Fire Training Research Articles

UNDERSTANDING THE LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE AMONG NURSES ABOUT FIRE SAFETY IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL LAHORE

Fire safety in healthcare facilities is an important but frequently disregarded part of hospital administration and patient care. Despite substantial study on different aspects of healthcare delivery, there is still a significant gap in understanding and measuring fire safety knowledge and practices among healthcare personnel, particularly in Pakistan's tertiary care facilities. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the degree of fire safety knowledge among medical personnel at a tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan, to identify any shortcomings that may affect their capacity to respond effectively in the event of a fire. Methods: A cross sectional quantitative descriptive study was conducted at Public Tertiary care hospital in Lahore involving 202 nurses. A customized questionnaire was administered to assess the participant’s fire safety knowledge, selected through successive sampling. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 22.0, categorizing knowledge level as poor, average and good. Results: 85% of survey participants were aware of fire response procedures. However, only 15% knew the fire department contact numbers, and 25% were unaware that foam or water extinguishers are ineffective against grease fires. Additionally, a significant proportion of participants struggled to correctly identify different types of fire extinguishers (65%) and fire categories (50%). The finding underscore the importance of comprehensive fire safety training to address significant knowledge gaps. Conclusions: Healthcare institutions should develop comprehensive fire safety training programs that extend beyond basic emergency protocols. Regular fire drills and simulations should be held to check staff members' understanding and reinforce fire safety procedures. Administrators should examine and update fire safety protocols on a regular basis to reflect new technology, legislation, and lessons learnt from previous events.

A study of staff pre‐evacuation behaviors in a Malaysian hotel

AbstractSimulating fire and evacuation scenarios is crucial for engineers to assess building safety during fire incidents. Accurate simulations require data on occupants' behaviors, particularly during the pre‐evacuation phase as these decisions significantly impact evacuation duration. Gathering comprehensive data from diverse regions while considering cultural and regional variations is necessary to understand how occupants' behavior is influenced. Thus, this study focuses on examining the behavior of Malaysian hotel staff during unannounced fire drill to gain insights into factors affecting their behavior during pre‐evacuation stage, such as fire experience, fire alarm, drill participation, fire training, and awareness. The study categorizes the actions performed by the hotel staff into sequences and analyses them based on influencing factors. The findings indicate that instead of immediately evacuating in response to emergency notification, the hotel staff engage in various actions. Most staff members initially investigate or ignore the emergency, resulting in longer pre‐evacuation times. Moreover, the results suggest that previous drill participation and high awareness levels contribute to shorter pre‐evacuation times. Conversely, previous fire experience, fire training, and fire alarm familiarity have no effect on pre‐evacuation time.

Learning to Burn: A Case Study on the Redesign of Federal Prescribed Fire Training in the United States Using the Twelve Levers of Transfer Effectiveness

Abstract Lack of effectively trained personnel is a barrier to increasing safe and effective prescribed burning. The National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG) identified a need to redesign the required training to become a federally qualified burn boss. The redesign uses strengths of subject matter experts while considering best practices for training development and delivery using the twelve levers of transfer effectiveness as a framework. This article serves as a reference for developing and delivering courses in and outside of wildland fire by applying the most up-to-date understanding of adult learning for improved training effectiveness. The ideas presented in this article support continued development of practitioners to accomplish land management objectives. Study Implications: Strategic development and implementation of burn boss training may increase the likelihood that burn bosses can safely and effectively implement prescribed burns. This article presents a case study for applying key adult learning methods to improve training effectiveness that can be applied to other training topics in and outside wildland fire management.

Certain aspects of combination of practical disciplines "Fire training" and "Special physical training" in institutions of higher education with specific learning conditions

The article discusses the impact of external and internal factors on the effectiveness of higher education systems, particularly in the context of training future law enforcement officers. It is noted that ensuring quality student training requires consideration of specific learning conditions, such as requirements for firearms and physical training. The article analyzes the role of disciplines such as «Firearms Training» and «Special Physical Training» in shaping the professional skills of future law enforcement officers. The importance of these disciplines in ensuring societal security and enhancing the combat readiness of law enforcement officers in various conditions, including wartime, is highlighted. Specifically, the necessity of firearm proficiency and the ability to effectively utilize it in situations requiring law enforcement intervention is discussed. It is also noted that preparation for armed conflicts and security maintenance requires students to have a high level of physical fitness and firearm interaction skills. In the context of contemporary challenges related to increasing crime rates and wartime, the importance of combining education with firearms and physical training to develop a well-rounded law enforcement personality is emphasized. The authors emphasize that this combination helps students become prepared for real-life situations they may encounter in their future careers. The conclusion underscores the need for continuous improvement of law enforcement professionals’ skills in contemporary conditions, including tactical-specialized, firearms, and physical training. The importance of physical education and sports as a means of promoting a healthy lifestyle is also emphasized. Additionally, it is noted that present conditions and periods of wartime require law enforcement officers to possess special skills and abilities beyond routine duties. Such situations may necessitate additional training for law enforcement personnel with elements of military preparation, including terrain orientation, grenade throwing, obstacle overcoming, engineering preparation, and other important aspects.

Current issues of conducting classes on fire training of police officers under martial law

The article addresses pertinent issues related to conducting firearms training sessions for police officers in conditions of a state of war. The authors analyze significant aspects of this activity, including teaching methods and techniques, personnel training specifics, as well as challenges and threats that may arise during armed conflicts. The main focus is on practical recommendations aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of police training for operating in conditions of a state of war. The article analyzes changes and modifications in the methodology of teaching and studying fire training in institutions of higher education with specific conditions of study, subordinated to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine under martial law, which would take into account all aspects of the application and use of firearms and ensure high- quality training of students of higher education for actions in stressful and dangerous situations. The authors explore the practical-tactical possibilities of conducting firearms training sessions, comparing them with regulated and recommended regulatory acts. It is established that existing methods do not correspond to the real conditions of firearms application. Special attention is given to the issues of modern methods of firearms usage and changes in teaching methodology to increase proficiency. Features and methods of teaching fire training in higher education institutions with specific training conditions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine are outlined, as well as innovations in this field of training are indicated. A separate view is focused on the need for modern material and technical support, since the solution to the problem of police training requires a comprehensive approach, which includes the provision of the necessary resources for conducting specialized classes, both in closed rooms and on appropriately equipped modern training grounds, and support in the development of professional skills. Also, the authors emphasize the need to improve the legal training of personnel to provide them with a clear understanding of the laws and regulations related to the use of weapons.

Physiological and perceptual responses of firefighters wearing protective clothing under various training environment and activity conditions

To enhance operational capabilities of firefighters in live-fire scenarios, daily training is absolutely important which involves various types of training tasks in diverse thermal environments. Fire training in heat may impose severe heat stress on firefighters. Yet, the thermal burden associating with different training has rarely been studied. In this study, twelve healthy male firefighters performed 50 min of treadmill exercise while wearing firefighting protective clothing (FPC) in two environmental conditions (34°C and 37°C) with three training intensities (3 km/h, 4.5 km/h and 6 km/h). Results showed that in hot environments, training intensity exhibited a more pronounced effect on physiological responses than ambient temperature. Exposure to 37°C with heavy activity produced high level of core temperature (38.8±0.2°C), near maximal heart rate (164±18 bpm), increased energy expenditure (27.10±1.42 ml/min/kg) coupled with mild dehydration (2.08%±0.35%). The forehead, back and chest which showed the highest level of thermal sensation vote, wetness sensation vote and thermal comfort vote are suggested to be primarily considered when designing cooling strategies. Moreover, when providing recovery and cooling for firefighters working in extreme heat while wearing fully encapsulated FPC, the priority should be given to work intensity and duration, followed by environmental conditions.

Bridging the Technology Gap for Cost‐Effective and Sustainable Treatment of Per‐ and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Surface Water and Stormwater

ABSTRACTThis article addresses the urgent need for cost‐effective and sustainable methods to mitigate per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination in surface water and stormwater. Although the majority of PFAS research and development to date has focused on groundwater and soil treatment technologies, in some cases there may be a greater risk posed by the high mobility and potential for direct contact with PFAS in surface water and stormwater. Based on the evolving regulatory landscape and the elevated PFAS concentrations observed in available stormwater data near some fire training facilities, additional attention to this topic is needed to support the development of effective and practical treatment technologies for PFAS in surface water and stormwater. We propose addressing the need to bridge the current technology gap between (1) expensive mechanical and/or construction‐intensive technologies and (2) the development of cost‐effective and sustainable surface water and stormwater PFAS treatment options. We envision a future where nature‐based approaches could be employed for stand‐alone PFAS treatment. Alternatively, nature‐based approaches could be used for initial PFAS mass removal as a pretreatment step within a treatment train followed by engineered adsorbents or other technologies, if needed to achieve low concentration cleanup thresholds. We provide an example of a potential nature‐based treatment train that would rely on the natural propensity of PFAS to accumulate in surface water foams using foam‐enhancing weirs and flumes (FWFs), combined with the demonstrated treatment potential of constructed floating wetlands (CFWs). Additional research into the validation, optimization, and site‐specific design factors of nature‐based treatment trains, such as the FWF+CFW approach, warrants future research and development.

Spectral induced polarization (SIP) measurements across a PFAS-contaminated source zone

There is a need to develop field-scale, in situ screening technologies for assessing variations in aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) concentrations in soils at former fire training and storage sites. Field-scale Spectral Induced Polarization (SIP) geophysical measurements were acquired on a transect crossing an AFFF source zone. Soil samples were acquired to determine variations in poly- and per-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) concentrations in soils, characterize soil texture, and create triplicate soil columns for laboratory SIP measurements. Field and laboratory observations show that SIP measurements are sensitive to the concentration of AFFF constituents associated with soil pore surface area. The specific polarizability and the phase of the SIP measurements for the laboratory samples were linearly correlated with total soil-sorbed PFAS concentration. The phase from the field SIP measurements was highest over the location of maximum PFAS concentration measured on the laboratory samples. However, a significant correlation between field-measured phase and laboratory-measured total PFAS concentration still needs to be established. These observations, along with the demonstrated sensitivity of the SIP response to the removal of soil PFAS using a methanol wash procedure, support the case for SIP characterization of AFFF source zones.

Optimization of the methods of conducting fire training classes for cadets of the National Police of Ukraine in conditions of limited visibility

Optimization of the methods of conducting fire training classes for cadets of the National Police of Ukraine in conditions of limited visibility

Prescribed Fire Programming Experiences, Needs, and Challenges of Southeastern United States Extension Professionals

Prescribed fires are used to manage natural areas and mitigate potentially intense and catastrophic wildfires. Education and other outreach activities can increase the acceptance and adoption of prescribed fire use among private landowners. Land grant university-based Extension services are often a trusted source of information in communities on a variety of topics, but no published research has previously assessed Extension’s capacity for prescribed fire education and training. This study uses semi-structured interviews to explore the knowledge and experiences of 23 southeastern U.S. Extension professionals with prescribed fire outreach. Thematic analysis of the interviews guided by Ostrom’s social-ecological systems framework revealed that these Extension professionals face a variety of challenges stemming from their institutions, audiences, and own backgrounds that complicate prescribed fire outreach. These challenges can be overcome, allowing Extension professionals to conduct fire science outreach and play an active role in facilitating networks to build capacity through cooperation.

Study on Improving Fire Safety in Traditional Markets

In this study, we analyzed fire-safety management regulations and problems with fire-alarm equipment in traditional markets, as failures can cause significant damage in the event of a fire. We also present improvement measures based on analyzing major fire accidents. Traditional markets must designate the type of firefighting equipment installed at a store according to the number of stores, and apply this measure retroactively when the installation regulations are revised. If the market is designated as traditional, the equipment must be designated as a fire-safety management object, and the appointment of a fire safety manager, firefighting education and training, and self-inspection must be made mandatory. Fire-alarm equipment must be inspected regularly by a fire-safety manager, and fire-proof walls must be installed with self-supporting fire-resistant structures at certain sections. When designing a new traditional market, it must be designated after facility supplementation following safety inspection. In addition, traditional markets are required to have fire-detection equipment and automatic notification systems, and building-type traditional markets must retroactively install automatic sprinkler equipment.

Assessment of Fire Safety Measures in On-Campus Housing Facilities

Universities, including Caleb University, offer various on-campus housing options, such as hostels and private residences. Ensuring fire safety in these facilities is paramount for the protection of students, staff, and property. This study investigates the fire safety measures in place at Caleb University's male hostel, examining both the physical infrastructure and the awareness and training of residents and staff. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study combines a physical inspection of fire safety equipment and infrastructure with semi-structured interviews to assess the comprehensiveness of fire safety protocols and awareness programs. The findings reveal significant gaps in both the awareness and implementation of fire safety measures. Only 33% of the staff and 69% of students are aware of any fire safety programs, and 86% of the staff and 65% of the students lack knowledge of evacuation protocols. These deficiencies highlight the need for structured and mandatory fire safety training, regular drills, and clear communication of evacuation procedures. Recommendations include the development of comprehensive fire safety programs, integration of fire safety education into the curriculum, regular maintenance of fire safety equipment, and partnerships with local fire safety authorities. Implementing these measures can improve the safety and preparedness of Caleb University’s residential facilities, providing a safer living environment for all residents.

Formation of the readiness of future Fire Training Instructors for Professional activity with an emphasis on the use of Special Physical Training tools

Empirically, it was established that during the performance of official duties, in particular, during practical classes (training), fire training instructors are in "zones" of significant psychophysical stress, which in the case of low (unsatisfactory) individual physical and special physical readiness can slow down, and in some cases even to level the process of formation of practical shooting skills from various types of small arms (automatic) weapons among military personnel of various categories who are studying. This, in turn, actualizes the need for a suitable professional development program for future fire training instructors, which, in addition to specific theoretical knowledge and practical skills (according to the military accounting specialty), provides for the use of special physical training. According to the results of the monitoring of specialized Internet resources (analysis of scientific-methodical and reference) literature, it was established that theoretical and empirical studies that comprehensively reveal the peculiarities of the organization of the training system of fire training instructors with an emphasis on the development of applied motor actions are rare. In the process of research and analytical work, the following methods were used (at the theoretical level): axiomatic, idealization, instrumental, historical and logical, descent from the concrete, formalization, as well as the experience of organizing the system of fire and special physical training of servicemen of various categories of institutions of the security and defense sector of Ukraine. As a result of the research, the members of the research group developed experimental organizational and pedagogical conditions for the formation of the readiness of future fire training instructors for professional activity with an emphasis on the use of special physical training tools. Prospects for further research in the chosen direction of scientific intelligence provide for the testing of the organizational and pedagogical conditions proposed by us (on the example of future instructors in fire training, representatives of military units of the National Guard of Ukraine).

Actual issues of improvement of types of official training of police officers

In the article, the authors provided a description of the types of service training, namely functional training, general training, tactical training, fire training, physical training. It was concluded that in order to improve the professional training of police officers, it is urgent to implement the measures of structural revision of its varieties, as well as qualitative updating of its content, taking into account the modern challenges that exist in police activity, the development of the National Police at the current stage of state formation. Taking into account the content of training on functional training, it has been proven that it would be more correct to talk about “functional and legal training”, which is proposed to be defined as a set of measures aimed at the acquisition and improvement of police knowledge, abilities and skills in the field of regulatory and legal support of official activities, features of police activity, taking into account the specifics of the functional duties of police officers, necessary for the successful performance of their official duties. It was emphasized the need to improve the name of the “life safety” component of general training, replacing it with the name “policeman’s personal safety and life safety”. The expediency of mastering tactical medicine by police officers was determined, which was proposed to be added to the component of pre-medical training. The need to include issues of improving the tactics of driving a company car in tactical training has been proven; effective use of the main varieties of special equipment, technical devices, technical means and specialized software, in particular, the tactics of using UAVs; tactics of police actions under the influence of sources of ionizing radiation. The position of scientists regarding the need to form a new model of physical training within the framework of service training of police officers with the implementation of NATO standards is supported, for which the following measures are proposed: studying the positive experience of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in terms of developing methodological recommendations for individual physical training of servicemen according to NATO standards; review of standards for physical training; creation of a typical program of physical training within the framework of official training of police officers. The need to introduce a new type of training in the system of police officer training – “general military training” – has been proven.

The Use of Smartphone-Based Highly Realistic MCI Training as an Adjunct to Traditional Training Methods.

Training for mass casualty incident (MCI) response is critical to ensure that resource allocation and treatment priorities limit preventable mortality. Previous research has investigated the use of immersive virtual environments as an alternative to high fidelity MCI training, which is expensive and logistically challenging to implement. While these have demonstrated positive early results, they still require complex technology deployment, dedicated training facilities, and significant time from instructors and facilitators. This study explores the feasibility of a smartphone-based application for trauma care training and MCI triage to fill the gap between classroom learning and high-fidelity simulation. The goals of this investigation were to evaluate clinician perceptions of a virtual MCI training simulator's usability, acceptability, fidelity, functionality, and pacing. This study used a smartphone-based training simulation called Extensible Field and Evacuation Care Training in a Virtual Environment (EFECTIVE), which presents virtual patient scenarios in a gamified, but visually high-fidelity environment. A total of 21 participants were recruited as a convenience sample of medical students, paramedics, nurses, and emergency medicine resident and attending physicians at University of Massachusetts Memorial Medical Center, an urban tertiary care medical center. Participants completed a brief tutorial and then performed a series of virtual patient scenarios and 1 MCI scenario on the simulator, each of which was 5 minutes in duration. Then, each participant completed a survey assessing the perceived usability, acceptability, fidelity, functionality, and pacing of the virtual training simulator. The research protocol was approved by the University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School Institutional Review Board. 48% of participants disagreed that a virtual simulator could completely replace live MCI training, though 71% agreed that app-based simulations could effectively supplement live MCI training and 67% felt that they could be used to learn how to order medical interventions in care under fire scenarios. 80% of participants agreed that the simulation could be used to practice MCI triage and to gain experience with coordinating movement of casualties to casualty collection points. 67% of participants believed that use of virtual simulators would increase their MCI preparedness. 76% agreed that the clinical cases depicted were medically realistic and that the clinical cases presented accurately represented the scenarios described. In addition, despite being presented on a smartphone as opposed to virtual reality, 62% of participants rated the experience immersive. This study provides encouraging evidence that easy to deploy smartphone-based simulations may be an effective way to supplement MCI and care under fire training. Although the study is limited by a small sample size, there was strong agreement among participants from a wide variety of emergency medicine roles that such a simulation could train core topics associated with MCI triage. Because app-based simulations are easily deployable and can be executed quickly and frequently, they could be used as a more flexible training model compared to large scale live or virtual reality-based simulations. The results of this investigation also indicate that a sufficient level of medical realism can be achieved without live simulation.

Firearms training and development of professional qualities in future officers: interconnection and interdependence

Fire training is an important element in the formation of professional qualities of future officers. The relationship and interdependence between fire training and professional development is that each aspect reinforces and enhances the other. Fire training provides future officers with the skills and knowledge necessary to effectively perform their duties. At the same time, the professional qualities they develop help them better learn these skills and knowledge and apply them in different situations. Thus, fire training and the formation of professional qualities are interrelated and interdependent components of the training of future officers. This study aims to explore this relationship and interdependence, as well as to develop methods and strategies to optimize them in the process of training future officers. Professional firearms training enhances the competence of law enforcement officers in the areas of safety, shooting and combat. It contributes to the development of important organisational skills, such as teamwork, coordination, and decision-making under stress and danger. Studies show that firearms training has a positive impact on the development of the willpower of law enforcement officers. Shooting and training in close-to-real conditions help build strong character, self-discipline and endurance. In particular, it considers different approaches to fire training, their effectiveness,and theird influence on the formation of professional qualities. As a result of this research, it is expected that new methods and recommendations will be developed that will help increase the effectiveness of fire training and the formation of professional qualities in future officers. This, in turn, will help increase the overall effectiveness of military training and improve the readiness of future officers to perform their duties.

Renal excretion of 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) in firefighting instructors after exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during live fire training

Exposure of firefighting instructors to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as naphthalene is unavoidable during live fire training. The study aimed to investigate naphthalene uptake by measuring the urinary excretion of the naphthalene metabolite 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN), to describe the DHN elimination kinetics and to evaluate the results by comparison to further biomarkers of PAH exposure. N = 6 male non-smoking firefighting instructors completed five training sessions each in a residential fire simulation unit under respiratory protection. All participants provided two urine samples before and another seven samples within an 18-h-interval after each session. DHN was detected by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS) in all samples (n = 237) with median concentrations ranging from 3.3 µg/g crea. (range 0.9–10.2) before exposure to 134.2 µg/g crea. (43.4–380.4) post exposure. Maximum elimination found 3.3 h (median) after onset of exposure decreased with a mean half-life of 6.6 h to 27.1 µg/g crea. (15.7–139.5) 18 h after training. DHN sensitively indicated a presumed dermal naphthalene intake during training, showing similar elimination kinetics like other naphthalene metabolites. Internal exposure of the participants transiently exceeded exposures determined for non-smokers in the general population, but was lower than at other workplaces with PAH exposure. Despite limited uptake, accumulation is possible with daily exposure.

SOME PROBLEMS OF THE USE OF FIREARMS BY POLICE OFFICERS

The use of firearms has always been one of the most relevant and important aspects of the activities of police officers. The work is devoted to the study of the problems that arise among police officers of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation when they use or use firearms. Based on the analysis of the problems, the ways of their solution are proposed. Namely, some organizational and structural changes in the training of personnel for fire, legal, physical and tactical training in educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The article discusses the cause-and-effect relationship between the turnover of personnel among highly qualified specialists in the territorial divisions of the internal affairs bodies of the Chelyabinsk region and the problems of the use of firearms by new poorly qualified personnel. The article outlines the problem that those entering the service in the internal affairs bodies, often, undergo certification without initial training at the vocational training center and other departmental educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. The level of professional, fire and physical training of some employees trained in these educational institutions is low. There is also a problem with the staffing of some positions in the police.

Intermittent anaerobic-aerobic biopiling for remediating energetic compound-contaminated soils

Demolishing obsolete ammunition and live fire training, along with other military activities, contaminated military sites with energetic compounds (ECs), are raising human concerns. Biopiling is a green and sustainable technology for soil remediation due to its low cost and minimal secondary pollution. This study investigated the effects of various bio-stimulants in enhancing intermittent anaerobic-aerobic biopiling for ECs degradation in soil. The results showed that intermittent anaerobic-aerobic biopiling with municipal sludge, livestock and poultry manure, and agricultural and forestry wastes degraded 93.7 % 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 79.5 % hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and 92.0 % octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro −1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) in 15 days. Correlation analysis of the energetic compounds showed that the TNT concentration and its reduction products changed conversely under anaerobic conditions, indicating a faster TNT reduction. Analysis based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database revealed an increase in the abundance of genes (nemA &porA) associated with nitrotoluene reduction. This study demonstrated that bio-stimulants composed of a mixture of municipal sludge, manure, and soil conditioner (SLA) could improve the physicochemical properties of the biopiling system and the microbial community structure, promoting the growth of Firmicutes that respond for the degradation of energetic compounds, including the influence of functional genes for TNT degradation.

Bioconcentration of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Precursors in Fathead Minnow Tissues Environmentally Exposed to Aqueous Film-Forming Foam-Contaminated Waters.

Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has been associated with toxicity in wildlife and negative health effects in humans. Decades of fire training activity at Joint Base Cape Cod (MA, USA) incorporated the use of aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF), which resulted in long-term PFAS contamination of sediments, groundwater, and hydrologically connected surface waters. To explore the bioconcentration potential of PFAS in complex environmental mixtures, a mobile laboratory was established to evaluate the bioconcentration of PFAS from AFFF-impacted groundwater by flow-through design. Fathead minnows (n = 24) were exposed to PFAS in groundwater over a 21-day period and tissue-specific PFAS burdens in liver, kidney, and gonad were derived at three different time points. The ∑PFAS concentrations in groundwater increased from approximately 10,000 ng/L at day 1 to 36,000 ng/L at day 21. The relative abundance of PFAS in liver, kidney, and gonad shifted temporally from majority perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides (FASAs) to perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs). By day 21, mean ∑PFAS concentrations in tissues displayed a predominance in the order of liver > kidney > gonad. Generally, bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for FASAs, perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs), and fluorotelomer sulfonates (FTS) increased with degree of fluorinated carbon chain length, but this was not evident for PFSAs. Perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) displayed the highest mean BCF (8700 L/kg) in day 21 kidney. Suspect screening results revealed the presence of several perfluoroalkyl sulfinate and FASA compounds present in groundwater and in liver for which pseudo-bioconcentration factors are also reported. The bioconcentration observed for precursor compounds and PFSA derivatives detected suggests alternative pathways for terminal PFAS exposure in aquatic wildlife and humans. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:1795-1806. © 2024 The Author(s). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.