Firm-level Investment Research Articles

Working hours reduction, financial constraints, and employment: evidence from Korean firms

This study analyzes the effect of reducing working time to a 40-hour week standard on employment, using the data of 1,961 publicly traded firms in Korea. The objective of the study is to empirically estimate the economy-wide effect of this working hours reduction on employment in Korea. This paper also attempts to uncover the effect of financial constraints, defined as the degree of accessibility to finance, on employment stability or sustainability. Some economic theories suggest that financial constraints have mixed or conflicting effects on employment. Building on labor and finance literature such as Garmaise (2007), easing financial constraints helps firms to optimally substitute capital for labor, thereby decreasing employment. Likewise, financially constrained firms are limited by the availability of internal funds, and a decrease in the external financing cost will increase firm-level human resource investment, such as employment. Using a longitudinal data on publicly listed companies in Korea, the author examines variations in the timing of implementing the working hours reduction in terms of establishment size to see if the effect of working hours reduction on employment differs with the degree of financial constraints of firms. This paper finds that the economy-wide effect on employment of work-hours reduction is positive, approximately 3.5% increase in employment. The results, however, show that there is no effect of the working hours reduction on employment in less financially constrained firms or larger corporations, whereas a substantial positive effect on employment is in smaller firms or financially constrained firms, supporting the Garmaise’s prediction.

Real Effects of Accounting for Leases

We examine the real effects of lease capitalization rules (i.e., standards that require firms to capitalize finance leases) on corporate investment. We hypothesize that, in order to comply with these standards, managers collect, process, and disclose additional information, which leads them to reassess their investment decisions. Exploiting the adoption of lease capitalization rules in six countries in 2003 and 2005, we show that the introduction of these rules leads to a decrease in firm-level investment. The effect of lease capitalization on investment is more pronounced for firms with a higher reliance on leases and for firms with lower disclosure quality prior to the change in lease standards. Financially constrained firms experience larger decreases in investment. This is consistent with our findings being driven, at least in part, by an increase in the cost of external financing as creditors and investors gain access to additional information about a firm’s lease commitments.

Investment climate, outward orientation and manufacturing firm productivity: new empirical evidence

ABSTRACTDrawing on the World Bank Enterprise Surveys, we revisit the link between firm-level investment climate and productive performance for a panel of enterprises surveyed twice in time in 70 developing countries and 11 manufacturing industries. We take advantage of the time dimension available for an increasing number of countries to tackle the endogeneity issue stressed in previous studies. We also use pertinent econometric techniques to address other biases inherent in the data (e.g.measurement errors, missing observations and multicollinearity). Our results reinforce previous findings by validating, with a larger than usual sample of countries and industries, the importance of a larger set of environment variables. We show that infrastructure quality, information & communication technologies, skills and experience of the labour force, cost of and access to financing, security and political stability, competition and government relation contribute to firms’ and countries’ performances gap. The empirical analysis also illustrates that firms which choose an outward orientation have higher productivity level. Nevertheless, outward oriented enterprises are more sensitive to investment climate limitations. These findings have important policy implications by showing which dimensions of the business environment, in which industry, could help manufacturing firms to be more competitive in the present context of increasing globalization.

Innovation, Stock Market Feedback and Good Idiosyncratic Volatility

We theoretically and empirically analyze information generation by stock markets on economic prospects of innovations and the resultant feedback effect on firm-level innovation-related investment (IRI). By modeling the unique aspects of firm-specific and systematic drivers of innovation profits, we derive a positive relation of idiosyncratic volatility of stock returns (IVOL) to the response rate of subsequent IRI generally, and to future stock returns under technological conditions that are more applicable to big innovative firms. Empirically, we find strong and robust support. High IVOL in innovative firms may thus reflect a more intense feedback effect, resulting in increased efficiency of IRI.

Firm investment and financial conditions in the euro area: evidence from firm-level data

ABSTRACTWe explore whether the sensitivity of firm-level investment to cash flow, typically associated with an external financing premium, is time-varying and in particular whether it varies with overall financial conditions. We find that financial conditions have indeed played a significant role in corporate investment decisions over recent years, rendering financing constraints even more binding. This finding appears to be robust to a number of control variables and robustness tests. Moreover, the impact of credit conditions is not uniform across firms, but rather it varies depending on firm size and leverage, with constrained firms being substantially more likely to condition their investment decisions on overall credit conditions. Our results cast new light on the interplay between financial and real cycle downturns and underline the need for monetary, fiscal and macroprudential policy to be countercyclical with respect to financial conditions.

A Critical Review of the Literature on Firm-Level Theories on Ship Investment

The maritime industry is one of those rare industries that are both highly international integrated to international trade and also highly capital intensive dependent on substantial investment amount. In the literature, ship investments have not been widely examined through the firm-level investment theories to explore the link between investment level and asset price valuation. The general trend in the literature of ship investments is to analyse the relationship among the shipping markets (newbuilding, second-hand, freight rate and scrap) and their impact on asset price valuation, the timing of investments and market entry and exit conditions. In this paper, we extensively reviewed the literature of firm-level investment theories and ship investments. We showed that the application of firm-level investment theories to the ship investments is confined to the basic investment valuation models, such as Net Present Value and Real Option Analysis. Ship investments need to be examined by firm-level investment theories to define firm/industry value maximization level within the approach of the solid investment theories.

Does Exchange Rate Depreciation Have Contractionary Effects on Firm-Level Investment?

We assess the conditions under which exchange rate fluctuations are contractionary for firm-level investment. To address this question, we match firm-level balance sheet data with a large dataset of firm-level bonds for about 1,000 firms from 36 emerging market economies over the period 1998–2014. We augment a standard firm-level investment model to control for (country-specific) macroeconomic variables, and interact the effect of an exchange rate depreciation with several dimensions of bond composition, namely: 1) currency of issuance; 2) maturity structure of bonds; and 3) market of issuance. We find that, conditional on the amount of debt issued in foreign currency, an exchange rate depreciation can have a contractionary impact on a firm’s investment spending. We also find that the market of issuance and maturity structure, in particular, when coupled with foreign currency-denominated debt can influence this impact.

Corporate Investment and the Real Exchange Rate

We examine the relationship between real exchange rate fluctuations and firm-level investment and growth using data for a sample of close to 33,000 firms from 68 advanced and emerging market countries over the 2000-2014 period. We show that real depreciations boost profits, investment, and asset growth of tradable sector firms that have higher labor shares and are relatively more financially constrained. These findings are consistent with an ``internal financing channel whereby depreciations boost profits by reducing real product wages, spurring investment of labor-intensive but financially-constrained firms. Our results are robust to controlling for alternative channels through which real exchange rates affect corporate investment, including via direct competitiveness gains, balance sheet mismatch, costs of imported intermediate inputs, and aggregate credit supply.

Real Exchange Rates, Economic Complexity, and Investment

We show that the response of firm-level investment to real exchange rate movements varies depending on the production structure of the economy. Firms in advanced economies and in emerging Asia increase investment when the domestic currency weakens, in line with the traditional Mundell-Fleming model. However, in other emerging market and developing economies, as well as some advanced economies with a low degree of structural economic complexity, corporate investment increases when the domestic currency strengthens. This result is consistent with Diaz Alejandro (1963)-in economies where capital goods are mostly imported, a stronger real exchange rate reduces investment costs for domestic firms.

Real Exchange Rates, Economic Complexity, and Investment

We show that the response of firm-level investment to real exchange rate movements varies depending on the production structure of the economy. Firms in advanced economies and in emerging Asia increase investment when the domestic currency weakens, in line with the traditional Mundell-Fleming model. However, in other emerging market and developing economies, as well as some advanced economies with a low degree of structural economic complexity, corporate investment increases when the domestic currency strengthens. This result is consistent with Diaz Alejandro (1963)—in economies where capital goods are mostly imported, a stronger real exchange rate reduces investment costs for domestic firms.

Monetary Policy Transmission Through Financial Heterogeneity: Firm-Level Evidence

We study how financial heterogeneity determines firm-level investment responses to monetary policy shocks. In Compustat, a significant number of firms hold almost zero debt, and among the firms who hold debt, both the amount and the maturity of debt vary greatly. We refer to these financial heterogeneity characteristics as lumpy debt. We first document that lumpy debt significantly affects the responses of firm investment to monetary policy shocks: firms who hold debt, hold more debt, and hold more long-term debt, are less responsive to monetary policy shocks. We then develop a heterogeneous firm model with investment, long-term and short- term debt, and default risk to interpret these facts. In the model, firms with higher leverage or more long-term debt are less responsive to monetary policy shocks because their marginal cost of external finance is high. The effect of monetary policy on aggregate investment, therefore, depends on the distribution of firm financial positions.

Firm-Level Investment Decisions Under Uncertainty and Irreversibility in Zimbabwes Private Firms

Zimbabwe’s business operating environment is abounding with both micro and macro uncertainties that regularly impact on firm-level investment decisions. Under uncertainty and irreversibility private firms are forced to integrate into their investment appraisals and decisions some expectations regarding future product demand and prices, likely returns on fixed capital investment, expected margins, cost of capital expectations and cash flow projections. These important issues are not known with definitive assurance and hence, making investment decisions under uncertainty a challenging task for Zimbabwe’s private firms. The study examined investment under uncertainty and irreversibility in Zimbabwe’s private firms using a polychotomous regression model with the three investment decision outcomes; “invest now”, “do not invest now” and “defer investment”. The major findings are that; (1) liquidity constraints, firm size and credit constraints significantly influence the probability of investing now irrespective of uncertainties in the economy. (2) Poor public infrastructure, political uncertainty, inconsistent application of the indigenization laws and absence of laws that protect private property rights increase the probability of private firms’ deferring investment decisions under uncertainty and investment irreversibility. The paper recommends that policy makers should reduce macro uncertainties in the financial sector that affect firm-level investment decisions, adopt policies that enhance productivity of public infrastructure and must observe national and international laws that safeguard investor property rights.

The Long-Run Real Effects of Banking Crises: Firm-Level Investment Dynamics and the Role of Wage Rigidity

This paper studies the long-run effects of credit market disruptions on real firm outcomes and how these effects depend on nominal wage rigidities at the firm level. I trace out the long-run investment and growth trajectories of firms which are more adversely affected by a transitory shock to aggregate credit supply. Affected firms exhibit a temporary investment gap for two years following the shock, resulting in a persistent accumulated growth gap. I show that affected firms with a higher degree of wage rigidity exhibit a steeper drop in investment and grow more slowly than affected firms with more flexible wages.

Does corporate social responsibility disclosure improve firm investment efficiency?

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure on firm-level investment efficiency.Design/methodology/approachAn econometric model is used to estimate the impact of CSR reporting on investment efficiency on a sample of listed Chinese firms during the period from 2010 to 2013. Financial reporting quality is included in the model as a control variable. Investment efficiency is estimated based on existing models. Two scenarios are identified: under-investment and over-investment.FindingsThe results provide evidence of a higher level of investment efficiency for CSR reporting firms than for non-reporting firms. This relationship is, however, more pronounced in the over-investment scenario than in the under-investment scenario. In addition, the association between CSR disclosure and investment efficiency is stronger for firms with lower financial reporting quality (FRQ). These findings support the hypothesis that CSR disclosure provides effective incremental information that contributes to reduce information asymmetry and promote investment efficiency.Originality/valueThis is the first paper that directly tests the association between CSR disclosure and firm-level investment efficiency. The results suggest that firms and investors should consider the effect of CSR disclosure on information asymmetry and its impact on the availability and cost of capital. This work also contributes to the understanding of the economic impacts of CSR disclosure and provides arguments for regulatory entities to enforce CSR disclosure.

Surprise, surprise – Measuring firm-level investment innovations

Using the IFO Investment Survey for the German manufacturing sector, we construct a forty-year panel of firm-level investment innovations (surprises). We document the cross-sectional and time-series properties of this panel, and our main findings are: the cross-sectional dispersion of investment surprises is countercyclical, as is their average within-firm time series volatility, and both are highly correlated. This justifies, in part, strategies in the literature to use cross-sectional moments for the calibration of heteroscedasticity. At the same time, the cross-sectional dispersion of investment is procyclical, suggesting a nonsmooth capital adjustment friction at the micro level. There is substantial dispersion in within-firm volatility, a feature consistent with a recent literature on information frictions at the firm-level. Finally, the aforementioned second moments of investment innovations are Granger-caused by recessions, but not vice versa, rendering simple exogenous uncertainty shocks less plausible as drivers of business cycles.

Impact of Exchange Rate Volatility on Investment: Evidence from India

This paper studies the impact of real exchange rate volatility on firm level investment using data on Indian manufacturing firms. Real exchange rate volatility is found to have a negative impact on firm level investment spending. The impact is non-linear in the level of exchange rate volatility and depends upon the size of firm’s mark-up and its trade exposure. Foreign equity ownership reduces the negative impact of exchange rate volatility significantly but the same cannot be said about access to domestic equity finance.

Managerial Ability, Investment Efficiency and Stock Price Crash Risk

This paper examines empirically the effect of managerial ability on firm-level investment efficiency, and the joint effect of managerial ability and financial reporting quality on stock price crash risk conditional on level of investment. Using a managerial ability measure developed by Demerjian et al. (2012), the paper documents consistent evidence that the more able managers over-invest compared to their not-so-able counterparts, even after controlling for the effects of financial reporting quality and other firm specific determinants of investment efficiency. This evidence is robust to alternative proxies for investment efficiency and financial reporting quality. The empirical evidence also suggests that crash risk increases for firms with talented managers, primarily because of an adverse effect of managerial talent on financial reporting quality (both accruals and real earnings management) and this effect is more pronounced for firms that over-invest. Overall, the study contributes to a better understanding of the influence of managerial ability on investment decisions and financial reporting quality in the context of diverging opinions regarding manager-specific effects on organizational outcomes.

Managerial ability, investment efficiency and stock price crash risk

We examine empirically the effect of managerial ability on firm-level investment efficiency and how this affects future stock price crash risk. Using a managerial ability measure developed by Demerjian et al. (2012), the paper documents consistent evidence that the more able managers over-invest compared to their not-so-able counterparts, even after controlling for the effects of financial reporting quality and other firm specific determinants of investment efficiency. This evidence is robust to alternative proxies for investment efficiency. The empirical evidence also suggests that crash risk increases for firms with more able managers, primarily through the investment inefficiency channel. Overall, the study contributes to a better understanding of the influence of managerial ability on investment decisions in the context of diverging opinions regarding manager-specific effects on organizational outcomes.

Fiscal decentralization and corporate investment: empirical evidence from China

This paper examines the effect of fiscal decentralization on levels and efficiency of corporate investment. The results indicate that as the extent of local government fiscal decentralization increases, the level of new investment by firms under their jurisdiction rises. Furthermore, fiscal decentralization has an impact on corporate investment by aggravating over-investment rather than alleviating under-investment, leading to a situation whereby fiscal decentralization is negatively associated with investment efficiency at the level of the firm. Finally, the impact of fiscal decentralization on over-investment, under-investment and investment efficiency is not different between state-owned enterprises and non-state-owned enterprises, suggesting that economic leverages are the dominant government intervention measures. The findings imply that fiscal decentralization is another determinant of firm-level investment and corporate investment efficiency, which broadens the existing literature on the economic consequence of fiscal decentralization, resulting in important implications for policy-making.

Firm-level investment in the extractive industry from CEE countries: the role of macroeconomic uncertainty and internal conditions

This paper investigates the impact of external and internal conditions on firms’ investment in CEE countries, applying a panel data analysis, over the time-span 2008–2014. We use AMADEUS statistics for 412 companies and we focus on the extractive industry. The external conditions are associated with the macroeconomic uncertainty related to the economic growth and price level, while for the internal conditions we have retained as explanatory variables the leverage and liquidity ratios. The firms’ investment dynamics is computed as the growth rate of fixed assets. Our results obtained using static and dynamic estimators, show that both external and internal conditions influence the firms’ investment decision. The inflation uncertainty has a positive and significant impact on investment, providing evidence in the favor of the growth-option theory. The liquidity has a positive and significant influence, while the impact of the leverage and economic growth uncertainty is significant only under the dynamic specification. Our results are robust under different specifications of macroeconomic uncertainty and sample structure.