First Half Of 20th Century Research Articles

Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin by Timothy Snyder (review)

Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin. xix + 524 pp. New York: Basic Books, 2010. ISBN- 13 978-0465002399. $29.95. The overarching concept of this book is intriguing. middle of Europe in middle of twentieth century, writes Snyder, the Nazi and Soviet regimes murdered some fourteen million people. The place where all of victims died, bloodlands, extends from central Poland to western Russia, through Ukraine, Belarus, and Baltic States (vii-viii). These people were not victims of war but were killed through a policy. They were not soldiers but women, children, and aged (viii). Snyder thus analytically interlocks two most murderous regimes of first half of 20th century by identifying an East European space. In so doing--25 years after Historikerstreit, in which German historians fought bitterly over singularity of Shoah he repudiates uniqueness of German murder of Jews and instead situates Holocaust in a spatially circumscribed history of violence. Yet pitfalls of this brilliant concept are apparent from outset: if spatially defined domain fails to hold empirically, entire concept falters. Ever since arrival of spatial turn in history, it has seemed promising to write a history of 20th-century state violence through prism of East European where most of Stalinist and Nazi mass murders actually took place. Both Nazi and Stalinist hit squads acted in this space; both regimes occupied this part of Europe; and both regimes had grand plans of how they were going to integrate--and exploit--these regions in their empires. Yet it should be stated right away that Snyder does not present any new empirical research in this book but rather takes a fresh look at existing scholarship from perspective of his spatial conception, bloodlands. His main concern is not to identify causes of mass murder or to provide explanations for Holocaust but rather to compose a synoptic picture of practices of mass murder or, put differently, a panorama of violence in Eastern Europe. Snyder starts with a short sketch of Hitler's and Stalin's respective rise to power among ruins of Austro-Hungarian and Russian empires. Both Hitler and Stalin drew radical conclusions from collapse of Old Europe, but with very different aims in mind. If Stalin saw only chance for Soviet Union's survival and for consolidation of power of Bolsheviks in rapid industrialization, even if against will of its own population, Hitler devised a racist vision of a Grosseuropa under German domination, which would provide East European living space (Lebensraum) for German master race. When Hitler came to power in 1933, Stalin had long eliminated all rivals and was undefeated leader of Soviet Union. And while Nazi regime killed about 10,000 people in concentration camps and prisons before outbreak of World War II in 1939, Stalinist leadership had already allowed millions to die from hunger and had shot about one million people. Here we already encounter one of major problems of this book. By focusing on Stalin's crimes, millions of people who died during Russian Civil War, and especially famine of 1921-22, get no attention at all. True, Snyder mentions these victims in passing (11), but he does not go into any depth, probably because they fit into neither his temporal nor his spatial framework. These people died in bloodlands and in many other parts of former tsarist empire. For violent policies of Bolsheviks in general and Stalinist leadership in particular, experience of Civil War was formative, and Ukrainian famine of 1932-33 also in many ways constituted a reliving of famine that had preceded it by ten years. A history of Soviet violence has to be able to include Civil War and 1921-22 famine; if it cannot, its analytical framework is in peril. …

EDUCAÇÃO PÚBLICA E INDEPENDÊNCIAS NA AMÉRICA ESPANHOLA E BRASIL: EXPERIÊNCIAS LANCASTERIANAS NO SÉCULO XIX

La difusión del método lancasteriano o monitoral/mutuo está estrechamente vinculada a la necesidad de extender la educación a todas las clases sociales, la lucha de la Ilustración y poner en práctica, al menos sobre el papel, los sistemas de educación pública del siglo XIX. Después del proceso de independencia de las colonias de España y Portugal, la cuestión de la educación primaria fue uno de los problemas a resolver en las repúblicas emergentes. El método de Bell y Lancaster se adoptaron en varios países: Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guatemala, México, Uruguay, Argentina, Chile, Perú, Bolivia, Brasil,Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Paraguay. En 1818, Joseph Lancaster, por invitación de Simón Bolívar, hizo viajes a América del Sur, donde dio a conocer su método y las escuelas creadas. Más tarde, también se comprometió viajar a los Estados Unidos y Canadá. Este estudio analiza la difusión e implementación de la enseñanza mutua/ monitorial en algunos países, centrándose en la experiencia brasileña, haciendo hincapié en su contribución al desarrollo y la generalización de la educación primaria. La adopción del método en las Américas estaba en sintonía con el proceso de internacionalización del conocimiento educativo y los modelos educativos en la primera mitad del siglo XIX.

Kaznodziejski potencjał malowidła w prezbiterium fary świętojańskiej w Toruniu. Treść i forma

The theme of that study is a monumental mural painting on the north wall of the chancel of the former parish church of the Old Town in Torun. In an unique way around the motif of Crucifixion concentrated are here numerous iconographic motifs of diverse origin: evangelic, old-testament, mystic and moralizing ones. Despite the abundant studies the detailed contents and form of that work have been so far only drafted. A discerning comparison of its potential with the structure, contents and social model of the mediaeval ars praedicandi proves, that it might have been serving as the preachers’ aid. Iconographic elements of the mural match the most important threads of mediaeval homiletics, and the moralizing message has been adjusted to the assumption of large-town sermons. Three-zoned structure of composition can be interpreted as three parts of the preachers’ dilatation, while the particular elements and their mutual relations make a four-step homiletic reasoning. Each of the zones has its own detailed development and uses a suggestive pictorial rhetoric of an emotive impact on the viewer. In visually the most interesting part – purgatory torments and the hell – the choice of stigmatised sins and individual attributes was addressed to the large-town auditorium, as was the Legend of the three living… being the warning against excessive passion for mundane goods in the spirit of the ad status preaching. The general message of that artwork seems to be obvious, while the proper reception and right interpretation of all it contents was possible only at the proper level of theological knowledge and erudition. The painting could have been a compendium, facilitating logical development of the contents of a sermon and building its general structure based on the tree-scheme. Particular elements could have been selected out of it and one could lead their exegesis in whichever direction, using whatever rhetoric for sermons suitable for various occasions. The artistic language of that work reveals a Western provenance and is based on miniatures’ pattern. For general analogies for that complex composition one can search among the courtly pastoral codices made in France and England. General formal character as well as costume, arms and armoury features indicate inspirations with western painting of the first half of 14th century. Interpretation of style is hindered by extensive overpainting and reintegration, but assuming those features as dating ones, one should abandon the so far dating of the work to the last quarter of 14th century and set it in times about 1350. Exclusive language of western forms can also be interpreted in aspect of the preachers’ ad status rhetoric. In absence of written sources that would allow for a thorough recognition of the scope and contents of sermons in the Monastic State of Teutonic Order, the role of that painting as a source material can hardly be overestimated.

Socio- Political, Economic and Cultural Life in the Cauvery Belt during the First Half of 18th Century

Socio- Political, Economic and Cultural Life in the Cauvery Belt during the First Half of 18th Century

Freedom deprivation punishment in Serbia during 1804-1860

This text is on freedom deprivation punishment in Serbia during the first half of 19th century, i.e. since the beginning of the First Serbian uprising in 1804 and till passing the Criminal law in 1860. Author first emphasises that the freedom deprivation punishment doesn't have long tradition, although in medieval Serbia and under Turkish rule existed imprisonment in dungeon, but it was foremost some form of custody before a trial, and subsequently as keeping a prisoner after the verdict until its effectuation. It wasn't a freedom deprivation punishment in modern sense. During 1804 - 1813 there was so called 'haps' i.e. apprehension, though Uprising authorities built also 'real' prisons for punishment purpose. Imprisonment of culprits was a condition for compulsory labour, which could be very useful utilized under given circumstances. Since the beginning 1820-ties when first Serbian courts were established, beside 'haps' appears also imprisonment in heavy shackles. However there was no substantial difference between apprehension and imprisonment. In this time the sentence to imprisonment was combined with the punishment with beating (or sometimes with the flogging at the end of imprisonment). The Regulation of County courts from January 26th 1840 mentions several forms of freedom deprivation punishment, but in praxis freedom deprivation was reduced on either 'eternal' imprisonment or time-sentenced imprisonment. Since the beginning of 1840-ties freedom deprivation was more frequently used as punishment and its implementation was continually spreading. For heaviest crimes was instead death penalty and running gauntlet sentenced freedom deprivation, either from courts or from supreme authority in the amnesty process. Imprisonment was effectuated either at police reformatories (for shorter penalties) or at the penitentiary institutions (for longer imprisonment). By the end of 1830-ties an issue of imprisonment of female perpetrators emerged, together with the problem of freedom deprivation punishment for mentally ill committers of criminal acts. Relatively early and in increasing number appeared regulations on effectuation of freedom deprivation punishments, intended to solve numerous practical and principle questions about realization of this penalty. Finally on December 20th 1851 was issued the Structure of Experimental Economy in Topčider Penitentiary, which regulated treatment of convicts, their work, penalties, behavior of guards etc. A new punishment purpose has become noticeable - compulsory re-education and remission through work, as a difference to previous aims: sheer intimidation and neutralization of public danger. At the end of herein observed time, in the year 1858 appeared first theoretical work on penitentiary institutions and Project of Law on Effectuation of Freedom Deprivation Penalties. This project was elaborated on broad fundaments, with regulations for each form of freedom deprivation penalty, but wasn't accepted due to the lack of financial means.

森下嘉之著『近代チェコ住宅社会史―新国家の形成と社会構想』

森下嘉之著『近代チェコ住宅社会史―新国家の形成と社会構想』

BRICK-MAKING IN MEDIEVAL LIVONIA – THE ESTONIAN EXAMPLE

Introduction In the area that makes up modern-day Estonia, medieval brick buildings have been found in several different towns. Despite this fact, medieval brick-making has still not yet been specifically studied. As the production of bricks as a field of research on its own has been somewhat neglected, even less attention has been given to its different aspects, which bear witness to brick-making, such as for example the waste-bricks. Through archaeology, we can detect a revival of brick production in Lombardy, northern Italy, shortly before the middle of the 12th century. In the middle of the 12th century the use of this technique spread to northern Europe, to both Germany and Denmark (Kristensen 2007, 230). During the late 12th and the first half of 13th century the use of brick technology spread quickly over the territories of Poland, Pomerania and Prussia (Herrmann 2012, 266), and to many other parts of Europe, particularly to places which lacked good building stone (Kristensen 2007, 230). The brick building has been noted to arrive in the present day Swedish and Baltic region in the 13 th century (Ratilainen 2012a, 15 f., and references therein). In the northern Baltic, masonry skills along with brick building supposedly arrived in Finland in the late 13 th century (Drake 2007, 115; see also Harjula & Immonen 2012, 184). From the 13 th century, brick became prevalent in ambitious architecture in Pomerania (Biermann 2012, 266). The most important creators of early brick architecture in these regions were monastic orders and orders of knights (Herrmann 2012, 266). The oldest brickyards in Prussia, which belonged to the Dominican Order, emerged in Kulm and in Elbing. Whether they provided the material only for the construction of the respective monasteries or also for the other urban construction companies is uncertain (Torbus 1998, 316). It is worth mentioning that many of the earliest examples of brick buildings represent the highest quality of brick production and building techniques (Herrmann 2012, 266). Brick-making (Fig. 1) was one of the prerequisites for the implementation of various construction projects which were run by noblemen. Aristocracy was responsible for remodelling the landscape in addition to creating designed landscapes. Noblemen were involved in planning and re-planning villages and open fields, markets and boroughs, in founding and remodelling churches and monasteries, and so on (Hansson 2006, 20). The creation of monuments was thus a way for local communities to gain prestige, but also a way of showing a new attitude towards nature. Castles, churches, monasteries, towns and manors all gave the places where they were situated a special meaning in the local society, often of different kinds of power (op. cit., 39). [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] Brick-making strongly depends on the availability of clay. Once appropriate clay is located to make brick, there are six basic steps in brick-making: (1) mining, or winning; (2) preparation; (3) moulding, or forming; (4) drying; (5) firing, or burning; and (6) grading, or sorting of finished products for sale (Peres & Connaster 2008, 106; see also Smith 2004, 259 f.; 1985). The bricks were produced by pressing well-kneaded clay, sand and water into a form and thus, with the removal of surplus clay, a regular block was produced. Afterwards a raw brick was knocked out of the form and transported to a drying ground, where they hardened ready for firing (Kristensen 2007, 231). In the cities of Prussia several brickyards usually existed, which satisfied the demand of different builders. These brickyards were probably operated by different organizations. There were municipal, private, as well as specific church buildingoriented brickyards. The urban brickyards were usually under the control of the town councils, which could operate it themselves or lease it to different people. In smaller towns, the number of brickyards was much lower (Herrmann 2007, 136 f. …

Mahremî'nin Mohaç Fetihnamesi Örneğinden Hareketle Edebî Metinlerin Tarihi Olayları Anlatımına Dair

Mahremi, who is known as lived in the first half of 16th century and wrote qasidas on historical themes and Suleymanname, presents a complete example of fetihname that include all details of Mohac Battle in long qasida with 260 couplet. It is possible to say this text is historical document beyond literary text because all events that are described in qasida are parallel with real history. Mahremi, by means of the emphasis on details and description, put forward the unknown side of his life, participate at the Hungary Military expedition and Mohac Battle. In this study the whole text is examined by all sides and probed an important historical event perspective of a poet.

Neo-meidevalism in contemporary social theory

?Neo-medievalism? has become well known concept in contemporary social theory. It is widely used by historians, sociologists of culture and international relations theorists, not only for the critical reconsideration of heritage from ?historical? Middle Ages, but also for the easier and more accurate distinguishing of their cultural-historical and international-political aspirations through analogies with contemporary social processes. This paper deals with the emergence of ?neo-medieval motives? in social theory and philosophy since Romanticism, throughout ?catholic cultural renewal? and ?Russian religious renaissance?, up to their influences on ?theories of crisis of modernity? from the first half of 20th century and on significant works of Spengler, Toynbee, Ortega y Gasset and Pitirim Sorokin. Then, author follows the revival of interests for Middle Ages in the seventies of the last century along with the onset of postmodernism, and also the first use of ?neo-medieval model? for explanation of international relations transformation (in the work of Hedley Bull and his followers). Finally, contemporary ?neo-medieval? tendencies in scientific approaches are being observed - from the systemic transformation from a modern to a postmodern political economy, throughout urban studies, sociology and philosophy seeking again the indisputable epistemological support in religion and tradition.

Answers to Pre-Zeno Paradoxes

In this paper, we propose a new approach, owing to the pioneering works carved out by Heidegger and Wittgenstein in the first half of 20th Century, to study Paradox in Philosophy and use it to develop new solutions to three ancient Greek paradoxes that were all discovered before Zeno’s Paradox and are discussed by Roy Sorensen in the first three chapters of his ‘A Brief History of Paradox’, i.e. Anaximander’s riddle of origin, Hiappasus’ finding of incommensurability in reality, and Parmenides’ argument against the possibility of thinking What is Not. In early times, they were treated as independent philosophical inquiries and there have been no positive answers to them. Our new solutions resolve them positively and show that the introduction of ‘Being of a Thing’ Concept as the key to all of them. As these paradoxes are dealing with basic inquiries into elemental concepts in science such as the origination of universe (Chicken-and-Egg Question), mathematical nature of the reality, analytic structure of thoughts and intentionality etc., advances in the understanding of them is instrumental to new developments in the studies of the foundation of general science that will lead to significant progresses in frontier of various disciplines, e.g. Quantum Mechanics in Physics, Behavior Theory in Economics, Continuum Hypothesis in Mathematics, Human Consciousness in Psychology etc.. In addition, the outcome paves the way to exploring alternative solutions to Zeno’s Paradox so as to uncover a few pieces of fundamental truth about the universe and the human world.

La copia y la reconstrucción: un recurso visual en las exposiciones de historia del arte moderno desde los años 60 del siglo XX

This paper analyses the fact that most of the works pertaining to the so-called “Historical Avant-garde” -as well as to some of the Neo-Avant-garde- from the first half of 20th century have been gradually rebuilt since the 1960s to fill the gaps in some temporary exhibitions, and in many museums. We mean those works that were created with an ephemeral or plain temporary intention; we refer to others that articulated a critical discourse against the compulsive hoarding of museums, as well as to the greater part of works with an environment-like, interactive or conceptual nature which were produced during the 1960s and the 1970s.These copies are not usually destroyed; they end up, almost without exception, in the vaults of museums and collections. And, in the foreseeable future, they are to be employed not only to support a museographical discourse, but also to be loaned for temporary projects of third parties. The paradox lies within the fact that museums tend to use the same set of formalities for preservation that they apply to original works, cancelling then most of the educational values that those copies had in origin. Locked up inside every manner of display cabinet, these materials are protected from the hand and, therefore, sadly absent from the experience of viewers.

Zagadnienia XVII-wiecznego warsztatu malarskiego na przykładzie wybranych obrazów z terenów dawnych Prus: „Epitafium rodziny Hansa Gronau” z Bazyliki Mariackiej w Gdańsku i obrazu „Koronacja Najświętszej Marii Panny” z kościoła p.w. św. Trójcy w Jeżewie

This paper discusses the issues related with the painters’ workshop of the first half of 17th century, originating from the territory of Duke’s Prussia. The technology and technique of two paintings is being presented: an epitaph painting of Hans Gronau from Our Lady’s Basilica in Gdansk, related with the circle of followers of Anton Moller (1563/65 Krolewiec – 1611 Gdansk) and a painting with the representation of Coronation of Virgin Mary from the Holy Trinity Church in Jezewo, attributed to the atelier of Herman Han (1574 Nysa – 1627 Chojnice).

The Other Ottoman Serhat in Europe: Ottoman Territorial Expansion in Bosnia and Croatia in First Half of 16th Century

The Other Ottoman Serhat in Europe: Ottoman Territorial Expansion in Bosnia and Croatia in First Half of 16th Century

An experimental approach to the study of interpersonal violence in Northeastern Patagonia (Argentina), during the late Holocene

This paper incorporates an experimental approach to the study of violence patterns in Northeastern Patagonia (Argentina) during the late Holocene. The underlying hypothesis considers a close association between socio-ecologic alterations during the Medieval Climatic Anomaly (MCA) (ca. 1150–600 years BP; Stine, 1994, 2000) and a probable increase in conflict levels. In order to test this hypothesis, human skulls (n = 986) were analyzed for bone lesions, discriminating late bone lesions, such as those produced by metal tools. The experimental approach used swine (Sus scrofa domestica) skulls, as proxies for human skulls, and incorporated original sabers. From this discriminating analysis, it can be inferred that no significant increase in violence signs were recorded until the first stages of Hispanic-indigenous contact (first half of 17th century). These findings emphasize the need for a revision of the implications of the dynamics of human populations in Northeastern Patagonia during the late Holocene.

Obraz Madonna z Dzieciątkiem i Świętymi przypisywany naśladowcy Giulia Cesarego Procacciniego – próba datowania i określenia proweniencji dzieła na podstawie badań techniki malarskiej

The study consists on a characteristics of a painting Virgin with the Child andSaints from the National Museum in Poznań. It includes a draft history of thepainting and an attempted comparison with the prototype attributed to GiulioCesare Procaccini, in terms of painters’ workshop. To achieve that technical andtechnological research was performed by non-destructive analytical methods andby examination of samples. The results were presented against the backgroundof the literature on the development of artists’ materials and techniques form17th century to the first half of 19th century. That allowed for verification of theformer dating and assumed place of execution. The results confirmed that theinvestigated painting is a much smaller copy of a painting from the collectionof the Museum in Dresden. The suggested time and place of painting the copyis Dresden artistic environment of the late 18th century.

Fatigue Resistance of Typical Fatigue Prone Riveted Steel Railway Bridge Structural Detail

There are still a lot of riveted steel railway bridges built in the first half of 20th century in service, and so it is important to pay attention to their evaluation. Their fatigue resistance represents one of the most determining factors on decision making process oriented to possibility of their further exploitation after finishing their planned service life. The standard method of fatigue assessment according to Eurocode EN 1993-1-9 is based on categorization of structural details, which reflects their predisposition to fatigue failure. The paper deals with laboratory investigation of the riveted connection of stringer to cross beam of a railway bridge deck. This structural detail is typical by frequent occurrence of fatigue cracks, but its categorization according to standard mentioned above is at least questionable. In order to investigate and define the fatigue category of this detail more properly, the laboratory tests on specially adapted specimens were performed.

Kísérlet néhány magyarországi ötvösjegy feloldására XIII.

The study is the new installment of a series running already for 23 years. The author systematically collects masters' marks of goldsmith's ware mostly cropping up in the art trade, trying to identify the towns and masters with the help of earlier research literature (Elemér Kőszeghy, 1936; Ilona P. Brestyánszky, 1977; Emília Földes 1978), often correcting the information they provide. The work is complemented by thorough archival research, with all available data about identified goldsmiths in city registers being published. The present paper identifies the works and marks of Pest goldsmiths (Ignác Ábrahámfy, Károly Steindl, Lajos Müller, Károly Stammer, first half of 19th century). The next unit comprises the goldsmithing of Eger, Győr, Kolozsvár (Cluj-Napoca, Romania) (Josephus Mikovinyi, Adolf Ecker, György Péterfy, János Sárga) and Nagyvárad (Oradea, Romania) (Károly Schvambek) of 19th century. He enriches our knowledge of the goldsmiths of the one-time capital of Hungary, Pozsony (Bratislava, Slovakia) with new marks and objects (Melchior Gassur, Leopod Dorfner, Johann Christoph Holstein from the 17–18th centuries), and from Pozsony-Vártelek from the 19th century.

Breve historia de la publicidad industrial en México. La provincia industrial de Puebla entre el antiguo régimen y la revolución: 1880-1920 (rescate de patrimonio industrial intangible)

This paper aims to show with archaeological field work in different landscapes of Mexico and documentation of the municipal archives of the city of Puebla, the architectural and historical evidence that gave identity to the Mexican industrial past throughout the 19th and first half of 20th century. Also shows the importance of the public documentation that many family firms produced in their correspondence to the municipal authority, demanding all kinds of grants or concessions in the city ofPuebla between 1880-1920. This iconographic industrial advertising and its evolution alongside this kind of correspondence is not only very important for the history of industrial brands and advertising, but it is also a keynote to the history of companies in the emblematic town of Puebla, that is not only distinguished by being a textile town, between 1880-1940, but a major industrial and commercial corridor.

Heterogeneities of the field of short-period shear wave attenuation in the lithosphere of Central Asia and their relationship with seismicity

The characteristics of the short-period shear wave attenuation field in the lithosphere of the Turanian Plate, West Tien Shan, Pamir, and Hindu Kush have been studied. The method based on analysis of the logarithm of the ratio between maximal amplitudes of Sn and Pn waves (Sn/Pn parameter) has been applied. More than 400 records of earthquakes, obtained at distances of ∼400–1000 km from the AAK digital station, have been processed. It has been found that relatively weak attenuation is observed in the regions of the West Tien Shan and Pamir. The largest area of strong attenuation is located in the region of the Afghan-Tadjik Depression adjacent to Hindu Kush. A wide band of low Sn/Pn parameter values, stretched northeastwards, has been distinguished. Along with the analogous band of strong attenuation, distinguished before in the regions of Central Tien Shan and Dzungaria, it is the continuation of the largest Chaman Fault, which stretches 850 km along the boundary of the Indian Plate. Source zones of strong earthquakes with M ≥ 7.0 that occurred in the first half of 20th century correspond to relatively weak attenuation. Areas of high attenuation, where strong seismic events have not occurred for the last 110 years, are outlined. Analogously to other seismoactive regions, it is supposed that these areas are related to preparation of strong earthquakes.

Asbestos and Lung Diseases: Introduction and Epidemiology

Over the last 2 centuries, there has been a growing awareness of occupationally related lung disease resulting from exposure to inorganic particulates that cause chronic and disabling fibrotic lung disease that can be fatal. Fibrotic lung disease, because of dust exposure, is referred to as pneumoconiosis. Asbestos refers to a group of naturally occurring minerals that has been extensively used in diverse industries as the minerals are known for their high tensile strength and flexibility and exhibit high thermal and chemical degradation as well as electrical resistance. 1 Asbestos fibers are either straight or curved and are referred to as amphiboles or serpentine type. Chrysotile, or often called white asbestos, is a serpentine form and widely used in USA in the past. Amphiboles may be more carcinogenic than the serpentine type. In the late 19th century, the industrial import of asbestos to England from Canada grew, and workers’ exposure to asbestos increased, resulting in a gradual increase in asbestos-related morbidity and mortality. Reports of asbestos-related illness and fatal cases started to appear in the lay press in England (1898, 1906), France (1906), and Italy (1908). Many of these reports involved exposure to Canadian chrysotile fiber. From early (1900s) reports of pulmonary fibrosis, referred to as asbestosis, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality, emerged the scientific literature in England, USA, and Europe. Despite the strong evidence regarding the adverse health effects of asbestos fibers, industries had no restriction or regulations in regard to the use of asbestos. 1-3 The studies from Canada were not supportive of asbestos-related lung diseases in the first half of 20th century and they continued to use the fiber. In 1931, regulation regarding asbestos use was established in Britain. Only in 1955, Canada acknowledged the occurrence of asbestosis in the miners and mill workers. 3 The carcinogenicity of asbestos was initially noted in an animal study using mice but the results were not widely accepted. Based on the Saranac research Vorwald reported an increased association of malig