First Aid Stations Research Articles

Sudden Cardiac Arrests During the 2021 Taipei Marathon after COVID-19 Confinement in Taiwan

Introduction:Large-scale mass-sporting events pose unique challenges for emergency health teams. Data is limited in athletes with sudden cardiac arrests (SCAs) and the emergency medical services (EMS) in major sporting events that took place after the coronavirus pandemic.Method:This retrospective observational study describes data from the Taipei Marathon event that took place on December 19, 2021, in Taiwan. The temperature was about 15.2–19.3°C. Four SCAs among 18,144 half-marathoners and the EMS were enrolled.A medical command center was set up 100 meters from the finish line. Ten medical tents, one first-aid station, and nine event ambulances were distributed along the course, and one medical tent was placed near the baggage storage area. Each medical tent comprised: 1 doctor, 1–3 nurses, and 1–3 paramedics. The in-event EMS also comprised a mobile first-aid team. Thirty paramedics rode motorcycles and carried automated external defibrillators and emergency medical kits throughout the racecourse.Results:Among the 7,811 full- and 18,144 half-marathoners, the total number of SCAs was four male half-marathoners. Three runners (75%) stated that they decreased their weekly running volume during the pandemic restrictions’ period. Two runners (50%) experienced cardiac arrest in the final quarter of the race. The median interval of time between SCA occurrence and EMS arrival was 2.5 minutes (interquartile range, 0.5–4 minutes). Electric shocks were delivered to all the four runners (100%) experiencing ventricular fibrillation, and all of them were successfully resuscitated in the field. The median interval of cardiopulmonary resuscitation duration before return of spontaneous circulation was 8.5 minutes (interquartile range, 6–9.5 minutes).Conclusion:4/18144 is a significantly high number of SCA compared to data from the annual Taipei Half-Marathon between 2016 and 2020 and past half-marathons worldwide. The high prevalence rate of SCA (22 per 100,000) may be due to inadequate acclimation and training volumes.

Recreational Drug Use During the Amsterdam Dance Event: Impact on Emergency Services.

Background:Recreational drug use is common at large-scale dance events such as the Amsterdam Dance Event (ADE) and severe drug-related complications and deaths occur. Increasing concentrations of cocaine, amphetamine and MDMA have been observed in samples from dance events. Therefore, large dance events are expected to cause an increasing amount of recreational drug related complaints (RDRC) and an increased demand on emergency medical services.Aim:To evaluate the impact of recreational drug related complaints (RDRC) during ADE 2016, compared to regular weeks, and to evaluate the requirement for additional medical personnel.Methods:For this prospective, observational cohort study, patients >12 years old presenting with RDRC at first aid stations (FAS), ambulance service (AA) and ED during ADE, between October 19th and October 24th 2016 were included. From 2 EDs and AA, the RDRC 2 weeks before and after ADE were also collected.Results:An estimated 375.000 people attended ADE. The number of patients with RDRC was 459 at the FAS, 113 at AA and 81 at the ED, and increased significantly during ADE with 225% at AA and with 236% at OLVG ED. Eight patients were admitted. A higher percentage of poly-drug use among ED patients (58%) was found, compared to FAS patients (25%). Also, the proportion of tourists in ED’s (51%) was higher compared to FAS (30%).Conclusions:During ADE 2016, the number of intoxicated patients increased significantly. Eight patients were admitted to the hospital, without any deaths. The absolute number of patients stayed within normal range of emergency medical services capacity.

Medical care provision at the venue of the weightlifting event of the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games

PurposeThis study aimed to investigate the medical care provided at the venue of the weightlifting event of the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games.MethodsWe retrospectively evaluated athletes who availed of medical services at the venue during the weightlifting event of the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games. In total, 194 athletes participated in the weightlifting competition.Injuries and illnesses were classified into cases handled without physician or cases requiring medical examination by a physician. These were tabulated for each examination location (athlete medical station, field of play [FOP], first-aid station of training floor or warm-up area).ResultsThroughout the event, a cumulative total of 132 people used the venue medical services. Nine athletes required medical attention at the athlete medical stations. Of these nine cases, six occurred on the training floor. In the FOP, nine athletes were examined. Two experienced light-headedness, two had knee pain, and the rest had other symptoms. No athletes wanted to undergo medical examination at the athlete medical station. 89 medical procedures were performed in the first-aid station on the training floor, including 52 tapings and 37 ice compressions, and the most frequent body part which needed treatment was the knee, followed by the fingers. At the first-aid station on the match floor, 25 medical procedures were performed, including 17 ice compressions, 5 haemostasis, and 4 tapings. The body parts that most frequently needed treatment were the fingers, knees, and lower legs.ConclusionSeveral athletes needed treatment; however, only a few required medical care from a physician.

The Effects of a Social Participation App on Seniors.

Advancements in medical care have increased the average life span in many countries, resulting in a generally longer postretirement life span. However, retirees may find it difficult to adapt to retirement. Therefore, encouraging retirees to engage with society is important. In this study, a senior social participation mobile software application (SSP-App) was developed to stimulate social participation among seniors with the goal of improving their social participation intentions and behaviors. After developing the SSP-App based on user experiences, a quasi-experimental study was conducted. Participants were recruited from the Keelung Ren'ai Community Center. Next, Random Allocation Software Version 1.0.0 software was used to randomly allocate the participants into experimental and control groups. The 54 participants in the experimental group took part in an SSP-App program, whereas the 53 participants in the control group did not participate in any experimental treatment program. Measurements were conducted at Week 4 (T1) and Week 12 (T2) to evaluate the effects. Data were collected using a demographic datasheet, Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form, Emotional and Social Support Scale, Social Participation Intention Scale, and Social Participation Behavior Scale. The generalized estimating equations method was used to determine intervention effectiveness. The SSP-App has six main functions, including an activity partner message board, an activity search function that provides information about different activities, a "Seniors Learning Kiosk" that provides useful information, transportation information, an activity planning and reminder system, and a "First-Aid Station." Most participants in the SSP-App precursor test expressed approval. At T1, effects were observed in social participation intention only. However, at T2, effects were observed in both social participation intention and social participation behavior. The SSP-App developed in this study uses information and communication technology and multiple strategies covering information provision, social support, education, and reminders. Social participation obstacles must be overcome to effectively provide seniors with social participation opportunities and improve their social participation.

Acute injuries in American collegiate taekwondo competitions: a prospective study spanning four competitive seasons.

Injury patterns are well-documented for taekwondo competitions prior to the use of an electronic chest protector for scoring tabulation. To see if injury rates and types changed following this rule change that transformed the fighting style in taekwondo, we investigated injuries in collegiate taekwondo competitions in the USA. Data were collected at eight collegiate taekwondo tournaments from April 2018 to December 2019. All injured athletes seen at the first-aid station were invited to complete a survey that included injury location, type, and mechanism of injury. Injury rates were calculated per 1000 athlete-exposures (A-Es) and minute-exposures (M-Es). Risk factors were modeled using logistic regression and χ2 analysis. Out of 1096 athletes, 194 athletes reported 275 acute injuries. We found an injury risk of 17.7/100 athletes (95% CI: 15.4, 20.0) and injury rate of 68.9/1000 A-E (95% CI: 60.7, 77.0) which was comparable to previous studies. The most common injuries were contusions to the lower limbs. In contrast to prior reports, men were injured more frequently from delivering a kick and women from receiving a kick. Populations at higher risk for injury included those with low belt rank and middle weight class for women. It appears that the new fighting style did not affect injury rates. Injury locations and types remain similar, but the mechanisms of injury have reversed as men are more injured from attacking and women from defending. There remains a strong need for research to improve protective equipment and safety rules in taekwondo.

Эпидемические заболевания в Калмыцкой степи Астраханской губернии в конце ХIХ – начале ХХ в.

Introduction. The article examines the understudied issues of how and to what extent epidemic diseases used to spread across Kalmyk uluses (‘districts’) in the late 19th – early 20th centuries, with special attention be paid to employed control and monitoring methods. The problem was covered in a number of published reports delivered at the First Congress of Astrakhan physicians to have worked in Kalmyk-inhabited lands during the period under study, and the former contain their shared their experiences and valuable findings. Historians hardly ever approached the topic in just a few papers. Goals. So, the work aims at a detailed survey of epidemic diseases in the Kalmyk Steppe of Astrakhan Governorate in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. Materials and Methods. The study employs a set of general scientific and specific historical research methods. The observance of the historicism principle made it possible to avoid modern misinterpretations of the century-old events examined, while system-analysis techniques and interdisciplinary approaches resulted in that certain specific events of Kalmyk life were analyzed as parts of an overall picture. The article mainly explores and newly introduces materials of the Medical Department — a healthcare agency within the Kalmyk People’s Administration — currently stored at the National Archive of Kalmykia. Results. Despite the remoteness of Kalmyk nomadic settlements (Kalm. khoton) from administrative centers and first-aid stations, healthcare practitioners still were efficient enough to promptly respond in case of epidemic outbreaks. Besides treatment proper, the medical, administrative and police personnel were largely responsible for quarantine and disinfection activities, medical examination and supervision of people living around the periphery of the effective disease area. Conclusions. The analysis of materials dealing with the issue reveals Kalmyk districts were widely affected by epidemic diseases, such as typhus, smallpox, measles, diphtheria and others, while cholera and plague were not that often. It should be admitted that the frequent occurrence of those diseases in medical records across the Kalmyk Steppe was determined by their endemicity to have resulted from a number of reasons.

The 2017 Solar Eclipse: Implementing Enhanced Syndromic Surveillance on the Path of Totality in Kentucky.

The 2017 solar eclipse was associated with mass gatherings in many of the 14 states along the path of totality. The Kentucky Department for Public Health implemented an enhanced syndromic surveillance system to detect increases in emergency department (ED) visits and other health care needs near Hopkinsville, Kentucky, where the point of greatest eclipse occurred. EDs flagged visits of patients who participated in eclipse events from August 17-22. Data from 14 area emergency medical services and 26 first-aid stations were also monitored to detect health-related events occurring during the eclipse period. Forty-four potential eclipse event-related visits were identified, primarily injuries, gastrointestinal illness, and heat-related illness. First-aid stations and emergency medical services commonly attended to patients with pain and heat-related illness. Kentucky's experience during the eclipse demonstrated the value of patient visit flagging to describe the disease burden during a mass gathering and to investigate epidemiological links between cases. A close collaboration between public health authorities within and across jurisdictions, health information exchanges, hospitals, and other first-response care providers will optimize health surveillance activities before, during, and after mass gatherings.

Multiple Patients with Burn Injury Induced by a Chemical Explosion Managed by Physician-staffed Helicopters

Introduction:The management of chemical and explosive events is critical to reducing morbidity and mortality. However, initial patient care considerations and protective actions for staff are unfamiliar to most frontline clinicians.Methods:This study evaluated an Incident report.Results:On December 1, 2017, a factory of chemical industries in Japan exploded. Dust forming as a byproduct from the crushing and packing process of the resin for ink exploded at the facility. A local fire department requested the dispatch of two physician-staffed helicopters (known as a doctor helicopter [DH] in Japan). The first party of emergency services established a headquarters and first-aid station. However, this area was feared to be at risk of a second explosion. Physicians performed re-triage for all 11 burned patients. Three severely injured patients were transported to emergency medical service centers either by ground ambulance or the DH without undergoing any decontamination. The physician who escorted the patient by ground ambulance complained of a headache. One of the severely injured patients was treated at a local hospital and then transported to an emergency medical service center after undergoing decontamination and intubation. Fortunately, all patients who were transported to medical facilities obtained a survival outcome.Discussion:Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosive incidents are rare, but can be fatal for responders to this kind disaster. As such, all who work at such scenes should be prepared and train adequately to ensure they have the knowledge and skill to both manage patients and protect themselves from harm.

Multiple Patients With Burn Injury Induced by a Chemical Explosion Managed by Physician-Staffed Helicopters.

On December 1, 2017, the Fuji factory of Arakawa Chemical Industries exploded. Dust that formed as a byproduct from the crushing and packing process of the resin for ink exploded at the facility. The Fuji City Fire Department requested the dispatch of 2 physician-staffed helicopters (known as a doctor helicopter [DH] in Japan). The first party of emergency services established a headquarters and first-aid station. However, this area was feared to be at risk of a second explosion. Physicians performed re-triage for all 11 burned patients. Three severely injured patients were transported to emergency medical service centers either by ground ambulance or the DH without undergoing any decontamination. The physician who escorted the patient by ground ambulance complained of a headache. One of the severely injured patients was treated at a local hospital and then transported to an emergency medical service center after undergoing decontamination and intubation. Fortunately, all patients who were transported to medical facilities obtained a survival outcome. Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosive incidents are rare but can be fatal for responders to these types of disaster. Therefore, all who work in these settings should be prepared and trained adequately to ensure that they have the knowledge and skill to both manage patients and protect themselves from harm. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:799-805).

Distribution and epidemiological characteristics of disease spectrum in patients with pre-hospital care in Hohhot in 2016: a case analysis in 28 325 patients

To analyze the distribution and epidemiological characteristics of patients in pre-hospital emergency in Hohhot. The data of 28 325 pre-hospital emergency patients in 7 first-aid stations in Hohhot from January 1st to December 31st in 2016 were analyzed retrospectively. The gender, age, call time, disease spectrum of patients served as investigation elements, the data were collected into Excel 2010 form, and statistical analysis was carried out. Among 28 325 pre-hospital emergency patients, there were 15 973 male (56.39%) and 12 352 female (43.61%), with the ratio of male to female of 1.29:1. The age of patients were 1 day-108 years, with the majority of patients aged 51-60 years, which accounting for 16.08% (4 554/28 325). The top 6 of diseases were trauma [33.10% (9 376/28 325)], neurological system diseases [16.81% (4 762/28 325)], circulatory system diseases [12.31% (3 486/28 325)], respiratory system diseases [7.62% (2 159/28 325)], digestive system diseases [5.68% (1 609/28 325)], acute poisoning [5.02% (1 422/28 325)]. The peak period of call for help was 09:00-11:00 (12.55%, 3 554/28 325), and 1 small peak occurred at 15:00-17:00 (11.22%, 3 179/28 325). The highest number of patients with pre-hospital care happened in summer (26.22%, 7 428/28 325), followed by autumn (24.94%, 7 065/28 325) and winter (24.83, 7 032/28 325), and the lowest in spring (24.01%, 6 800/28 325). The peak incidence of traumatic patients was in November (11.13%, 1 044/9 376), the most patients with nervous system diseases were found in October (9.97%, 475/4 762), and the most patients with circulatory system diseases were found in July (11.16%, 389/3 486). The first aid patients in Hohhot were mainly suffered from diseases of trauma, nervous system and circulatory system, more men than women, most in 51-60 years old patients, and the summer was the peak season. Therefore, the establishment of trauma center in emergency department, strengthening the health education of high-risk groups and the primary prevention of patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, scientific and effective use of medical resources can improve the success rate of pre-hospital rescue.

Investigation on the work intensity of gmergency personnel in community health service centers of Miyun district in Beijing

Objective To explore the relationship between health status and occupational stress reaction of emergency personnel in community hospitals. Methods The general information questionnaire, GHQ-12 and occupation health scale were used to investigate 94 emergency personnel of 7 first-aid station mainly from the basic situation of individuals; physical health and personal strain and occupation tasks in nearly 2-3 weeks and personal resources questionnaire survey content. Results GHQ-12 showed that emergency personnel with poor health accounted for 21.3%; GHQ-12 was correlated with 120 working experience, individual tensions and personal coping resources (P<0.05); the differences among education, occupation, occupation health and other sub items were statistically significant (P<0.05); the differences between gender, distance from unit, and marriage and personal coping resources, occupation mission and individual stress reaction were significant (P<0.05). The individual stress reaction and its sub items were positively correlated with the occupation tasks and its sub items (P<0.05). Conclusions The work stress is closely related to the physical health status in emergency workers, and it is necessary to take measures to improve the coping ability of emergency personnel. Key words: Communities; Emergency personnel; Occupational stress reaction; Influencing factors

The road traffic injury treatment network in mainland China

The issue of road traffic safety in mainland China is particularly serious. The total number of vehicles is growing rapidly (e.g. 60 million in 2000 vs. 240 million in 2012); meanwhile the number of road traffic accidents and associated casualties still remains high and shows no signs of meaningful decline. It is reported road traffic causalities in China ranks highest in the world, with an annual death toll exceeding 100,000 and an average daily death toll of 300 [Yue, Liu &amp; Cai, 2004]. Therefore, it is urgent to build up a China-specific road traffic injury treatment network in order to reduce the fatality and disability rate. This article intends to review China’s road traffic injury treatment system from pre- and in-hospital aspects, meanwhile discuss how to improve traffic safety in the future. 1. Pre-hospital rescue system for traffic injury To improve the efficiency of pre-hospital treatment, the key lies in shortening the reaction time, which calls to establish a multi-level treatment system in each region. In China, trauma treatment system is built upon regional emergency centers and 120 emergency calls. The city level rescue systems are generally well-established, comprising of independent emergency centers or emergency departments affiliated with large hospitals. Most of county-level trauma treatment systems rely on county hospitals, while rural areas on first-aid stations [Wang, 2000]. There are three main types of pre-hospital rescue control center in China (Table 1). In addition, standardization of pre-hospital treatment unit, quick on-site rescue and real-time connect with the corresponding medical treatment organization are essential. China’s road injury pre-hospital treatment system varies greatly across regions, mainly resulted from differences in regional cultures, economic development, and status of local infrastructure. These differences have led to issues such as non-standardized pre-hospital treatment system, deficient emergency treatment network, prolonged accident response time; shortage of emergency rescue staff, etc. 2. In-hospital traffic injury treatment There is no universal in-hospital trauma treatment protocol in China. Majority of the general hospitals use specialist consultation to treat trauma patients. The two dominant mechanisms are cross-department consultation coupled with serial treatment process and integrated process. In our hospital, trauma treatment center consists of specialists and technicians from many departments such as general surgery, orthopedics, neurosurgery, etc. Conclusion Improving traffic injury treatment requires a systematic approach and coordinated efforts from the whole society. After all, the medical emergency treatment is the last link of the 5E strategy (education, environment, enforcement, engineering, and emergency). To conduct definitive treatment in the golden window and to enhance the pre-hospital as well as in-hospital treatment capabilities are critical. It is also recommended to unify various pre-hospital and in-hospital treatment protocols in China based on field experience [Wang 2007]. Other critical areas include to establish a national level treatment system closely linked to the 120 emergency call system, to use helicopters as the main aerial transport vehicles, to set up state-level training centers for trauma treatment, to build national and regional traffic injury database, and to formulate standards to qualify trauma treatment hospitals and doctors

A critical review of the Mediterranean sea turtle rescue network: a web looking for a weaver

A key issue in conservation biology is recognizing and bridging the gap between scientific results and specific action. We examine sea turtles—charismatic yet endangered flagship species—in the Mediterranean, a sea with historically high levels of exploitation and 22 coastal nations. We take sea turtle rescue facilities as a visible measure for implemented conservation action. Our study yielded 34 confirmed sea turtle rescue centers, 8 first-aid stations, and 7 informal rescue institutions currently in operation. Juxtaposing these facilities to known sea turtle distribution and threat hotspots reveals a clear disconnect. Only 14 of the 22 coastal countries had centers, with clear gaps in the Middle East and Africa. Moreover, the information flow between centers is apparently limited. The populations of the two species nesting in the Mediterranean, the loggerhead Caretta caretta and the green turtle Chelonia mydas, are far below historical levels and face a range of anthropogenic threats at sea and on land. Sea turtle rescue centers are acknowledged to reduce mortality in bycatch hotspots, provide a wealth of scientific data, and raise public awareness. The proposal for a Mediterranean-wide rescue network as published by the Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas a decade ago has not materialized in its envisioned scope. We discuss the efficiency, gaps, and needs for a rescue network and call for establishing additional rescue centers and an accompanying common online database to connect existing centers. This would provide better information on the number and types of rescue facilities on a Mediterranean scale, improve communication between these facilities, enhance standardization of procedures, yield large-scale data on the number of treated turtles and their injuries, and thus provide valuable input for targeted conservation measures.

Cost-effective analyses for emergency medical services deployment: A case study in Shanghai

The response speed of emergency medical services (EMS) is extremely critical for pre-hospital lifesaving. Each second plays a vital role in emergent cases. Therefore, the EMS network should be carefully designed to provide timely and reliable services. This paper focuses on improving the classical ambulance deployment method to optimize the distribution of first-aid resources. We refine the double coverage model with a new objective function that minimizes the expected cost for delayed emergencies plus the operational cost for EMS. EMS operators can use this refined model to analyze the cost-effectiveness of the emergency network, as demonstrated in a real-world EMS deployment case study. To solve this large-scale integer-programming problem, we compared several heuristic algorithms and finally chose ant colony optimization algorithm. Several modifications are made to adapt the traditional ant colony algorithm to solve our problem. The paper concludes with an optimized and cost-effective plan for ambulance deployment in the downtown area of Shanghai. After optimization, the objective cost is lowered by about 11% each year and 10% less emergency calls are missed or delayed. In addition, we use our modified model to test scenarios with relaxed limit of resources. Potential improvement of future EMS network is discovered. It turns out that increasing the number of first-aid stations from 35 (current number of stations) to 50 and adding 10 vehicles will achieve a surprising 49% cost saving while maintaining a satisfactory service level.

CROSS-CORRELATION BETWEEN PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL STATE, STRESS AND PROVISION WITH CHEMICAL ELEMENTS IN FIRST AID SERVICES EMPLOYEES

The article has presented the results of a survey of 54 healthcare workers of a first aid station (FAS) in Khanty-Mansiysk including psychophysiological examination, determination of stress hormones in blood and content of chemical elements in hair. It has been found that doctors and paramedic visiting teams had a low level of subjective comfort and were highly exposed to stress negative effects. Analysis of cortisone and adrenaline concentrations in blood was high in more than a third of the examined persons. In more than a half of the FAS medical field force, there has been found deficiency of different degrees in provision with vital chemical elements responsible for psychoemotional sphere, namely, magnesium and potassium.

Application value of laryngeal mask airway and trachea cannula under different conditions of emergency medical service

First-aid stations were divided randomly into 4 groups. Advanced airway for sudden cardiac arrest patients with laryngeal mask airway (LMA) was established in groups A and C while trachea cannula was inserted on spot of emergency medical service (EMS) or in ambulance in groups B and D. According to the results, the success rate of insertion and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) of groups A and C were higher than the other two groups (P<0.05). However, the required time was shorter (P<0.05). Due to a difficult catheterization environment, LMA is more effective and convenient than trachea cannula in EMS. Key words: emergency medical service; laryngeal mask airway

Retention of first aid and basic life support skills in undergraduate medical students

BackgroundUndergraduate medical students follow a compulsory first aid (FA) and basic life support (BLS) course. Retention of BLS seems poor and only little information is provided on the retention of FA skills. This study aims at evaluating 1- and 2-year retention of FA and BLS training in undergraduate medical students.MethodsOne hundred and twenty students were randomly selected from first year (n=349) medical students who successfully followed a compulsory FA and BLS course. From these 120 students, 94 (78%) and 69 (58%) participated in retention tests of FA and BLS skills after 1 and 2 years, respectively. The assessment consisted of two FA stations and one BLS station.ResultsAfter 1 year, only 2% passed both FA and BLS stations and 68% failed both FA and BLS stations. After 2 years, 5% passed and 50% failed both FA and BLS stations. Despite the high failure rate at the stations, 90% adequately checked vital signs and started cardiopulmonary resuscitation appropriately.ConclusionsThe long-term retention of FA and BLS skills after a compulsory course in the first year is poor. Adequate check of vital signs and commencing cardiopulmonary resuscitation retained longer.

1P2-H08 五角形車輪型階段昇降機構の特性評価(サーチ&amp;レスキューロボット・メカトロニクス(2))

A Sarin gas attack occurred in the Tokyo subway system on March 20, 1995. This fatal gas attack sickened many passengers. Since the disaster broke out underground, the main job of the rescue personnel was to transport victims on stretchers to a first-aid station above the ground. Therefore, we researched the development of a rescue support stretcher system for handling heavy casualties in underground areas or at stations in a quick and effective manner. The stretcher system is expected to help firefighters achieve efficient rescue operations. In this paper, we compare the effectiveness of our proposed rubber wheel with the past wheel on two different stairs.

An Improved Heuristics about Layout of Emergency Station in a City

In order to deal with the urgent public security incidents timely, to meet the requirements of the shortest emergency time, to consume the least emergency resources and rescue points, its necessary to achieve a compromised site selection scheme that reflects a decision makers preference on time and cost, in the decision about a citys layout of fire station is to probe into the site selection of safe emergency station under the emergency restrictions. This research used an improved heuristics to explore the solving of combination model about multi-rescue points under the limitation of time and resource, provided the emergency restrictions and a cost model about establishment of the safety emergency facilities, and proved the correctness of the model solution method theoretically. In a limited emergency time, this paper analyzed and obtained selection method on emergency service facility points. Through a numerical example illustrated that specific application of the calculation method, this method is suitable for the planning and construction of the public facilities, such as fire control, hospital first-aid stations.

Development of Rescue Support Stretcher System with Stair-Climbing

A sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway system on March 20, 1995, sickened many passengers. Since the attack was made underground, the main job of rescue personnel was to transport victims on stretchers to a ground-level first-aid station. We therefore conducted research on the development of a rescue support stretcher system for handling serious casualties in a quick and effective manner in underground areas or at stations. The stretcher system is expected to help rescue personnel such as fire fighters achieve efficient rescue operations. In this paper, we introduce a rescue support stretcher system for going up and down stairs. We also examine the effectiveness of the system in experiments.