First-born Individuals Research Articles

The role of different factors in the development of cleft lip, palate, or both

Background: Cleft lip and cleft palate refer to congenital malformations characterized by fissures or divisions in the upper lip, the palatal region of the mouth, or both. Cleft lip and cleft palate occur due to incomplete closure of face tissues during fetal development. Objective: To identify the primary elements that could contribute to the occurrence of cleft lip and palate. Subjects and methods: The sample included 1080 patients distributed between cleft lip only, cleft palate only, and cleft lip and palate. Parents of participants answered questions related to their medical and exposure history. Subjects were seen over 13 years, from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2022. Participants came to our hospital with ages from a few hours to 3 months. Results: The distribution of cleft types in the sample was as follows: 11.6% had cleft lip alone, 29.5% had cleft palate exclusively, and 57.3% had both cleft lip and palate. The most significant number of patients, 28%, were found to be first-born individuals. The majority of dads who exhibited patience were aged 30 years or older, accounting for 65% of the sample. Among these individuals, 8.6% had a concurrent systemic ailment, while 40% were identified as smokers. Most moms were between the age range of 16 to 30 years (65.4%). Incorporate additional factors into the analysis, including the presence of familial cleft history and psychiatric disorders. Conclusion: We found a high frequency of consanguinity between the parents maternal psychology factors such as fear, hearing bad news or hearing loud sounds like gunshots (prevalent during civilian war in Iraq between 2010-2014 years) among parents of children born with cleft lip and palate.

Founder's birth order and triple bottom line in B2B SMEs

Leveraging upper-echelon and post-traumatic childhood experience theories, this study analyses the influence of CEOs' birth order in the family on firms' triple bottom line management. Conducting our study in the B2B market and SME context during the COVID-19 pandemic, we assert that the eldest sibling tends to adopt more prosocial behavior than younger siblings. When first-born individuals become entrepreneurs, their values get reflected in the firm's organizational culture and the strategic choices they make as CEOs. We further suggest a mediating mechanism of a sustainable marketing orientation for sibling birth order and triple bottom line management and a moderating role of CEO childhood trauma experience. Childhood trauma experience moderates the mediating effect of sustainable marketing orientation, i.e., a moderated mediating mechanism. Heeding calls for research in marketing to become more interdisciplinary, we leverage the family science and upper echelon theories to expand the B2B marketing literature.

Sex, age, and family structure influence dispersal behaviour after a forced migration.

Dispersal does not only mean moving from one environment to another, but can also refer to shifting from one social group to another. Individual characteristics such as sex, age and family structure might influence an individual's propensity to disperse. In this study, we use a unique dataset of an evacuated World War II Finnish population, to test how sex, age, number of siblings and birth order influence an individual's dispersal away from their own social group at a time when society was rapidly changing. We found that young women dispersed more than young men, but the difference decreased with age. This suggests that young men might benefit more from staying near a familiar social group, whereas young women could benefit more from moving elsewhere to find work or spouses. We also found that having more younger brothers increased the propensity for firstborns to disperse more than for laterborns, indicating that younger brothers might pressure firstborn individuals into leaving. However, sisters did not have the same effect as brothers. Overall, the results show that individual characteristics are important in understanding dispersal behaviour, but environmental properties such as social structure and the period of flux after World War II might upend the standard predictions concerning residence and dispersal. Social media summary: Individual characteristics influence dispersal away from social group after a forced migration in a Finnish population.

Birth Order and Myopia

Purpose: An association between birth order and reduced unaided vision (a surrogate for myopia) has been observed previously. We examined the association between birth order and myopia directly in four subject groups.Methods: Subject groups were participants in (1) the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC; UK; age 15 years; N = 4401), (2) the Singapore Cohort Study of Risk Factors for Myopia (SCORM; Singapore; age 13 years; N = 1959), (3) the Raine Eye Health Study (REHS; Australia; age 20 years; N = 1344), and (4) Israeli Defense Force Pre-recruitment Candidates (IDFC; Israel; age 16–22 years; N = 888,277). The main outcome was odds ratios (OR) for myopia in first-born versus non-first-born individuals after adjusting for potential risk factors.Results: The prevalence of myopia was numerically higher in first-born versus non-first-born individuals in all study groups, but the strength of evidence varied widely. Adjusted ORs (95% confidence intervals, CIs) were: ALSPAC, 1.31 (1.05–1.64); SCORM, 1.25 (0.89–1.77); REHS, 1.18 (0.90–1.55); and IDFC, 1.04 (1.03–1.06). In the large IDFC sample, the effect size was greater (a) for the first-born versus fourth- or higher-born comparison than for the first-born versus second/third-born comparison (p < 0.001) and (b) with increasing myopia severity (p < 0.001).Conclusions: Across all studies, the increased risk of myopia in first-born individuals was low (OR < 1.3). Indeed, only the studies with >4000 participants provided strong statistical support for the association. The available evidence suggested the relationship was independent of established risk factors such as time outdoors/reading, and thus may arise through a different causal mechanism.

The Influence Of Birth Order On Financial Risk Tolerance

This study examines birth order as a predictor of financial risk tolerance. Three hundred sixty-eight individuals, drawn predominantly from a large university in the Southwestern United States, completed a psychometrically sound financial risk tolerance measure (Grable and Lytton, 1999). The results confirmed previous literature in regard to gender and education as predictors of risk tolerance. However, for the first time, firstborn individuals were shown to be significantly less risk tolerant than later-born individuals. Furthermore, it was shown that later-born males were more likely than the first-born to have a majority of their portfolios allocated in stock; additionally the later-born males were more likely than the later-born females to hold a greater proportion of their assets in stocks.

The effect of age on the relationship between birth order and immunoglobulin E sensitization

An association between birth order and IgE sensitization or allergic diseases has been reported in many studies. To assess the effect of age on the relationship between reduced IgE sensitization and increased birth order and to test the hypothesis that this would decline with increasing age. As part of a birth cohort study, IgE sensitization to common allergens was determined by skin prick testing at ages 6 and 12 months, 6 and 11 years. The original cohort numbered 253 individuals of whom 96 (38%) were first born. Compared with individuals with older siblings, first-born individuals had increased IgE sensitization at 6 (odds ratio (OR) 2.4 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.0, 6.3], P=0.05, n=197) and 12 months of age (OR 6.7 [1.7, 25.0] P=0.002, n=172) and at 6 years of age (OR 2.3 [1.0, 5.6] P=0.05, n=113) but not at 11 years of age (OR 1.2, P>0.4, n=182). When age at onset of IgE sensitization was considered (n=61), 16 had infant onset IgE sensitization (nine were first born), 24 had early childhood onset IgE sensitization (nine first born) and 21 had late childhood onset IgE sensitization (two first born), P=0.0016. Further analysis revealed a similar pattern for children with older brothers (P=0.0097) but not older sisters (P=0.5). These findings indicated that having an older brother delays the onset of IgE sensitization but may not prevent IgE sensitization per se. The apparent protective effect of older siblings on allergic diseases reported elsewhere might involve delaying the onset of IgE sensitization.

Association of adult glioma with medical conditions, family and reproductive history.

A population-based case-control study of 416 histologically diagnosed, incident gliomas in adults was carried out in Melbourne, Australia, to determine whether past medical, family or reproductive histories are risk factors for developing glioma. A total of 422 controls were selected from the Australian electoral roll and matched to cases for age, sex and post code of residence. An increased risk of developing glioma was observed among first-born individuals OR (95% CI) 2.0 (1.4-2.9). It is possible that this effect is due to residual confounding by socio-economic status or that it is a chance finding. Alternatively, it may be that this is due to some other effect linked to the first pregnancy, such as maternal age, birth weight or circumstances of delivery. There was no apparent association between the development of glioma and other neuropsychiatric or general medical conditions or with family history or reproductive history. Allergies (asthma and eczema) were not associated with a decreased risk of glioma, as has previously been suggested.

Association of adult glioma with medical conditions, family and reproductive history

A population-based case-control study of 416 histologically diagnosed, incident gliomas in adults was carried out in Melbourne, Australia, to determine whether past medical, family or reproductive histories are risk factors for developing glioma. A total of 422 controls were selected from the Australian electoral roll and matched to cases for age, sex and post code of residence. An increased risk of developing glioma was observed among first-born individuals OR (95% CI) 2.0 (1.4–29). It is possible that this effect is due to residual confounding by socio-economic status or that it is a chance finding. Alternatively, it may be that this is due to some other effect linked to the first pregnancy, such as maternal age, birth weight or circumstances of delivery. There was no apparent association between the development of glioma and other neuropsychiatric or general medical conditions or with family history or reproductive history. Allergies (asthma and eczema) were not associated with a decreased risk of glioma, as has previously been suggested. Int. J. Cancer 71:203–207, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Nest-founding behavior induced in the first descendants ofPolistes dominulus Christ (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) colonies

First descendants' founding ability was tested inP. dominulus colonies by experimentally removing the original nests and queens 21–24 days after the first emergence. Foundation tests were carried out after three different periods had elapsed after the removal and the results were analyzed with regards to the effects of participation in social tasks, duration of stay within the colony and seasonal factors. 1.Immediately after the removal, the foundations that occurred were performed almost entirely by workers, regardless of the duration of their stay within the colony. The number of foundations depended on the season in which the females had emerged. 2.Two months and four months after the removal, foundations were made by only a small number of females (workers and non-workers). These females, which were therefore able to found a nest the year they were born, were mostly among the very first-born individuals in the colonies. 3.The following year after hibernation: females (workers and non-workers) which had stayed for only a short time within the colony (1–15 days) had the highest survival rates. The foundation rates among the surviving females depended only on seasonal factors, since the foundation rates were higher among the non-workers which had emerged later in the season. The results throw some light on the first descendants' nest-founding potential in colonies developing under natural conditions, where many workers in fact stay for only a short time at the nest.

Birth order, sibship size, and risk of epilepsy.

We examined the relation between epilepsy and birth order, using data on 1,950 probands with epilepsy and 4,636 of their full siblings without epilepsy from the Epilepsy Family Study of Columbia University. The proportion of first-born individuals appeared to be higher among probands with epilepsy than among their unaffected siblings, but this relation disappeared after we controlled for the confounding effect of sibship size. With sibship size controlled, the proportion of first-born individuals was similar to that in unaffected siblings for probands with idiopathic/cryptogenic epilepsy, generalized and partial onset seizures, and all ages at onset of epilepsy. Probands with remote symptomatic epilepsy had higher birth orders than their unaffected siblings, even after we controlled for sibship size.

Maternal age, parity, and pregnancy estrogens

Total estrogens (TE), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and human placental lactogen (hPL) were determined by radioimmunoassay in the blood of 126 pregnant women during their 26th and 31st weeks of pregnancy and the results were studied in relation to maternal age and parity. Total estrogens and E2 were lowest among the youngest women (less than 20 years) and highest among women aged 20-24 years, whereas older women (25+ years) had, on the average, intermediate values. For E3 the pattern was qualitatively similar to that of TE and E2 but less striking, and no maternal age pattern was evident with respect to hPL. Within maternal age groups, TE and E2 were higher among women in the first, than among those in their second, full-term pregnancy; the difference was about seven percent for TE (P = 0.14) and about 14 percent for E2 (P = 0.05). No parity patterns were evident with respect to E3 and hPL. There were fairly strong correlations between the determinations of the same hormone in the same woman during the 26th and 31st weeks of pregnancy; Pearson correlation coefficients were 0.60 for TE, 0.78 for E2, 0.60 for E3, and 0.72 for hPL. Since the risk of breast cancer increases apparently monotonically with maternal age at birth, the present data are equivocal with respect to the hypothesis linking levels of pregnancy estrogens to risk of breast cancer in the offspring. However, the data are compatible with hypotheses linking excessive pregnancy-estrogen exposure to conditions more common among first-born individuals, including testicular cancer and cryptorchidism.

Birth Order and Narcissism

29 first-born individuals were observed to have significantly higher narcissism scores on the Narcissism Personality Inventory than were 43 last-born individuals. Also, comparisons indicated higher narcissism among men than among women.

Relationship between Birth Order and Reflection-Impulsivity in College Age Students

The Matching Familiar Figures Test (Adult Form) and questionnaire designed to elicit information dealing with birth order were administered to 6 male and 35 female undergraduates without a control for family size. Analysis showed firstborn individuals significantly more reflective than laterborn individuals.

Effect of Birth Order and Perceived Stress on Social Schemata

This experiment used the Felt Figure Technique developed by Kuethe in an attempt to investigate the relationship between birth order and the use of specific social schemata. Seven object sets were used, three two-figure sets and four three-figure sets. The results indicated that for the two-figure sets, firstborn individuals placed the figures closer together than laterborn individuals. For the three-figure sets, firstborn individuals under stress placed the figures closer together. The three-figure sets were also ordered in terms of the number of human figures in the object set. The results suggest that there is a measurable relationship between birth order and social schemata used by an individual.

Birth Order and Relative Effectiveness of Social and Nonsocial Reinforcers

Undergraduates were administered a probability learning task to determine the relationship between birth order and the relative effectiveness of social and nonsocial reinforcers. Firstborn individuals performed better than later-born Ss under social reinforcement conditions. Over-all, social reinforcers enhanced performance more than nonsocial reinforcers. Findings were interpreted as supporting greater social dependence of firstborns.

Paired-associate learning as influenced by birth order and the presence of others

Social facilitation research has shown that the presence of coactors affects performance in a way similar to the effects of general drive level Learning of competi-tional material is inhibited while the learning of noncompetitional material is facilitated. Research on affiliation need suggests, however, that drive level will be reduced in the presence of others, particularly for first-born individuals. The present experiment was designed to test these hypotheses. First- and later-bom Ss were tested either individually or in groups on a paired-associate task known to be competitional The results suggest that the later-bom Ss show a social facilitation effect while the first-bom Ss an affiliation effect. The results are significant, however, only for male Ss. The results for females tend to support a social facilitation position for both birth-order positions.