding of Life as an unfinished novel. The novelty of the conducted research lies in the fact that a spectrum of vital bibliometaphors, that nuances the meaning of the metaphor-invariant (“book-life”) is established. An appeal to the diachronic aspect makes it possible to more clearly notice the semantic shifts in the metaphorical language: in the 19th century the comprehension of fate as a “reading” of the Holy Book common to all is complemented by the metaphor of a personal “book of life”.

Marriage Ties in England in First Half of 17th Century: Sermons to Newlyweds by Thomas Gateaker

The author of the article examines the evolution of ideas about marriage and matrimonial duties in the 17th century in England. The study is based on sermons to newlyweds published in the 1620s by the famous moderate Puritan Thomas Gataker: “A Summary of Marital Responsibilities” (1620), “A Good Wife is a Gift of God” (1620/23), and “A Perfect Wife” (1623). It is emphasized that these sermons are a rich source of early modern marriage. Addressing them allows us to understand the origins of changes in traditional gender practices introduced by the Puritans in the 17th century. The author demonstrates that, unlike Anglicans and Catholics, Puritans put the friendship between a man and a woman in the first place for the purpose of marriage, which serves as a salvation from loneliness, and not the birth of children. The author also concludes that the Puritans relied on traditional ideas about the patriarchal foundations of the marriage union, but the place and role of women in it was actively revised and fe-male virtue began to take its rightful place in a pious community.

History of Karras Colony and Nearby Settlements of Europeans in 19th — First Half of 20th Centuries at Present Stage of Study

The issues of the current stage of studying the history of the Karras colony and nearby European settlements in the 19th and first half of the 20th centuries are considered. A review and analysis of new sources and historiography from 2000 to 2020 has been carried out. The relevance of the study is due to the poorly studied and fragmentary coverage of the history of European settlements in the central part of the North Caucasus in the 19th — first half of the 20th centuries in Russian historiography. The authors dwell on terminology issues. It is emphasized that the terms-cliches ‘mountaineers’ and ‘Tatars’ are characteristic of the historical literature of the 19th century and are inaccurately used by some authors today. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that in this work the history of the Karras colony and neighboring settlements of Europeans in the 19th — first half of the 20th centuries is considered based on publications of 2000—2020. It is concluded that there is a possibility and a need for an independent review of the history of the Scottish mission, the center of which was originally located in Karras. The authors proceed from the fact that the history of the settlements of the colonists has a broader chronological framework and the main task of the colonists was not always missionary activity.

Grasshoppers in steppe areas of the south-eastern West Siberian Plain: Centennial transformations of biodiversity

The goal of this paper is to evaluate some general trends of species range shifts in the steppe areas of the south-eastern West Siberian Plain. Two sets of distribution data of grasshoppers are compared: (1) for the first half of 20th century and (2) for 1972 – 2019. A series of digital maps was generated by Map Info. Shifts of species distribution patterns are discussed. All grasshopper species may be split into three groups: (1) acridids without evident changes in their distribution; (2) species with local range boundaries shifted northwards and northeastwards; new colonies of such forms are usually found in the northern steppe and even in the forest-steppe and/or on the right side of the Ob River; (3) grasshoppers which became rare. Among them is the Siberian grasshopper, the very common pest in the first half of the 20th century. Some changes into grasshopper distribution may be associated with global warming, but others can be explained by regional and local variations in human activities. Extension, intensification, and changes of human activities may result in continuous elimination of some local populations. This means that the general strategy of management of acridid assemblages and populations should incorporate both data and technologies concerning rare species populations and new approaches to pest control and monitoring.

A Polish Take on Hamburg Silvers. Notes on the Specialization of Hamburg Goldsmithing Workshops of the Modern Era

The aim of this study is to present one of the most important defining features of modern Hamburg goldsmithing, namely the specialization of the workshops operating in 17th and first half of 18th century. With the widespread replication of the characteristic examples of Hamburg artwork, the features differentiating local products from those made in other goldsmithing centres became more and more recognizable. The article briefly describes several Hamburg silvers preserved in the country, both in private and museum collections. In view of the fact that most of the silvers from the great godsmithing centre of our interest can only be found in Hamburg itself or in Russia - Polish artefacts, though not comparable in quantity, can shed some light on the correct understanding of the artistic merit and character of one of the most important centres of goldsmithing in modern history.

The Problematics of Scientific Discovery

Historically, the problem of discovery or the problem of the genesis of scientific ideas has been taken seriously by the historians, psychologists, sociologists and philosophers who analyzed the creative thinking and formation of ideas and attempted to provide a meaningful account of them. In fact, the philosophical concern with scientific discovery is as old as science and philosophy of science themselves. However, almost throughout the first half of 20th century, philosophical reflection on the phenomenon of scientific discovery remained in a state of suspended animation. This is because the dominant trend in philosophy of science in this period outlawed it. The dominant view in philosophy of science maintained that the phenomenon of scientific discovery is philosophically irrelevant, and an adequate philosophical understanding of science should confine itself to the way in which scientific theories are justified; it was assumed that the process of justification is a neat, spick-and-span phenomenon eminently suited to be described in terms which are, logically speaking, cut and dry. The process of justification or evaluation according to this orthodox view constitutes the essence of science. Obviously, justification was demarcated from discovery. Justification, because of its supposed epistemic transparency, became the exclusive focus of philosophical attention to the detriment of discovery. The invidious distinction between discovery of scientific ideas and justification of finished ideas of science remained the catchword for a long time. This paper is an attempt to critically examine the nihilistic attitude of the dominant philosophies of science and to arrive at a philosophical theory of scientific discovery.