First Half Of 1990s Research Articles

DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINIAN ANTHROPOLOGY DURING 1950s – FIRST HALF of 1970s. RISES AND FALLS

DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINIAN ANTHROPOLOGY DURING 1950s – FIRST HALF of 1970s. RISES AND FALLS

Urban Population of Nizhny Novgorod in First Half of 1920s: Leisure Practices

This study examines the leisure activities of Nizhny Novgorod residents during the NEP era. Various forms of urban leisure and their connections to state ideology are characterized. A total of 31 sources were analyzed, including legislative sources, statistics, and periodicals. Sources included articles from criminal and administrative codes, statistical data, and Nizhny Novgorod press. An overview of Nizhny Novgorod periodicals from 1921-1924 is provided. Results of a comparative analysis of legislative materials, statistical data, and periodicals are presented. Emphasis is placed on the ways and methods of shaping urban culture in line with state ideology. The issue of deviant behavior among city dwellers and its causes is raised. It is highlighted that new holidays aimed to replace religious celebrations. The study shows that the values of the urban community were influenced by ideological beliefs and spread through new leisure forms. It is proven that the structure of urban festivities contributed to the establishment of new societal values. The authors conclude on the significance of organized leisure in creating a socio-cultural urban environment. The role of periodicals in popularizing urban leisure forms is demonstrated. The relevance of the study lies in exploring the connection between ideology and the organization of urban leisure.

New Tools against the Soviet Union in the Political Work of the Latvian Diaspora in the 1970s–1980s: The Case of Human Rights Violations in the Soviet Union

Starting with, and initiated by, the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe in the first half of 1970s, the topic of human rights violations in the Soviet Union, and specifically in the Baltic states, became part of the Latvian diaspora’s political argumentation when lobbying against the Soviet Union in host countries. Almost unknown before, this topic was very prominent in the political activities of the 1970s and 1980s up until the disintegration of the Soviet Union. The issue of human rights violations in the political argumentation of the Latvian and Baltic diasporas as a whole has always been inextricably linked to the main political goal of these diasporas – the restoration of the right to political self-determination for the Baltic states. Without self-determination, human rights cannot be realized – this is how the basic principle of the diaspora’s position could be summarized. The diaspora’s rapid focus on human rights violations in particular demonstrates its ability to react quickly to current trends in society and to use issues of current public concern to shape its communication and advance its political cause.

Insurrectionary Movement of “White-greens” in Crimea in First Half of 1920s: National, Ideological, Structural Features

The features of the “white-green” rebel movement in the Crimea in the first half of the 1920s are considered. It is indicated that a comprehensive study of its national, ideological, structural features is of fundamental importance for a comprehensive scientific understanding of the characteristics of the final stage of the civil war in Russia, as well as for the projection of the historical situation on the recent history of the Crimea and the south of Russia as a whole. The materials of five collections of the State Archives of the Republic of the Crimea, the data of the periodical press of the period under review, published documentary and narrative sources are analyzed. The causes of the genesis, the main stages, national, ideological, structural features of the insurrectionary movement are revealed, the reasons for its final defeat are characterized. The conclusions obtained by the author in the course of the work make it possible to designate a new vector in the understanding of social movements that directly affect the nature of the ethno-national development of the post-revolutionary Crimea and southern Russia. It is noted that this study can be legitimately considered in the light of studying the history of the civil war in the south of Russia, which continued after the liquidation of its “external” fronts. The author offers a systematic approach to the study of the insurgent movement in the Crimea.

Unknown facts of Artek’s famous history

This sketch describes the historical period of the Artek establishment as a children’s camp in the first half of 1920s. The facts of not well-known story are presented, it was not so widely covered in publications, but the actions and decisions of subjected people made significant contribution to their job, to the success in which they believed, and to the development of self-awareness of those who lived in this period. People’s Commissariat of Public Health Nikolay Alexandrovich Semashko and first chief physician of Artek Feodor Feodorovich Shishmarev had significant impact on development of children healthcare and the strengthening of medical personnel during the most difficult years of “Red Terror” in Crimea.

Roman Catholics in UkrSSR: Features and Tendencies of Changes in Religiosity (Second Half of 1940 - First Half of 1980s)

Roman Catholics in UkrSSR: Features and Tendencies of Changes in Religiosity (Second Half of 1940 - First Half of 1980s)

Some historiographic trends in the study of the problem of cultural and educational work in the Red Army during the front-line Civil War in Russia in Soviet historical science (second half of 1960s - first half of 1980s)

Some historiographic trends in the study of the problem of cultural and educational work in the Red Army during the front-line Civil War in Russia in Soviet historical science (second half of 1960s - first half of 1980s)

Istoriografiya vtoroj poloviny 1980-h — 1990-h gg. o social'nopoliticheskom sotrudnichestve v revolyucii 1917 g.

In this article we study the Russian and English-speaking historians’ views on the dialogue process of various socio-political forces in 1917-early 1918. The historiography ideas potential of this period took place in Soviet historiography of the 1960s - first half of 1980s and subsequently received an additional source in the communication with foreign scientists. The main content of the article is devoted to problem - how researchers covered a set of factors that prevented a national split, as well as the reasons for blocking processes aimed at the peaceful development of the revolution and the avoidance of Civil War.

К вопросу об адаптации производственных объединений промышленного сектора Алтайского края к рыночной модели экономики в первой половине 1990-х гг. (на примере ОАО «Барнаульский аппаратурно механический завод»)

К вопросу об адаптации производственных объединений промышленного сектора Алтайского края к рыночной модели экономики в первой половине 1990-х гг. (на примере ОАО «Барнаульский аппаратурно механический завод»)

Revision of foreign language teaching aims under the conditions of school reforms (1956 – the first half of 1980s)

Revision of foreign language teaching aims under the conditions of school reforms (1956 – the first half of 1980s)

Breeding, dispersal, migration and conservation of the Black-winged Stilt (Himantopus himantopus) in Hungary

Abstract The Black-winged Stilt was the bird of the year in Hungary in 2019. The population of the species increased from 20–25 breeding pairs to 550–680 pairs from 1980s to the present. 75–85% of the Hungarian population bred on effluent pools for pigs and settling pools at sugar beet factories in the first half of 1990s. There were significantly more breeding pairs in Hungary in 1999 compared to previous years, and finally 871 breeding pairs of Black-winged Stilts were documented in 2000 and the Hungarian population was estimated at 940–960 pairs. There were 550–680 breeding pairs in Hungary between 2015 and 2017. Significantly more clutches had more than five eggs in the sampled colonies during the influx in 2000 than in the egg collections before 1971 or in the sampled colony in 2008 as well. First arrivals reached Hungary between 5 and 20 March (median: 15 March) between 2005 and 2019. These arrival dates fall approximately a month earlier than the former arrival dates in mid-April during the 1980s. 470 Black-winged Stilts were observed in a single flock during post-breeding dispersal, this flock was the largest ever documented in Hungary. Stilts left Hungary by the first half of September in the 1980s, and in contrast, they left Hungary between 27 August and 4 January (median: 19 October) between 2005 and 2019. Recently, the most departure dates fall one and a half to three months later compared to the departure dates in the 1980s. Black-winged Stilts marked in Hungary disperse in the Carpathian Basin during their post-fledging/post-breeding dispersal. Based on ring readings of two individuals, they start to migrate southwest with stopover sites in Italy, but their wintering areas are unknown. Stilts hatched in Portugal (one individual) and France (two individuals) bred in Hungary during the large influxes in 1999 and 2000. Five Black-winged Stilts hatched in Italy were observed later in Hungary and are supposed to be breeders in Hungary in most cases. Furthermore, one individual captured as an adult in Spain and two trapped in Italy were observed in Hungary. The Hungarian population of Black-winged Stilt is threatened by predation on eggs and chicks, drainage of wetlands, and also by human-induced flooding of artificial wetlands (e.g. fishponds). Stilts regularly occupy artificial breeding islands the first years after habitat restoration. The Hungarian population of Black-winged Stilts is increasing due to habitat management with grazing animals, especially with Mangalica ‘Woolly’ Pigs and Water Buffalos.

Hydrochemical Regime of the Kiliya Delta of the Danube River in Retrospective and Modern Conditions: II. Metal Content and Speciation

Past and present data on the concentration and speciation of metals (Al, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Cd, Mo, Ni) in the Kiliya Danube delta have been generalized, and variations in their concentrations have been compared. It has been shown that the highest pollution of the Danube lower reach has occurred from the second half of 1980s to the first half of 1990s due to intensive anthropogenic impact on the river delta ecosystem. Subsequently, decrease of the metal concentration was observed as a result of industrial crisis in the late 1990s–early 2000s. The major part of metals is transferred by water flow in the form of suspended solids, which is related to their relatively high content in water of the Kiliya part of the Danube delta. The results of studying dissolved metal species, in particular the ratio of the labile fraction that is potentially toxic to hydrobionts and complexes with dissolved organic matter, have been discussed. Data on the distribution of metals among complexes with dissolved organic substances of different chemical natures and molecular weights are given. Humic substances have been shown to contribute most to the complexation. Compounds with molecular weights of 1 to 5 and less than 1 kDa constitute the major part of anionic metal complexes with humic substances.

Why Does Turkey Have a Chronic Current Account Deficit?

Turkey faces a significant current account deficit since beginning of the first half of 2000s. The main objective of this study is to investigate the factors which affects the current account balance of Turkey for the period from September 2005 to November 2017. The required monthly data have been collected from Republic of Turkey’s central bank, Turkey statistical instutute, U.S energy information administration websites and investing.com websites. Autoregressive distributed lag(ARDL) approach and Error correction model(ECM) was used for data analysis. The ARDL regression findings show that industrial production index(IPI) statistically and positively affects the current account balance; CDS and the real effective exchange rate statistically and negatively affects the current account balance of Turkey. When investigating the long run impact of these three factors, all of them have a negative and statistcally significant impact on current account. However, in the short run only industrial production index has a negative and statistically significant impact on the current account balance.

Evolution of echovirus 11 in a chronically infected immunodeficient patient.

Deep sequencing was used to determine complete nucleotide sequences of echovirus 11 (EV11) strains isolated from a chronically infected patient with CVID as well as from cases of acute enterovirus infection. Phylogenetic analysis showed that EV11 strains that circulated in Israel in 1980-90s could be divided into four clades. EV11 strains isolated from a chronically infected individual belonged to one of the four clades and over a period of 4 years accumulated mutations at a relatively constant rate. Extrapolation of mutations accumulation curve into the past suggested that the individual was infected with circulating EV11 in the first half of 1990s. Genomic regions coding for individual viral proteins did not appear to be under strong selective pressure except for protease 3C that was remarkably conserved. This may suggest its important role in maintaining persistent infection.

왜곡된 87년체제 : 『민주화의 길』 분석을 중심으로

This article attempts to explain what South Korean civil society wanted to change before the 1987 new constitution. Although various social issues in the first half of 1980s caused people’s active participation in the Democratization Uprising in June 1987, many of these issues, except that of direct presidential election, were largely ignored in the process of revision of the constitution. In order to examine the gap between contemporary social issues and the 1987 constitution, the author examines the magazine Road to the Democratization(Minjuhwaui-gil) published by the Youth Association for the Democratization Movement(Minjuhwacheongnyeonundongyeonhap), a representative organization in South Korean civil society at that time.BR The magazine dealt with issues such as labor issues, peasant movement, and civil protest against urban reconstruction to be solved after the democratization. In addition, domestic and international economic issues including Korean industrial restructuring and conglomerates were point out as those that are needed to be handled urgently. However, these issues were disappeared as the presidential election was going on, and social movement activists diverted their activity into the unification campaign, NGO, and grass roots movement, which were like deja vu with the post April Revolution in 1960. Moreover, people were disappointed with activist involvement in political parties since the 1990s. is caused the contortion of the system under the 1987 democratic constitution.

ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ ВСЕУКРАЇНСЬКОГО КОМІТЕТУ СПРИЯННЯ ВЧЕНИМ У КИЄВІ В 1920-х рр.: СОЦІАЛЬНИЙ КОНТРОЛЬ

The article studies the activity of the All-Ukrainian Committee of Assistance to Scientists in the hardest period of 1920–1925. During the Holodomor of 1921–1923 the Committee supported scientists, higher education establishments’ professors as well as the artists in the biggest scientific centre — Kyiv. Financial conditions of scientists and artists were critical. This situation was used by the regime to control intellectuals. It transferred from leading social force, which was determining a direction and establishing of the Ukrainian state and was developing the culture, to ideologically and financially marginal social group. The subject matter of this article is to study the forms and methods of the All-Ukrainian Committee’s support to Kyiv intellectuals in the first half of 1920s. The archive of the All-Ukrainian Committee of Assistance to Scientists provides us with the opportunity to reveal insights on this issue. Mechanisms of the use of the following support to social control of intellectuals by the Soviets are analysed. In the condition of whole-food and essential tools deficiency, which was in the USSR and, in particular, in Kyiv in 1921–1923, scientists were sufficiently unprotected. It provided the state with a possibility to use budget financing / underfunding to influence intellectuals loyalty (in particular, scientists and artists). The part of this support as well as leverage over the intellectuals means accommodation, sanitation, financial aid, food aid (food ration for academics), support to families of the dead.

Religions and Ethno-Religious Differences in Bosnia and Herzegovina. From Laboratories of Hate to Peaceful Reconciliation

The article, peer reviewed, is due to be published in Twenty Years after Dayton. The Constitutional Transition of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Proceedings of the Conference) , LUISS University Press, Rome, 2016 SUMMARY : 1. Introduction - 2. The Politicization of Religion and the Nationalization of Confessions - 3. The Place of Religion and Religious Confession - 4. The Constituent (Chosen) People and Religious Power-Sharing Mechanism - 5. The Education System and Religious Education - 6. The Legal Status of Churches and the State-Religions Relationship - 7. Conclusion. ABSTRACT: It would be wrong to understand the Bosnian war (the main source of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s current problems) only in terms of a religious war. Yet, it would also be wrong to adopt the explanation that religion had no role in Bosnia and Herzegovina’s catastrophe. The misfortunes that occurred in the region during the first half of 1990s was in many respects the result of the abuse of the people’s religious identity, relieved through myth and tradition that even today remain important inspirations for the future. In this article the Author analyses the genesis of this situation and, in particular, the radical nationalism of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which since the collapse of socialist Yugoslavia has been strictly related to the processes of politicization of religion. Under this perspective, the main aim of the article is to understand the place and the role of religion and confessions in the Country’s current legal system.

O Palco Regulatório das Patentes Farmacêuticas: Licença Compulsória como Ferramenta Regulatória apoiada em PD&I

O direito à saúde garantido por intermédio do acesso a medicamentos estratégicos passou por um teste decisivo no início da década de 2000, quando os Estados Unidos e a União Europeia se posicionaram em frontal colisão com países em desenvolvimento, em especial África do Sul e Brasil, sobre a extensão do instituto jurídico da licença compulsória prevista no Acordo TRIPS. O presente artigo insere a licença compulsória e o investimento público em PD&I farmacêutico como instrumentos de estratégias regulatórias que contracenam no palco sociológico do direito ao configurarem mais do que reações pontuais a deficiências de mercado de fármacos ou de crises de saúde pública. Tais medidas de licença compulsória e investimento em PD&I farmacêutico representam atores de um palco regulatório que se descortina como um todo coerente voltado à administração do direito à saúde mediante uso da ameaça de licença compulsória para bloqueio de aumento arbitrário de preços de medicamentos e uso do investimento em PD&I para reforço da medida regulatória de quebra de patentes de medicamentos. A proposta defendida neste artigo é a de que o quadro regulatório da defesa da saúde pública foi melhor esboçado quando a licença compulsória deixou de representar a solução definitiva para se apresentar como a ultima ratio de modelagem regulatória após o reforço da condição de produção local de medicamentos via investimentos públicos em PD&I.

“What’s the Big Deal to Be Romanian if You Don’t Have What to Eat” : Food Practices in “Transition”

AbstractThis article examines some of the main changes in food practices from the first half of 1990s shaped by the new political and economic environment. Based mainly on an analysis of press articles from this period, three main themes are identified in the discussion of alimentation: “hunger”, queues, and new configurations of commerce. This article suggests that these are entangled in a changing culture of shortages specific to the 1980s through an adaptation of older practices of consumption and commercialization of food, discursive tropes and moral judgments. In this way, a simultaneously prospective and retrospective orientation appears in which some of the ethos of the previous social order is used in new ways of making sense of the present. Food plays an important role in this orientation, its rationalization and precariousness specific to the 1980s being now replaced by new worries and uncertainties raised by the economic measures of “transition”.

Начальный этап разработки региональной стратегии НАТО в контексте геополитических изменений первой половины 1990-х годов

Начальный этап разработки региональной стратегии НАТО в контексте геополитических изменений первой половины 1990-х годов