Medical Kit Research Articles

Electrocatalytic Activity of Pt Nanoparticles Prepared in Biocompatible Ionic Liquids By Accelerated Electron Beam Irradiation

A number of papers on the metal nanoparticle synthesis method have been reported to date because metal nanoparticles are expected to be key materials for further development of science and technology.1 Of these, from a practical application standpoint, the accelerated electron beam irradiation method,2 which can be conducted at existing industrial plants for sterilizing medical kits, has been attracting attention. In this decade, several approaches to synthesize metal nanoparticles in ionic liquid (IL) have been proposed by several research groups, too.3 Some scientists point out that IL behaves as an excellent medium for formation and stabilization of the metal nanoparticles. Recently we have succeeded in the metal nanoparticle preparation by the approach with combination of the accelerated electron beam irradiation method and the IL, which is called ionic liquid-accelerated electron beam irradiation (IL-AEBI) method.4However the past ILs used for the method are not green and expensive price. The aim of this study is to design the biocompatible and cost-effective ILs suitable for metal nanoparticle, especially Pt nanoparticle, preparation by the IL-AEBI method. After supporting the resulting Pt nanoparticles onto untreated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Pt-MWCNTs), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalytic activity of the Pt-MWCNTs was also examined. Biocompatible and cost-effective ILs were prepared by a neutralization method. Carboxylic acids, e.g., propionic acid, hexanoic acid, levulinic acid, were slowly added into a choline bicarbonate aqueous solution to avoid unexpected thermal decomposition of the carboxylic acids by heat of neutralization. The crude IL solutions were purified prior to use. Solutions of 5.0 mM platinum acetylacetonate (Pt(acac)2) in biocompatible ILs were encapsulated in perfluoroalkoxyethylene container in a dry Ar gas-filled glove box with O2 and H2O <1 ppm. Accelerated electron beam irradiation experiments were carried out at an existing common industrial plant for sterilizing medical kits (accelerated energy: 4.8 MeV; beam current: 10 mA; absorbed dose: 6 kGy; irradiation time: ca. 2 sec.). Pt-MWCNTs were prepared by reference to our previous paper.5The resulting Pt nanoparticles supported on MWCNT was rinsed by acetonitrile. Characterization of all the samples prepared in this study was conducted by TEM, EDX, ICP, electrochemical measurements, etc. Solvated electrons and radicals are readily produced in various solvents by quantum beam irradiation including gamma-ray and electron beam. The generated reactive species are directly related to preparation of metal nanoparticles.2 However, as is often the case with ILs, it is hard to produce metal nanoparticles since usual ILs show a better radiation stability than conventional aqueous and organic solvents. Many years ago we revealed that only 1,3-dialkylimidazolium cation-based ILs yield a sufficient number of metal nanoparticles by the IL-AEBI because such ILs can release a limited amount of reactive species.4 It is important to know the radiation stability of biocompatible ILs in light of the application to the IL-AEBI method. NMR measurements for the neat ILs after the accelerated electron beam irradiation suggested the production of the reactive species during the irradiation. In fact, after the accelerated electron beam irradiation to the solutions of 5.0 mM Pt(acac)2 in the biocompatible ILs, existence of monodispersed Pt nanoparticles in the ILs was identified by TEM observation. Mean particle size of the Pt nanoparticle was ca. 2 ~ 3 nm. Possibility of the Pt nanoparticles as the electrocatalysts was investigated after preparing the Pt-MWCNTs.4 Surprisingly the mean particle size remained even after the preparation process at 473 K and the Pt nanoparticles were immobilized onto a basal plane of the MWCNTs. Electrocatalytic activity was examined by typical electrochemical analyses using the Pt-MWCNTs coated on a glassy carbon rotating disk electrode.5 As given in Table I, the characteristics are strongly dependent on the ionic liquid species. Given the variation in the mass activity, it is possible that the d-band center of Pt nanoparticles is influenced by the carboxylate anions. In conclusion, our designed biocompatible and cost-effective ILs are suitable reaction media for metal nanoparticle preparation by the IL-AEBI method. Acknowledgement Part of this research was supported by the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research, Grant Numbers 15H03591, 15K13287, and 15H2202 from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. References Nanoparticles: From Theory to Application, G. Schmid, ed., Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2004. J. Belloni, Cat. Today, 113, 141 (2006). J. Dupont and J. D. Scholten, Chem. Soc. Rev., 39, 1780 (2010). T. Tsuda, S. Seino, and S. Kuwabata, Chem. Commun.,6792 (2009); ibid, 48, 1925 (2012). K. Yoshii, T. Tsuda, T. Arimura, A. Imanishi, T. Torimoto, and S. Kuwabata, RSC Adv., 2, 8262 (2012). Figure 1

Automedicación, autoprescripción y medicación «por poderes» en pediatría

IntroductionSelf-prescribing or medicating ‘by proxy’ is not an autonomous, free and voluntary decision in the case of children. On the contrary, in this case it is based on the subjective interpretation of symptoms made by the mother or by a third person who is legally responsible for the minor. In our opinion, to analyse this situation is of great importance in order to know the determining factors, perceptions, and realities related to this problem. MethodsOur proposal is to perform a prospective observational study for analysing maternal and familiar determinant factors related to self-prescribing and self-medicating ‘by proxy’ in paediatrics. A validated survey was developed to be applied to mothers of children aged 0 to 14 who are users of the Paediatric Emergency Department in a hospital. ResultsA total of 1,714 mothers were recruited in a random period of time. This sample included 345 mothers who exclusively self-medicated their children (case group), and 1,369 mothers (control group) who did not meet this requirement. The overall percentage of medicating ‘by proxy’ was 32.8%. There is a significant association between self-medicating and educational level of the mother, the number of children, and the birth order among siblings. Neither maternal age nor social-occupational level are related to this problem. Most frequently used drugs include antipyretics and ‘anticatharrals’, usually administered as a monotherapy. ConclusionsOur results seem to indicate that the educational level and the parental experience acquired with previous children could generate the required confidence in parents to choose the medication by themselves. Almost 85% of these drugs come from the ‘home first-aid kit.’

Health education: an experience in rural communities of Manabí, Ecuador

Health is a very important issue for every human being. A person with deteriorated health can’t study, work and enjoy thoroughly of his/her life. Right to health is a fundamental right of every human being. Rural marginal zones of region Manabí inhabitants suffer serious difficulties in access of health services, for different reasons. With the objective of improve health access, we realized a training to 14 communities in order to introduce First Aid Kits with essential palliatives medication.As an alternative choice to improve access to health services, we promote an educational training of 14 rural communities, in order to bring in medicine and first-aid kits. The process has made considering the perspective of Participatory action research, Popular Education, Gender and the last, but not the least the perspective of human rights, as first requirement for its development.The educational process successfully concluded with empowerment of 12 Health Promoters and with the respective assignment of first-aid kits. It’s recommended to accomplish others activities to follow the project up, for example: an evaluative study, workshops to review, amplify and update the matters. Finally it would be important to replicate the process in these close communities that was excluded in this first phase.

A sensitive electrochemiluminescent cholesterol biosensor based on Au/hollowed-TiO2 nano-composite pre-functionalized electrode

This paper describes a novel approach to promote the analytical performance of electrochemiluminescent (ECL) biosensor of cholesterol by a nanocomposite (Au nanoparticles/ion liquid/hollowed TiO2 nano-shell) pre-functionalized indium tin oxide glass to load the cholesterol oxidase. Here the enzymatically produced hydrogen peroxide greatly intensified the ECL of luminol under the catalysis of the nanocomposite. The quantification of cholesterol was directly accomplished by calibrating the ECL sensing output. The formation and properties of the nanocomposite and the functionalized electrode have been confirmed by electrochemistry, spectroscopy and electron-microscopy. The prepared biosensor exhibits a linear regression ranged from 8.33×10−9M to 4.17×10−7M with an ultralow detection limit (LOD) of 6.30×10−9M. It also possesses the excellent specificity for cholesterol from potential interferents, the favorable repeatability/stability for use or storage, the good reproducibility and adequate recovery for real sample test. In addition, for the detection of clinical serum sample, it is well consistent with the datum from medical cholesterol kit, indicating its reliability. It is in promising of the application for the cholesterol detection in those clinical specimens of teeny amount of sample and limited concentration.

In-flight emergencies: Medical kits are not good enough for kids.

In-flight emergencies: Medical kits are not good enough for kids.

The study of the composition of the military medical kits that are in service in the armies of different countries

In the conditions of escalation of armed hostilities in the ATO area there is a need in the timely provision of servicemen by modern medicines. The aim of the article is to study the composition of military medical kits that are in service in the armies of different countries, identify their advantages and disadvantages.The composition of the military medical kits of the armies in the USA, Israel, the Russian Federation and Ukraine has been studied. It has been determined that the composition of the military medical first aid kits should consider the geographic, topographic, climatic, demographic and cultural diversity of hostilities; specific epidemiological conditions, the divergence in national standards of preparation, equipment and carrying out of treatment procedures and operational support.

Travel Medical Kit.

"The traveler's medical kit is an essential tool for both the novice and expert traveler. It is designed to treat travel-related illness and injury and to ensure preexisting medical conditions are managed appropriately. Travelers are at increased risk for common gastrointestinal issues during travel. Respiratory illnesses make up approximately 8% of the ailments present in returned international travelers. Approximately 12% of travelers experience a travel-related skin condition. First aid treatment for minor injuries is essential to all travel medical kits. The complexity ranges from a small, simple case for the urban traveler to a larger, extensive case for wilderness travel."

EXPERIENCE IN DEVELOPMENT MEDICAL KITS FOR MEDICAL SERVICES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION ARMED FORCES

Introduction. The development of modern, complete-standard issue equipment for the Armed Forces Medical Service is an urgent organizational and management task. First aid kits, medical bags, sets of medical equipment, medical kits and packing existed until recently; no longer meet modern requirements for a number of objective reasons. The aim of the study was the formation of programs of development of modern samples of complete-standard-issue equipment. Materials and methods. The study was conducted based on the analysis of scientific literature and guidelines which regulate different aspects of the Armed Forces Medical Service complete-standard issue equipment. The study used methods like: retrospective, content analysis, comparison and description, logical, structural and functional analysis, expert assessments, decision-making, as well as the methods of the theory of constraints and other systems. Results and discussion. rmation of the range of medical property in modern conditions for inclusion into complete-standard issue equipment is connected with the need to make timely decisions on choosing the most efficient models, taking into account market conditions and economic opportunities. There are requirements established for the complete-samples standard issue equipment for their use outside a medical organization. Development program structure of complete-standard-issue equipment is shown, as well as examples of the formation of the content of medical equipment kits. On the basis of the offered program a new complete-standard issue equipment of the Armed Forces Medical Service was created. In accordance with the principles of the theory of constraints a strategy to optimize the composition of sets of medical equipment was developed. It included comprehensive solutions aimed at stabilizing the activity of the pharmaceutical industry in the interest of the Armed Forces Medical Service. Conclusions. An offered program has allowed developing new models of complete-standard issue equipment of the Armed Forces Medical Service, which provides healthcare to a necessary extent and speed of deployment and mobility of medical units formations and military units in the field.

Pedaling Toward Modernity

Pedaling Toward Modernity Bruce J. Schulman (bio) Evan Friss. The Cycling City: Bicycles and Urban America in the 1890s. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015. 267 + x pp. Illustrations, notes, and index. $40.00. Kevin J. Hayes. The Two-Wheeled World of George B. Thayer. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2015. 257 + xviii pp. Notes and index. $28.95. James Longhurst. Bike Battles: A History of Sharing the American Road. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2015. 294 + xi pages. Illustrations, note on citations and sources, notes, bibliography, and index. $34.95. Setting off from his Connecticut home in 1886 on a cross-country ride, cyclist George B. Thayer filled his knapsack, a holdover from his service in the Union Army, with the bare necessities for several months on the road: a warm coat, extra clothing, spare parts, a rain suit, a first-aid kit. But no cargo proved more valuable than a list he had compiled of members of the League of American Wheelman (LAW), a national association of bicycling clubs formed in 1880 to “ascertain, defend, and protect the rights of wheelmen” (Friss, p. 50). Throughout Thayer’s journey, he relied on his fellow wheelmen for comradeship, hospitality, supplies, and advice. As he traversed the continent on his ordinary bicycle—a Columbia Expert model with a huge front wheel, no chain, and solid rubber tires—Thayer overcame many obstacles and suffered numerous spills; to coast downhill on a high-wheeler, cyclists removed their feet from the pedals and swung them dangerously over the handlebars. Still, Thayer told a reporter that no challenge—not climbing Pike’s Peak or navigating the busy streets of Chicago—had proved so formidable as the amazed attention his presence inspired, the “gaping crowds in country towns and rural dogs that want to test the quality of his socks” (Hayes, p. 60). Within a decade, bicycles would become a familiar presence on American streets, the passion of thousands, a nuisance to many others, a symbol at once of modern, mechanical civilization and of the desire to escape the onslaught of modernity. New technology—the advent of the “safety bicycle” with its chain drive, multiple gears, pneumatic tires, and lightweight frames supporting [End Page 472] two equal-sized wheels—and the growth of a domestic bicycle industry made cycling affordable for a mass public. Indeed, between 1890 and 1900, the number of American manufacturers grew more than ten-fold. Diverse cross-sections of urban America embraced the pastime: upwardly mobile young men who took up cycling as a recreational extension of their refined social backgrounds, “New Women” seeking the “gratification of being one’s own master or mistress” (Friss, p. 164), immigrant factory workers commuting across the city, delivery boys, doctors on house calls, itinerant preachers, and so forth. The LAW, a fledging group of 3,000 hobbyists when Thayer climbed atop his high-wheeler, claimed more than 100,000 paying members in 1896, and the nation’s leading publications devoted thousands of pages of copy to cycling stories and advertisements. Roughly twenty percent of New York City’s 1.5 million residents owned bicycles. The machines became so popular that municipalities across the country adopted a series of ordinances, guaranteeing cyclists access to the roads, regulating their use, financing road improvements, and constructing sidepaths dedicated for cycling. By century’s end, the U.S. Census added a special report on bicycles, concluding that, “it is safe to say that few articles have created so great a revolution in social condition as the bicycle.”1 Writing in August 1896, Joseph B. Bishop asked whether the cycling boom represented just another passing fad. “It is quite the custom to speak of bicycling as a ‘craze,’ and there has been much speculation as to whether it would prove permanent or would pass away like other ‘crazes’ after a brief period of feverish popularity,” conceded the New York Evening Post reporter and confidanté of Theodore Roosevelt. Cycling “has been compared to the passion of a few years ago for roller-skating, and prophets have not been lacking who were confident that within five years it would run its course, leaving behind it the wrecks of innumerable bicycle factories and...

Solid-phase Immuno Radio Metric Assay (IRMA) of 25-hydroxy Vitamin D and Displacement from Serum Binding Proteins for Resource-limited Settings

The development of a solid-phase immunoradiometric assay to satisfy the pressing need for a simple yet effective method for measuring 25-hydroxyvitamin D[25(OH)D] in a serum and thus more suited to routine use in clinical biochemical laboratories[1]. The aim of this study was not to compare our home made with commercially available method but tested for general assay performance, including homemade polyclonal antibody specificity. Methods: We used our home made radioiodine (125I)-based IRMA kit for the detection of 25(OH)D. It is based upon, non-competitive displacement agents which enable effective separation of vitamin D metabolites from binding proteins to enable the amount of vitamin D metabolites to be measured, without competing with the proteins or requiring its solvent extraction from the serum [2,3]. Results: Our package called: “cgea 25(OH)D-irma” is analytically, all qualities we expect from a good medical test kit, with a precision of coefficients below 13% as well as intra-series that in inter-series and inter-batch accuracy with a linearity estimated at 0.8ng/ml and good stability of the radio labeled trace (60 days) [4,5]. Conclusion: Simplification of the methods for extraction and separation has been a key feature in the improvement of assays for vitamin D in Democratic Republic of Congo. However, continuing efforts to improve laboratory performance vigilance with quality assurance programs are required and continuous efforts for improving the reliability of our homemade-test, such as regular internal QC are needed.

Inflight Emergencies During Eurasian Flights.

This study evaluated the incidence and status of urgent medical conditions, the attitudes of health professionals who encounter such conditions, the adequacy of medical kits and training of cabin crew in data-received-company aircrafts suggested by Aerospace Medical Association, and the demographic data of patients. Data were collected from medical records of a major flight company from 2011 through 2013. All patients with complete records were included in the study. Numerical variables were defined as median and interquartiles (IQR) for median, while categorical variables were defined as numbers and percentage. During the study period, 10,100,000 passengers were carried by the company flights, with 1,312 (0.013%) demands for urgent medical support (UMS). The median age of the passengers who requested UMS was 45 years (IQR: 29-62). Females constituted 698 (53.2%) among the patients, and 721 (55%) patients were evaluated by medical professionals found among passengers. The most common nontraumatic complaints resulting in requests for UMS were flight anxiety (311 patients, 23.7%) and dyspnea (145 patients, 11%). The most common traumatic complaint was burns (221 patients, 16.8%) resulting from trauma during flight. A total of 22 (1.67%) emergency landings occurred for which the most frequent reasons were epilepsy (22.7%) and death (18.2%). Deaths during flights were recorded in 13 patients, whose median age was 77 years (IQR: 69-82), which was significantly higher compared to the age of patients requiring UMS (p < 0.0001). A total of 592 (45%) patients did not require any treatment for UMS. Medical kits and training were found to be sufficient according to the symptomatic treatments. Most of the urgent cases encountered during flights can be facilitated with basic medical support. "Traumatic emergency procedures inflight medical care" would be useful for additional training. Medical professionals as passengers are significantly involved in encountered emergency situations. Adding automated external defibrillator and pulse oximetry to recommended kits and training can help facilitate staff decisions such as emergency landings and tele-assistance.

Pre-travel health advice guidelines for humanitarian workers: A systematic review.

In the last decades, there have been several natural disasters and global catastrophies with a steady increase in humanitarian relief work. This has resulted in increased research in the field of humanitarian aid, however the focus is mostly on the victims of the disasters and not on the individuals and organisations providing aid. The intent of this research is to review the information available on pre-deployment interventions and recommendations such as vaccinations and other health preserving measures in volunteers and professionals deploying abroad in humanitarian relief missions. We performed a systematic literature review of papers written in English, French, Italian or German. We searched the following databases: Cochrane, PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE and also hand searched reference lists. The cut-off date for the publication search was November 20th, 2014. In addition to the literature search we also sent a questionnaire to 30 organisations to detail their approach to preparing relief workers. We identified 163 papers of possible relevance and finally included 35 papers in the systematic review. Six organisations provided information on pre-deployment preparation of aid workers. Identified papers show that pre-deployment physical and mental fitness are paramount for success in humanitarian missions. However, in many settings, pre-travel medical and psychological assessments and/or training/education sessions are not mandatory. We identified high-risk hazards for aid workers (often location specific), these included: travellers׳ diarrhoea, vector-borne infections, accidents, violence, tuberculosis, HIV, hepatitis A, leptospirosis, typhoid fever, seasonal and H1N1 influenza. The medical evaluation can identify problems or risk factors, such as psychological frailty, that can be exacerbated by the stressful settings of humanitarian missions. In this pre-travel setting, the status of routine vaccinations can be controlled and completed, medication dispensed and targeted preventive advice provided. A mission specific first-aid kit can be recommended. There is a lack of evidence-based literature on the theme of pre-travel advice guidelines for humanitarian workers. We propose a shared database of literature on this topic as a resource and suggest that some standardization of guidelines would be useful for future planning.

AerobON Breathe on with AerobON

In this era, a smartphone is all you need to save a life. We have developed a product that promises to bridge the gap between health and technology, making life simpler. AerobON is a practical add-on to the medical asthma kit. It is a two-tier system -- a mobile application (Android, Windows &amp; IOS platform) and a device (Microcontroller, Bluetooth &amp; battery). When in sync, features like find device, panic button, peak flow meter, puff counter, etc. are available. It’s a one-of-a-kindproduct design that aims to minimize the risk of asthma.

A Low Cost Sensor Controller for Health Monitoring

Aging population can benefit from health care systems that allow their health and daily life to be monitored by expert medical staff. Blood pressure, temperature measurements or more advanced tests like Electrocardiograms (ECG) can be ordered through such a healthcare system while urgent situations can be detected and alleviated on time. The results of these tests can be stored with security in a remote cloud or database. Such systems are often used to monitor non-life threatening patient health problems and their advantage in lowering the cost of the healthcare services is obvious. A low cost commercial medical sensor kit has been used in the present work, trying to improve the accuracy and stability of the sensor measurements, the power consumption, etc. This Sensor Controller communicates with a Gateway installed in the patient's residence and a tablet or smart phone used for giving instructions to the patient through a comprehensive user interface. A flexible communication protocol has been defined supporting any short or long term sensor sampling scenario. The experimental results show that it is possible to achieve low power consumption by applying apropriate sleep intervals to the Sensor Controller and by deactivating periodically some of its functionality.

Impact of space flight on bacterial virulence and antibiotic susceptibility.

Manned space flight induces a reduction in immune competence among crew and is likely to cause deleterious changes to the composition of the gastrointestinal, nasal, and respiratory bacterial flora, leading to an increased risk of infection. The space flight environment may also affect the susceptibility of microorganisms within the spacecraft to antibiotics, key components of flown medical kits, and may modify the virulence characteristics of bacteria and other microorganisms that contaminate the fabric of the International Space Station and other flight platforms. This review will consider the impact of true and simulated microgravity and other characteristics of the space flight environment on bacterial cell behavior in relation to the potential for serious infections that may appear during missions to astronomical objects beyond low Earth orbit.

Christopher Berkeley (“Kit”) Wynn Parry

Rheumatologist who specialised in hand injuries and performing arts medicine When as a young medical graduate Kit Wynn Parry found out that the Royal Air Force was looking for recruits...

An Analysis of the Preventive Behavior and Attitudes of International Travelers from South East Asia; the Kuala Lumpur Airport Survey

Introduction: There has been significant growth in international tourism from South-East Asia. Travel medicine services are still quite limited in this region. Few data exists on the knowledge, attitudes and practices of travelers from South-East Asia regarding the prevention of travel-related health risks. The present study aimed to characterize the travel trends and risk reduction strategies of international travelers departing from a major Malaysian airport. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey among international travelers at the Kuala Lumpur International Airport. A questionnaire recorded data on the demographic profile, travel patterns, travel health protective measures, sources of pre-travel health advice, personal perception of travel-related risk, and barriers to seeking health advice, travel vaccinations and malaria chemoprophylaxis. Results: 36.8% of respondents had sought pre-travel health advice, mostly (64.7%) from their doctor. 23.6% of the travelers had received travel vaccinations. 40% of travelers were uninsured and over 50% did not know how to access medical care overseas. The survey revealed deficiencies in the risk perception of travelers regarding endemic infectious diseases such as malaria, dengue, and rabies. A minority of the travelers reported an intention to avoid unsafe food and water, inform themselves of local disease outbreaks, pack a first-aid kit, and protect themselves from animal and mosquito bites. Conclusions: This study highlights areas of concern in relation to the knowledge and behavior of the travelers surveyed and points to the need for raising public awareness in South-East Asia of the risks associated with international travel and the most efficient means of mitigating those risks. Keywords: Travel Health, Vaccinations, Risk Assessment, Tropical Infection, Chemoprophylaxis, Airport Survey

Injury Patterns at Isle Royale National Park: An Epidemiologic Review of Injuries and Illnesses Sustained in a Remote Environment

Isle Royale National Park is a remote island in northern Lake Superior that attracts 16,000 visitors annually. The epidemiology of injuries and illnesses sustained by Isle Royale׳s visitors has not been previously studied.The purpose of this study is to examine these data and evaluate them for injury patterns. This is a retrospective observational study examining the epidemiology of injuries and illnesses sustained during the period from 2008 to 2012. Incident reports completed by park rangers were reviewed and the data sorted according to time of year, time of day, type of medical encounter, and whether the patient was stable, unstable, or required transport. Two hundred and seventy patient care reports were obtained from the National Park Service. Sixty-four percent of encounters occurred in July and August, and most patients sought care in the afternoon. Care was provided by park rangers, the majority of whom were trained to the level of emergency medical technician. Fifty-eight percent of cases were trauma related, and 20% of all cases were evacuated. The majority of incidents were trauma related. The majority of the rangers on the island are trained to the level of emergency medical technician-B and appear to offer appropriate care to the island's many visitors, utilizing the National Park Service treatment protocols and comprehensive medical kits. In addition, access to advanced medical care is readily available by air and water evacuation.

Investigation of health literacy and enterprise provided health service utilization among migrants in construction site

To investigate health literacy and enterprise provided health service utilization among migrants in construction sites and explore the influencing factors of enterprise provided health service utilization. All 652 migrants in 10 construction sites in Xi'an and Tongchuan were selected using stratified cluster sampling method, and health literacy level, occupational health awareness and enterprise provided health service utilization of migrants were investigated in 2013 April to June.Score and pass rate was used to describe status of health literacy and occupational health awareness of migrants. Chi-square was used to analyze the difference of occupational health awareness and enterprise provided health service utilization between migrants of different levels of health literacy. And logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of enterprise provided health service utilization. Average score of health literacy among migrants in construction site was (3.75 ± 2.17) (9 score totally). Migrants who knew enterprise should provide health training, physical examination, safety training, occupational protection and pay health insurance for workers accounted for 28.2% (174/616), 43.5% (268/616), 52.8% (325/616), 54.9% (338/616) and 37.7% (230/616) respectively, and the percentage of migrants who thought there were noise and dust in their working environment were 46.4% (201/627) and 44.8% (281/627) respectively.61.1% (373/610) received none of health training, occupational training, physical examination and first-aid kit, and only 0.8% (5/610) had utilized all of the above health service in workplace. And logistic regression showed that migrants whose health literacy score was higher than 5 had 1.819 times probability to utilize enterprise provided health service (OR = 1.82, 95%CI:1.13-2.92) , and migrants who were educated for more than 13 years had 3.812 times probability to utilize enterprise provided health service than those who were educated for less than 6 years (OR = 3.81, 95%CI:1.75-8.31) .However, occupational health awareness had no significant influence to the utility of enterprise provided health service utilization in logistic regression (χ(2) = 3.50, P = 0.061). Occupational health awareness and enterprise provided health service utilization were both low among migrants in construction site, level of health literacy and school years were the main factors that influence enterprise provided health service utilization.

Domestic accidents: an emerging threat to community

Background: Domestic accidents are emerging as a new epidemic. They result in significant mortality and morbidity. Majority of the domestic accidents are preventable. Objective: To study the occurrence of domestic accident and awareness on its prevention in an urban community. Materials and Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 300 members residing in an urban area. Complete information was collected through a semi-structured, pretested questionnaire. Domestic accident was considered when any of these individuals had met with an accident inside the house or in the immediate surroundings of the house. The data were analyzed using appropriate statistical software (MS Excel and SPSS, version 20). Results: This study on the assessment of the level of awareness on preventive measures revealed that 40% respondents used apron while working in kitchen, 58% did not have a first-aid kit in the kitchen; 84% respondents said that subdue fire caused by electricity should be dealt with pouring water on fire; and 56% respondents were unaware that keeping the handle of the pan toward oneself may lead to tipping on contents on them and cause injury. Sixty-eight percent respondents were unaware about the storage of medicines in cool and dry places. Conclusions: The most common accident reported was cuts. The level of awareness regarding domestic accidents was not high among the residents and hence there is a serious need to address the problem through public health education.