First Generation Of Research Research Articles

List jako świadectwo życia kulturalno-naukowego na przykładzie spuścizny rękopiśmiennej ks. Jana Kudery

Father Jan Kudera, together with Father Emil Szramek and Konstanty Prus, belonged to the first generation of researchers of the Silesian literary regionalism. This paper presents the results of an analysis the correspondence of Fr. Jan Kudera, kept at the Archdiocesan Archives in Katowice. The analysed documents come from 9 fonds of the legacy bearing reference numbers from ZS 515 to ZS 523. The research of a historical and literary character was conducted mainly through content analysis. The letter was treated as a document and at the same time an autonomous statement. Correspondence from the legacy of the priest can be a valuable and unique source of information on cultural and scientific life in Silesia in the years 1922–1939 and about Kudera itself.

Gray Clouds Over Ivory Towers

Black, first-generation doctoral students can be classified as those who belong to the African diaspora and come from families with parents who do not have bachelor’s degrees. Data shows that over half of Black doctoral degree recipients, across all fields, have first-generation status, and literature has shown that these students experience several challenges during their doctoral journey that their peers do not. This paper details six of these challenges for Black, first-generation research doctoral students in social work programs. These challenges result in educational disparities disfavoring these students, and, as such, social workers are compelled by our Code of Ethics to work against these forms of social injustice. This conceptual discussion uses Critical Race Theory and Social Capital Theory to explain the continued existence of these challenges, followed by recommendations that social work educators, academic institutions, and educational organizations can use to improve conditions for Black, first-generation social work research doctoral students across the country. If social work educators take this critical issue, its associated challenges, and the proposed recommendations seriously, they can begin to create safe and actively anti-racist and anti-classist academic environments that are conducive to the success of this student population.

Edgework, Uncertainty, and Social Character

This article proposes a novel conceptual understanding of ‘edgework’ – a term denoting the voluntary embrace of risk – by drawing on the long-standing sociological tradition of character studies. In doing so, it addresses the paradox that while first-generation research into high-risk leisure suggested that these activities provided identity-affirming escapes from bureaucratised capitalism, second-generation writings argued that edgework exists in harmony with the norms of ‘risk societies’, raising questions about its continuing appeal. Developing a new analytical perspective with which to assess these views, we argue that the former studies should be understood in the context of challenges to ‘other-directed’ characterological forms prominent within the post-War era, while the latter signal the embodiment of edgework within emergent ‘opportunity-directed’ modalities of social character. This interpretation explains the enduring attractions of edgework alongside its changed social role, and also signals its utility as a prism through which to observe broader characterological changes.

Substance and Externalities of Network Broker Behavior

Broker behavior is a consequential, largely-uncharted topic; an exciting arena for future research. We know that success is associated with access to the brokerage opportunities provided by structural holes, but networks don’t act. What are the behaviors by which people convert structural hole opportunities into success? The symposium offers a propitious occasion to address some broad questions for the emerging behavioral generation of research on network brokerage: How much does the first generation of research on network structure and performance inform research on more (and less) productive broker behavior, and does it matter? What research methods have been more (and less) useful for exploring network broker behavior and why? With respect to what aspects of broker behavior, are we making more (or less) progress and why? Individual Networking Styles and the Brokerage-Performance Link: Evidence from a Field Experiment Presenter: Gianluca Carnabuci; ESMT Berlin Presenter: Eric Quintane; ESMT Berlin Cultural Diversity Broadens Social Networks Presenter: Adam M. Kleinbaum; Dartmouth College Presenter: Adrienne Wood; U. of Virginia Presenter: Thalia Wheatley; Dartmouth College Keep them Apart or Bring them Together? How Identification Processes Shape Orientations to Brokerage Presenter: Paul Leonardi; UC Santa Barbara Presenter: Camille Endacott; UC Santa Barbara Team Network and Learning: Renovating a Classic Experiment to Resolve a Current Debate Presenter: Ray Reagans; MIT Sloan School of Management Presenter: Hagay Volvovsky; MIT Sloan School of Management Presenter: Ronald S. Burt; U. Of Chicago

Het Tijdschrift voor Criminologie in de eerste twee decennia van de 21e eeuw: een kwantitatieve (netwerk)analyse

Building on prior quantitative analyses by Rovers (1999) and Rovers and Boers (2009), the present article provides a quantitative overview of 60 years Dutch Journal of Criminology, with an emphasis on the period 1999-2018. Dutch criminology is beginning to lose sight of its first generation of researchers. Males still dominate the top 25 most published authors. A social network analysis of the co-author network on the one hand reveals a significant proportion of singletons. Many of the remaining authors on the other hand, are included in one giant component that links authors directly or indirectly by co-authorship.

Kepler’s Ellipse Generated by the Trigonometrically Organized Gravitons

Johannes Kepler made his great breakthrough when he discovered the elliptical path of the planet Mars around the Sun located in one focus of that ellipse (on the 11th October in 1605 in a letter to Fabricius). The first generation of researchers in the 17th century intensively discussed about the possible mechanism needed for the generation of that elliptical orbit and about the function of the empty focus of that ellipse. First generations of researchers proposed an interplay between attractive and repulsive forces that might guide the planet on its elliptical orbit. Isaac Newton made a giant mathematical progress in his Principia and introduced the concept of the attractive gravitational force between the Sun and planets. However, Newton did not propose a possible mechanism behind this attractive force. Albert Einstein in 1915 left the concept of attractive and repulsive forces and introduced his Theory based on the elastic spacetime. In his concept gravity itself became fictitious force and the attraction is explained via the elastic spacetime. In our proposed model we try to re-open the discussion of Old Masters on the existence of attractive and repulsive forces. The guiding principle for our trigonometrical model is the generation of the ellipse discovered by one of the last ancient Greek mathematicians – Anthemius of Tralles – who generated the ellipse by the so-called gardener’s method (one string and two pins fixed to the foci of that ellipse). Frans van Schooten in 1657 invented a series of original simple mechanisms for generating ellipses, hyperbolas, and parabolas. Schooten’s antiparallelogram might simulate the interplay of attractive and repulsive forces creating the elliptical path. We propose a model with trigonometrically organized Solar and planet gravitons. In this model the Solar and planet gravitons are reflected and refracted in predetermined directions so that their joint momentum transferred on the planet atoms guides the planet on an elliptical path around the Sun. At this stage we cannot directly measure the gravitons but we can use the analogy with behavior of photons. We propose to observe paths of photons emitted from one focus of the ellipse towards the QUARTER-silvered elliptical mirror. 1/4 of photons will be reflected towards to the second empty focus and the ¾ of photons might be reflected and refracted into the trigonometrically expected directions. (Until now we have experimental data only for the FULLY–silvered elliptical mirrors). The observed behavior of photons with the quarter-silvered elliptic mirror might support this concept or to exclude this model as a wrong model. The quantitative values of attractive and repulsive forces could be found from the well-known geometrical properties of the ellipse. The characteristic lengths of distances will be inserted into the great formula of Isaac Newton - the inverse square law. (In order to explain some orbit anomalies, we can use Paul Gerber’s formula derived for the Pierre Fermat principle). We have found that the Kant’s ellipse rotating on the Keppler’s ellipse might express the co-operation of attractive and repulsive forces to guide the planet on its elliptic path. Finally, we have derived a new formula inspired by Bradwardine - Newton - Tan - Milgrom that might contribute to the MOND gravitational model. We have found that the Kepler ellipse is the very elegant curve that might still keep some hidden secrets waiting for our future research.

Aspects of Morality and Law Enforcement in Today's Science in Post-Soviet Countries.

Many reports independently confirm that even more than a quarter of a century after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the results of research and development in those countries that were under its influence are insufficient in comparison to the rest of the world. Given that human intelligence is not distributed unevenly and that science is a powerful driving force for the future of an economy, there is a hidden problem, which, if it can be resolved, may release great economic potential. The first generation of researchers from Armenia, Czech Republic, Georgia, Slovakia and Ukraine, who successfully completed their education after the political revolution, were surveyed. The survey revealed many similarities with regards to ethics, but that there is mounting evidence that the main cause of the current situation is the state of the local legal systems. The conclusion was drawn that a conceptual change in staffing within the relevant legal systems is required to release potential and stimulate wealth creation.

A influência de Maurício Tragtenberg na obra da primeira geração de pesquisadores nos Estudos Organizacionais críticos brasileiros

Resumo: Influenciar um campo acadêmico não é um papel desempenhado por muitos pesquisadores. No caso dos Estudos Organizacionais brasileiros, esse papel foi desempenhado por poucos. Maurício Tragtenberg é reconhecido como precursor dos Estudos Organizacionais críticos brasileiros, sua influência pode ser percebida em diversas temáticas de pesquisa. Nesse sentido, este artigo analisa a influência das categorias temáticas de Tragtenberg na produção acadêmica da chamada primeira geração de autores críticos em Estudos Organizacionais no Brasil, quais sejam, Fernando Prestes Motta, José Henrique de Faria e Fernando Coutinho Garcia, que foram citados pelo próprio Tragtenberg como o grupo que recebeu diretamente sua influência. Para tanto, foi analisado o levantamento das produções acadêmicas desses autores. A pesquisa demonstrou que as categorias tragtenbergianas estão presentes nas obras dos três pesquisadores abordados e que eles foram historicamente contemporâneos em sua produção acadêmica, constituindo um grupo coeso, que pode ser indicado como a primeira geração de pesquisadores em Estudos Organizacionais críticos brasileiros.

Multilingual resources in classroom interaction: ethnographic and discourse analytic perspectives

This special issue of Language and Education contributes to a distinctive and growing tradition of ethnographic and discourse analytic research on multilingual classroom interaction. To illustrate the nature and significance of the articles assembled here, this introduction provides a brief genealogy of this research tradition. We review two broad generations of studies, along with some of the different orienting theories and methodologies guiding the studies: (1) a first generation of research in multilingual classroom contexts that grew out of the field of linguistic anthropology in North America and (2) a second generation of studies, emerging from the early 1990s onwards, that developed critical, interpretive approaches to the study of multilingual classroom interaction. The second-generation studies were conducted in a wider range of research sites, including post-colonial settings, and they were explicitly framed with reference to language-in-education policies. We then introduce the five articles in this special issue. We argue that they represent a third generation of studies that are opening up new epistemological spaces at the interface with other fields of research, such as multimodality in classroom interaction or ethnography of language policy, while building on the robust foundation of first- and second-generation research in multilingual classrooms.

Forms of Intervention in Public Sector Organizations: Generic Traits in Public Sector Reforms

The present paper argues that recent research on public sector reforms offers few contributions to the body of knowledge on this topic because it adds little to the conclusions drawn during the first generation of research in this area. Although these later studies have often been context-specific and have explored the details of the process of change in some depth, it is rather difficult to compare their results or to make reasoned judgements of the comprehensiveness and centrality of the analysed change. Although most public sector reforms that affect hospitals, schools or social services are initiated and designed by national governments, individual case studies of local administrations often fail to capture the generic traits of nationwide reforms. However, public sector change cannot be approached as if it comprises collections of nominally independent local events. The present paper argues for two new approaches to the study of public sector change: (i) the systematic categorization of the different forms of governmental intervention under study and (ii) analysis of the ways in which these forms of intervention are linked and interact. Based on extensive empirical research, this paper suggests a generic classification of these forms of intervention that can be used in empirical research on comprehensive public sector change. Consequently, five interventions in public sector organizations are suggested, namely political intervention, intervention by laws and regulations, intervention by audit and inspection, intervention by management and intervention by rationalizing professional practice. The model is particularly well suited to the longitudinal analysis of complex public sector reforms. This approach provides a conceptual tool to distinguish between interventions based on different forms of knowledge and to investigate how they are linked to each other vertically and horizontally. We demonstrate the usefulness of the model by analysing two empirical examples of reforms in which a variety of interventions were imposed at the local level, through legislation as well as a spectrum of voluntary measures proposed by government agencies, by national associations for local and regional councils and by other national or regional actors.

Possibility of identifying the fuel elements and fuel assemblies of first-generation USA and USSR research reactors

The possibilities of identifying the fuel elements and fuel assemblies from the cores of first-generation research reactors in the USSR (F1, TVR, RFT, IGR, SM-2, and IVG.1) and USA (CR-1, X-10, BGRR, EBR I, MTR, ARE, and TREAT) are examined. The fuel elements and assemblies are described and the cross section and characteristic dimensions are presented. It is shown that the fuel elements and fuel assemblies are different and that in order to identify them in most cases only the geometric dimensions need by examined and measured. However, if a reactor fuel element or assembly is completely destroyed, then the uranium enrichment and isotopic composition as well as the impurity composition must be measured.

Community Radio in Ireland: “Defeudalising” the Public Sphere?

The growth in interest and research in community radio worldwide over the last few decades is a welcome development. While, as noted by Jankowski (2003), a first generation of research has been largely empirical in nature, describing and analysing the organisation and operation of stations in different contexts, more recently a second generation of work has begun to emerge which aims at grounding empirical studies within broader theoretical frameworks, most notably those relating to democracy and the public sphere. The specific components of the public sphere remain somewhat underdeveloped in these studies however. This article aims to contribute to this literature through an examination of community radio in Ireland within a framework drawn from evolving work of Habermas and associated deliberative, social and media theorists. The article, drawing on a detailed study of four community stations in Ireland, identifies elements of community radio which contribute towards a “defeudalisation” of the public sphere as well as highlighting challenges in this regard. Although situated within a specific context, with Irish community radio operating within a comparable regulatory environment to both that in Australia and the United Kingdom, the article draws lessons of specific interest to researchers and activists in these domains, as well as offering a framework of use to community radio researchers interested in examining the sector’s contribution to the re-animation of the public sphere more globally.

The Zero Lower Bound: Lessons from the Past Decade

Japan’s encounter with deflation and near‐zero‐interest short‐term interest rates in the 1990s led to a surge in research on the implications of the zero lower bound (ZLB) on nominal interest rates for monetary policy around the end of that decade. Based on model simulations, the literature at that time identified a number of key implications of the ZLB (see Orphanides and Wieland [2000], Reifschneider and Williams [2000, 2002], Eggertsson and Woodford [2003], and references therein). First, with low inflation targets of the kind followed by many central banks, the ZLB will frequently be a binding constraint on monetary policy. That is, Japan’s example is not an outlier but rather a harbinger for the future. Second, at inflation targets of 1% or lower, lowering the inflation target comes at a cost of higher variability of output and inflation, although the effects on inflation variability are relatively small. This analysis provides an argument for maintaining a positive inflation target cushion above 1%. Third, in rare instances of severe prolonged recessions accompanied by deflation, standard open market operations will be insufficient to bring the inflation rate back to target, andalternative sources of stimulus to the economy, such as fiscal policy, will be needed. Fourth, central banks can significantly reduce the effects of the ZLB onmacroeconomic stability by modifying their policy actions and communication to the public when the ZLB threatens to constrain policy. Specifically, policies that cut rates aggressively when deflation is a risk and promise to temporarily target a higher rate of inflation following episodes where the ZLB binds were found to greatly reduce the effects of the ZLB in model simulations. In the decade since this researchwas initiated, the ZLB has gone froma theoretical issue applying to Japan to one that plagues many industrialized economies. Indeed, an era of overwhelming confidence in monetary policy’s power to tame the business cycle while delivering low and stable inflation has been replaced by fears that the global economy could

Tensions of Colonial Punishment: Perspectives on Recent Developments in the Study of Coercive Networks in Asia, Africa and the Caribbean

AbstractThe study of penal practices in colonised parts of Asia, Africa, Latin America, the Indian Ocean and the Caribbean has recently witnessed a significant shift. The first generation of research into the coercive measures of colonial states tended to focus rather narrowly on imprisonment. The second generation, which has emerged only in the last five years, has significantly widened their field of vision to incorporate much more than the prison. The most recent literature considers capital and corporal punishment, as well as the larger functioning of police and courts. It also explores in more depth the ways in which indigenous peoples experienced and interpreted their punishments. Finally, this new research is sensitive to the paradoxes and tensions of colonial punishment, which often frustrated its purposes. This article reflects upon these historiographical shifts, and argues that, in light of these developments, a new framework for the study of colonial punishment is now called for. It suggests that an approach which views colonial coercive techniques as part of imperial ‘coercive networks’ encapsulates this new thinking.

In Control, Almost from the Beginning Until the Day After Tomorrow

I entered the field of control as a Ph.D. student in September 1965, over 40 years ago. A couple of years before, Roger Brockett and Michael Athans had joined the Electrical Engineering faculty ofMIT. They introduced Modern Control Theory, as the state space approach was called then, as a research activity and had set up a graduate curriculum in this area. In my first semester, I took courses on optimal control a la Pontryagin and on the state space theory of systems. This last course was given for the first time atMIT. On the West Coast of the US, similar courses existed already a few years earlier. Later, I taught this course myself many many times. It became my favorite subject. After my Ph.D., I joined the control group of the Electrical Engineering department of MIT as an assistant professor. I spent 5 years in that capacity, with a one-year leave of absence as a postdoc at the University of Cambridge in the UK. In 1973, I was appointed Professor of Systems and Control in the Mathematics department of the University of Groningen. In 2003, I became Emeritus. Presently, I am Guest Professor with ESAT (the department of Electrical Engineering) of the K.U. Leuven in Belgium. During my career, I had the privilege to serve as supervisor to a number of very talented Ph.D. students, ‘promovendi’, many of whom became important contributors to the field. The number of my Ph.D. students or postdocs at any time was never large, typically 2 or 3. With some of them, I discussed research almost on a daily basis. Working together with these young people has been an important part of my modus operandi of doing research. I also did my chores on the administrative level, as conference organizer, stints as head of my department, as president of the Dutch Mathematical Society and of the European Union Control Association. I was initiator of a graduate program (later called DISC) in Systems and Control on the national level in the Netherlands. I also did more than my share of editorial work, in particular as managing editor of SIAM Journal of Control for 5 years, and of Systems & Control Letters for the first 15 years of its existence. These professional ‘service’ contributions rate very high with the public. Nevertheless, I consider them as secondary to research and teaching. But I wouldn’t go as far as Paul Halmos, who in his authomathography calls (his) service activities a cop-out. Many personal experiences shaped my views on control, system theory, mathematics, and science, but the two dominating influences surely are: (1) my formative years as a Ph.D. student and a beginning researcher at MIT in the US, and (2) my 30 years as a mathematics professor in the Netherlands. In this article, I wish to make a few observations about the development of the field since the 1960s until now, as I experienced them personally. The research themes which I talk about are mainly those I was directly involved in. I am not a member of what one would call the first generation of researchers in modern control theory, but of the first generation of persons who were taught a full curriculum in the area. During my years at MIT, I had the good fortune to become personally acquainted and develop close professional relationships with many of the pioneers of the subject, among

Examination of eco-behavioral assessments designed for understanding complex behaviors and environments.

Abstract Second-generation intervention research requires methods for overcoming challenges to understanding complex learning ecologies and interactions of students. Eco-behavioral assessments (EBAs) are one solution to past intervention research challenges. EBAs record the effects of ecological variables in students' behavior and daily interactions. The utility of EBAs in second-generation research has increased substantially. Numerous EBAs now exist for use with all ages of learners and provide a valid, reliable, and cost effective method for intervention research. This paper examines 18 EBAs as well as software systems designed to support and enhance the use of EBAs. The examination serves as a comprehensive resource to better understand how EBAs can be used in answering complex questions about students' learning and for advancing second-generation research. Keywords: Eco-behavioral assessment, Observational systems ********** The behaviors of students and the environments in which they participate are composed of highly complex events and interactions. Early research sought to answer broad questions regarding the efficacy of intervention efforts on global outcomes (e.g., Does early intervention lead to improved developmental outcomes? Does a particular instructional approach increase math productivity and accuracy?). In essence, the focus of first-generation intervention research in special education was on whether behavior or performance of students changed when an intervention was implemented. The input-output orientation of this collective body of knowledge has provided the field with a wealth of information regarding salient features of instruction (e.g., materials, engagement, and reinforcement) and its impact on student behavior and/or performance (Greenwood & Carta, 1987; Greenwood, Terry, & Walker, 1994). In fact, because of this research, we can identify empirically based practices that improve the outcomes of students with disabilities (e.g., Cook & Schirmer, 2003; Forness, Kavale, Blum, & Lloyd, 1997). Although first-generation research has identified effective practices, widespread implementation of those practices continues to present challenges to the field (e.g., Carnine, 1997; Cook & Schirmer, 2003; Espin & Deno, 2000; Stone, 1998). The resulting research-to-practice gap has been the topic of discussion at federal, state, and local levels (e.g., No Child Left Behind Act) and reasons for it have been examined (e.g., Gersten & Dimino, 2001; Greenwood 2001). One consistent theme from the literature on implementing research-based practices for students with disabilities is the necessity to adapt interventions to address the individual needs, teaching strengths, and available resources within various learning environments (e.g., Abbott, Walton, Tapia, & Greenwood, 1999; Boudah, Logan, & Greenwood, 2001; Gersten & Dimino, 2001; Gersten, Vaughn, Deshler, & Schiller, 1997). In other words, practitioners are not implementing particular practices because they do not always fit into their day-to-day routine and researchers are not consistently making it clear how the practices can be implemented. Second-generation research has expanded its focus and aims to not only understand the outcomes related to intervention, but also to understand the features or elements of complex events and interactions as they occur within the context of the learning environment. By investigating the dynamic aspects and events surrounding interventions, the relationships among environmental variables and student behavior and performance can be assessed (Odom, Favazza, Brown, & Horn, 2000). Such assessments can help determine which elements of particular interventions are most effective and how elements may affect different students under different circumstances (e.g., Guralnick, 1997; NAEYC and NAECS/SDE, 2003). Learning environments are multifaceted, vibrant settings where various and interrelated features may affect students' opportunities to engage and learn. …

Yima: a second-generation continuous media server

Continuous media data requires a streaming architecture that can manage real-time delivery constraints and address the large size of CM objects. Although commercial systems ordinarily use proprietary technology and algorithms, making it difficult to compare their products with research prototypes, the authors have designed and developed Yima, a second-generation CM server that demonstrates several advanced concepts. Although this system has not yet achieved the refinement of commercial solutions, it is operational and incorporates lessons learned from first-generation research prototypes, including complete distribution, efficient online scalability, and synchronization of several media streams within a single frame. The paper discusses the multinode server architecture.

The Cancer Information Service Research Consortium: A Brief Retrospective and a Preview of the Future

The Cancer Information Service Research Consortium (CISRC) was initially funded by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) in 1993 to examine seven key research questions. In this paper, the final results pertaining to these seven research questions are briefly reviewed, as well as several key lessons that have been learned from this unique research collaboration. Also described is the second generation of CISRC research that was recently funded by the NCI and is now in its first year of development. The results obtained from the first generation of research should provide the Cancer Information Service, as well as other organizations and agencies, with several viable programmatic options for the future.

Extension of the Children's Perceptions of Interparental Conflict Scale for use with late adolescents.

Although many studies have documented an association between interparental conflict (IPC) and child outcomes, the relation of specific dimensions of conflict to the adjustment of offspring remains largely unexplored. The Children's Perceptions of Interparental Conflict Scale (CPIC) was developed by J. H. Grych, M. Seid, and F. D. Fincham (1992) to assess school-aged children's perceptions of several dimensions of IPC. The purpose of the current study was to examine the suitability of the CPIC for use with late adolescents. The factor structure of the CPIC dimensions and indexes of reliability and validity were examined in a sample of 215 participants 17 to 21 years old. The emergent factor structure closely resembled the factor structure found with the younger sample. The CPIC also demonstrated good reliability and external validity. Over the past several decades, empirical support has accumulated for the association between interparental conflict (IPC) and the adjustment of offspring in both divorced and intact families. Correlational and analogue studies have identified negative child outcomes in the areas of behavior problems, self-esteem, depression, anxiety, cognitive competence, and social skills (for reviews, see Amato & Keith, 1991; Emery, 1982; Grych & Fincham, 1990). Fincham (1994) recently drew a distinction between first-generation and second-generation research in this area. He suggested that firstgeneration research, which focuses on documenting the association between IPC and child adjustment and ruling out other variables that might mediate or moderate this association, has been extensive. On the other hand, secondgeneration research, aimed at explaining the mechanisms that may account for the association between IPC and child outcomes, has lagged behind. One of the issues highlighted by Fincham (1994) is the need to assess the rela

Logit models and logistic regressions for social networks: I. An introduction to Markov graphs andp

Spanning nearly sixty years of research, statistical network analysis has passed through (at least) two generations of researchers and models. Beginning in the late 1930's, the first generation of research dealt with the distribution of various network statistics, under a variety of null models. The second generation, beginning in the 1970's and continuing into the 1980's, concerned models, usually for probabilities of relational ties among very small subsets of actors, in which various simple substantive tendencies were parameterized. Much of this research, most of which utilized log linear models, first appeared in applied statistics publications.