Building Fire Research Articles

Модель визуального обнаружения пожара в зданиях текстильных производств при разведке звеньями газодымозащитной службы

Introduction. This study analyzed a model of visual fire detection in textile production buildings. It was found that the search performance used in the calculation is a constant. However, in the case of search by reconnaissance teams without monitoring equipment, the search performance decreases with an increase in the smoke cover of the premises. Goals and objectives. The purpose of the study is to improve the model of estimation of probability of visual fire detection in buildings by gas and smoke rescue squads, taking into account the change of search performance of search teams. The aim of the investigation is to develop a mathematical model of estimation of probability (efficiency) of visual fire detection in the buildings of textile productions. Methods. To achieve the purpose of the study, we used methods of scientific knowledge: analysis, mathematical logic. To describe the process of search of source of a fire we have used a mathematical model of the type "birth-death". Results and discussion. The result of the lead research is the modified model of estimation of probability of visual fire detection in a building of textile manufactures. The analytical solution of the "birth-death" model is received, provided that the search (breeding) performance is a function of the death rate, that is, decreases over time from the maximum value to a minimum, and it is found that the law of decreasing performance search is not linear. On the basis of the received data, it has become possible to determine time of search of fire origin with the set probability of visual detection for cases of change of optical properties in a zone of search. A comparison of modeling results with original and modified models has been made. The results obtained can be used when planning actions of fire-fighting subdivisions on extinguishing fires in buildings of textile productions, and also when determining an order of equipping subdivisions with breathing apparatuses and monitoring means. Conclusions. A modification of the model of estimation of probability of visual fire detection in the buildings of textile manufactures has been made. The result received extends the area of application of the given methodology in practical work of fire protection divisions at the organization of fire focuses' reconnaissance. Keywords: fire search; monitoring tools; textile production; probability of visual detection; fire and rescue units.

Electrical Fire Dynamic Risk Assessment for High‐Rise Buildings Based on Variable Fuzzy Set Theory and Bayesian Network

High‐rise buildings fires are far more harmful than ordinary fires. In this regard, fire risk assessment is an important way to control fire risk and reduce losses. This study presents a comprehensive model to electrical fire dynamic risk assessment of high‐rise buildings based on a Bayesian network (BN) and a variable fuzzy set theory (VFST). Firstly, electric system, safety management, and other factors were comprehensively analyzed based on three categories: hazard sources identification (HSI), fault tree (FT) analysis, and VFST. A high‐rise building electrical fire dynamic risk assessment model was established based on a BN. Secondly, the prior probability of BN root nodes was determined by VFST, and the conditional probability table (CPT) was determined by the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and decomposition method. On that basis, the quantitative inference and sensitivity analysis can be performed on the electrical fire risks of high‐rise buildings in combination with the variable fuzzy Bayesian network (VFBN) inference. Finally, a high‐rise building in Wuhan, China, was used as an example for verification. The results show that the proposed method can realize dynamic risk assessment of electrical fires in high‐rise buildings. This study provides a new method for fire risk assessment of high‐rise buildings to reduce the possibility of fire.

INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF TEACHING THE FUNDAMENTALS OF THE INVENTIVE TECHNOLOGY “EURONICS” ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CREATIVE POTENTIAL OF HIGH SCHOOL PUPILS

There is a problem of a gradual decrease in creative activity of a person: from 18–19% creatively active among first graders to 1% among high school students. And then the decrease occurs among students of higher educational institutions. Sociological studies were conducted in Ukraine, according to which one in seven engineers is an inventor under the age of 30, one in five from 31 to 40, one in four from 41 to 50, and one in two after 50. It is clear that in our time of scientific and technological progress and competitive struggle, this is unacceptable. As Shiryaeva’s research shows, thanks to learning the theory of invention, the creative potential of 56% of eighth-graders has increased. However, neither Shiryaeva nor other specialists in teaching students the basics of invention theory provided methods for developing the creative potential of high school students to create pioneering inventions. This second problem was overcome thanks to the creation of the “Evronika” technology and gaining experience in its use when preparing the team for participation in the Third All-Ukrainian Competition of Young Inventors. Analysis of the team’s solution to the problem of extinguishing fires in high-rise buildings allowed us to identify the main methodological creative tools needed by high school students to create pioneering inventions. With their use, a method of teaching students to create such inventions was developed. Approbation of the methodology confirmed the possibility of teaching students to create pioneering inventions, as evidenced by the patents they received in Ukraine and awards for winning international competitions among adult inventors. However, the monitoring of the development of their creative abilities by conducting control works at the beginning and at the end of training showed that the students did not have an awareness of the need to create pioneering inventions and they did not yet have the corresponding desire. Therefore, the task of further research is to identify the ways of forming such aspirations in high school students, as well as to develop a suitable teaching method with improvement of existing and development of new methodological tools of the theory of invention and methods of their application in the learning process.

Порядок документального подтверждения соответствия средств спасения людей при пожаре требованиям пожарной безопасности

PURPOSE. Advertising currently produced fire and rescue appliances demonstrates the advantages of their performance characteristics. This plays an important role in a market economy and highly competitive environment. At the same time, appliances for rescuing people must meet the requirements established for this specific product, i.e. have a document certifying compliance of the manufactured product with the legislative requirements in the field of technical regulation. Such a document is a compliance certificate or a compliance declaration. Using the example of a sectional evacuation appliance the modern process of documenting the compliance of a fire and rescue appliance with the requirements of technical regulations and standardization documents is analyzed. METHODS. When carrying out this work, theoretical methods such as classification, analysis, modeling and deduction were used. FINDINGS. The authors analyzed in detail individual forms of assessing the compliance of objects (products) under protection with fire safety requirements. It was established that a sectional evacuation appliance is to be assessed in terms of compliance with fire safety requirements in the form of confirming compliance of objects (products) under protection. It is hypothesized that the scheme for confirming the compliance of a sectional evacuation appliance will be carried out according to 4d scheme (for a batch of fire safety appliances or a single product), since choosing a scheme for declaring the conformity of fire safety appliances is carried out by the applicant on the basis of their own evidence and evidence obtained in a test laboratory. RESEARCH APPLICATION FIELD. The obtained research results may be useful to individuals or legal entities engaged in the production and (or) sale of means for rescuing people in case of fire in high-rise buildings. CONCLUSIONS. Available means of moving people to a fire-safe area in many cases may be the only way to save them. This opportunity is provided by special technical means that operate on external energy sources or work on the principle of smoothly reducing the energy of falling body weight from height. Taking this into account, it is especially important to assess the compliance of rescue appliances with the requirements of technical regulations, carrying out a full set of operations and conditions established by the conformity validation scheme before they are put into circulation.

تأثير المساحة الفاصلة بين الشقق على سرعة انتشار الحريق في الأبنية السكنية العالية

Fire accidents in high-rise residential buildings lead to great loss of life and property and constitute a serious threat to the difficulty of safe evacuation due to the presence of various flammable materials and high population density, so there are great challenges facing architects and specialists in order to improve and develop design methods to protect from fire and reduce losses. The space separating apartments can be a factor influencing the spread of fire, its development, and the speed of its transmission in tall residential buildings. To clarify this, the spread of fire was followed vertically and systematically by simulating the characteristics of fire spread for a 12-story building using the pyrosim program. The simulation results showed that the risk of fire spreading in tall residential buildings increases with the space separating apartments and that the effect of the depth of space is more obvious the greater the width of the space separating apartments. For separating spaces, and thus the research can contribute to choosing the optimal design to increase the chance of safe evacuation in the event of a fire in high-rise residential buildings.

Information model of power distribution IoT terminal for high-rise building electrical fire monitoring

Fires caused by electrical reasons such as short circuits and leakage in low-voltage distribution network lines account for a relatively large proportion of the high-rise building fires. Building an electrical fire monitoring system for high-rise buildings based on the Internet of Things (IoTs) technology can monitor electrical circuits in real-time and reduce electrical fires. Aiming at the interconnection and intercommunication of the information exchange of the IoT terminals in the electrical fire monitoring system of high-rise buildings, this paper firstly analyzes the functional communication requirements of the electrical fire monitoring system of high-rise buildings, and combined with the requirements of functional communication, the information model required for electrical quantity collection and non-electricity collection functions is studied based on IEC 61850, which is conducive to the fusion and application of low-voltage distribution network monitoring data and existing distribution automation system data. At the same time, the location information logical node is established by supplementing, which realizes the determination of the spatial position of the terminal and the sensor, the location of the fire source can be determined by analyzing and calculating according to the spatial location information and the spatiotemporal sequence of the detection information. Finally, the information modeling of different types of monitoring terminal equipment is carried out and the configuration suggestion based on SCL language is proposed. By realizing the integration of low-voltage terminal unit (LTU) into the system and the configuration of LTU, the standard system of IEC 61850 can be actually operated. A monitoring terminal based on the proposed information model has been developed and applied to a building in Wuhan.

Fire Hazard Prevention and Protection Through Active Protection System

This research was conducted to determine the availability and adequacy of the active protection system in the Palembang Aviation Polytechnic area. The Active Protection System is limited to fire alarm systems and detectors. The type of research used is qualitative analysis with an observational approach to analyze fire alarms and detection systems as active protection at the Palembang Aviation Polytechnic. Data collection is carried out by observation and interview. Furthermore, a gap analysis method is carried out to compare the availability of fire alarm and detection systems installed in each building, compared to the expected conditions by applicable regulations, so that gaps can be known from the fire protection system in the building in question. The next step is to decide on the availability and adequacy of the building's fire alarm and detection system and provide recommendations that the manager of the Palembang Aviation Polytechnic may carry out. The results of the application of the fire alarm analysis in the main building are 0% with the inappropriate category, and the average in the study program building is 96.57% with a good category. The implementation of the detection system in the main building is 0% with the inappropriate category (no fire alarm and detection system installed), and the average in the study program building is 97.5% with a good category. Suggestions according to the priority scale are that managers make policies on establishing, maintaining, inspecting, and evaluating active fire protection systems regularly.

Research of Charring and Resulting Char in Natural and Treated Timber

Wood is a material widely used for construction purposes, which has quite a number of advantages in comparison with other materials – it is light, strong, resistant to impacts and vibration, easy to process, etc. However, one of the largest drawbacks of wood – it is flammable. In case of fire in wooden buildings or buildings made of timber structures, the most noticeable feature of combustion is charring of these structures. This property is important in identifying the cause of a fire. Therefore, it is necessary to relate charring of timber structures with certain significant effects of fire, such as its duration and temperature. It is also important to identify whether timber has been treated with fire retardant solutions before the fire break-out. The article analyses the wood properties that have influence on combustion and charring processes. The indicators of charring, and calorific values, the electrical resistance and electrical capacitance were determined for char resulting in natural and treated timber under different conditions. Microscopic examination was carried out. The research results were summarised by conclusions.

The influence of attics space geometrical shape on ignition and flashover stages in residential building fires in dense settlements

As an artificial physical place, residential building is formed by various functional spaces, such as residential space and the space between the ceiling space and the roof, i.e. the attics. The phenomenon of fires in residential buildings in densely populated areas is suspected of having occurred in the attics. Hitherto, research on the fire space model concerning the stages of ignition and flashover usually employs the Steckler's compartment model in the form of a cube/box. On the contrary, the fire model with a triangular roof shape is still rarely studied. The purpose of this study was to analyse the influence of the geometric shape of the attics on the ignition and flashover stages in residential fires located in densely populated settlements. This study employs an experimental method by conducting scaled experiments of the geometric model of the ceiling space in the form of a triangular gable roof and shed roof, focusing on the ignition and flashover stages. The results showed that the ignition stage in the gable roof and shed roof models occurred in the 3rd and 4th minutes with a temperature ranging from 270 ⁰C- 476 ⁰C. The flashover stage also occurred in the 5th to 9th minute with regular results close to 500 ⁰C.

Application of BIM Technology in the Construction of Building Fire Pipelines

This With the rapid development of science and technology, the construction industry should also invest in new technologies and new vitality. BIM technology came into being under this background, and has the advantages and characteristics that the traditional technology can't match in the past. New technologies such as BIM must be put into the construction of building fire pipelines. Using its characteristics and properties, it can reduce the pressure during pipeline construction and improve the quality of pipeline construction. It can also effectively improve the construction of building fire pipelines. BIM technology will be used in buildings. It plays a huge role in the construction and application of fire pipelines and brings great convenience. This article will introduce BIM technology through discussion, and analyze the application of BIM technology in the construction of building fire pipelines.

Building Fire Safety Management Analysis Based On Building Safety System Reliability Assessment Method In Green House Display Building – Cibinong National Research And Innovation Agency, Bogor Regency

Fires should be alerted and anticipated or detected as early as possible. If a fire occurs, it will be fatal such as damage to buildings, infrastructure, To prevent or anticipate fires, detection must be carried out as early as possible and prepared facilities or infrastructure for fire safety. The Green House display building is an exhibition building of living plants from various mountains in Indonesia including the mountains of Java, the mountains of Sumatra, the mountains of Kalimantan, and the mountains of Papua. Plants and soil are taken directly from the associated location. This building is allegedly very prone to fire because there are so many flammable materials such as leaves, wood and others. As well as forests in Indonesia, especially in Kalimantan and Sumatra where fires often occur. Therefore, the application of Building Fire Safety Management in this building must be applied as well as possible. Active protection systems such as fire detection devices for this building cannot use ordinary systems, because in this building, the atmosphere is like mountains with many big trees. The inspection can be carried out by several methods, including analyzing based on applicable standards and analyzing based on the assessment of the reliability of the building safety system referring to the Settlement Research and Development Center, Research and Development Agency PU, Department of Public Works in 2005 (Pd-T-11-2005-C).

Hybrid Ensemble Based Machine Learning for Smart Building Fire Detection Using Multi Modal Sensor Data

Hybrid Ensemble Based Machine Learning for Smart Building Fire Detection Using Multi Modal Sensor Data

Combustion characteristics and fire hazard of polystyrene exterior wall thermal insulation materials

AbstractTo study the combustion characteristics and fire hazard of polystyrene building exterior wall thermal insulation materials, the combustion, fire, and pyrolysis characteristics of thermosetting polystyrene (TPS) insulation, graphite polystyrene (GEPS), and expanded polystyrene (EPS) are compared and analyzed using a cone calorimeter and a thermo‐gravimetric analyzer. From the structure and flame retardant components of thermal insulation board, their flame retardant mechanisms are described. Results show that in a nitrogen atmosphere, the pyrolysis range is 30–600°C. Only one weight loss stage in EPS and GEPS and two weight loss stages in TPS are observed. Comparison of the combustion characteristics of the three demonstrates that TPS has short ignition time, low fire performance index. This result indicates that TPS has the characteristics of good flammability and easy to explode. The smoke generation rate, total smoke production, time heat release index and total heat release of TPS are lower than those of EPS and GEPS. This result indicates that the fire thermal hazard and fire smoke risk of TPS are relatively small. Comparison of various indexes presents that the flammability and fire risk of TPS are evidently better than those of EPS and GEPS.

Investigation of elevator-aided evacuation strategies for older people in high-rise elderly housing

Staircase evacuation is the major means of fire evacuation for current high-rise residential buildings. However, its feasibility may be questioned as the increasing aging population and many recent constructions of elderly community estates comprising high-rise apartment buildings. The weakness in physical strength and mobility impairment of older people may impede the successful implementation of staircase evacuation. Therefore, it is reasonable to consider facilitating older people's evacuation with elevators, shorted as elevator-aided evacuation (EAE). In order to find the most appropriate EAE strategy for high-rise elderly housing evacuation, three possbile strategy modes for EAE are proposed: horizontally rationed EAE (S1), vertically rationed EAE (S2), and refuge floor gathered EAE (S3). Using evacuation simulation to examine evacuation efficiencies of these proposed strategy modes varying in different evacuation scenarios, we find that S2 is appropriate for middle high-rise building (12 & 24 stories) evacuation; S3 is suitable for ultra high-rise building (36 & 48 stories) evacuation with a low occupants' density per floor; S1 is the most preferable for evacuation of ultra high-rise buildings (36 & 48 stories) with a high occupants' density per floor. More importantly, the ratio of occupants assigned to use elevators and stairs for evacuation needs to be regulated according to the occupancy information. Thus, a smart elevator-aided building fire evacuation scheme is suggested, which aims to determine the optimal EAE strategy according to the real-time on-site situation.

A variational inference based learning approach for decentralized building fire estimation

Real-time estimation of the fire status is critical for reliable decision-making in building fire emergencies. Learning-based approaches for fire estimation have achieved great success, benefited from exploration of sensor data. However, existing works are mostly designed for specific building structures and seldom account for false alarms. Such flaws affect their generalization in broader environments and robustness in practical use. In this paper, we propose a decentralized learning-based approach for building fire estimation. The estimation is conducted in a decentralized scheme, where building zones conduct fire estimation respectively. The approach is built on variational inference technique, and can infer the location and dynamic intensity of the fires concurrently. Specifically, the fire estimation problem is interpreted in a latent variable model (LVM), with latent variables for fire intensity features and location features. The solution is then derived from variational inference (VI), and approximated via data learning on a novel deep network (namely FireEst-VAE). The network can produce accurate estimation of the fire intensity, while performing false alarm identification as a bonus effect. We evaluate the decentralized approach on full-scale experimental and simulation-generated data from a multi-compartment residence. The results illustrate that the proposed approach performs well on a wide range of fire scenarios with one or multiple fire locations, while preventing false alarms from common nuisance sources. The decentralized learning-based approach for fire estimation shows great potential in smart firefighting for large-scale buildings. • A decentralized learning approach based on variational inference for fire estimation. • Integrating interpretability from model methods and efficiency from learning methods. • The decentralized scheme benefits edge computing and generalization in practical use. • Promising performances on fire intensity estimation and false alarm identification.

Safety assessment of people in public building fire incidents using harmony search algorithm

Safety assessment of people in public building fire incidents using harmony search algorithm

Level Variability of Radio Signals Propagating Through Fire: Experimental measurements and results

Public protection and disaster relief (PPDR) communication systems play a crucial role in the avoidance and minimization of the damages caused by wildfires and tall building fires. These systems should have reliable coverage and high availability in emergency scenarios. Incidents due to the degradation by fire of these radiocommunication systems have been reported throughout their history; nonetheless, scientific characterization of this subject is still scarce. Most of the experimental results center on obtaining values of the mean attenuation and its dependency on the frequency but do not take into account the variability around the mean value.

Prediction of Compressive Strength Loss of Normal Concrete after Exposure to High Temperature

In recent years, there has been an increasing number of fires in buildings. The methods for detecting residual properties of buildings after fires are commonly destructive and subjective. In this context, property prediction based on mathematical modeling has exhibited its potential. Backpropagation (BP), particle swarm algorithms optimized-BP (PSO-BP) and random forest (RF) models were established in this paper using 1803 sets of data from the literature. Material and relevant heating parameters, as well as compressive strength loss percentage, were used as input and output parameters, respectively. Experimental work was also carried out to evaluate the feasibility of the models for prediction. The accuracy of all the models was sufficiently high, and they were also much more feasible for prediction. Moreover, based on the RF model, the importance of the inputting parameters was ranked as well. Such prediction has provided a new perspective to non-destructively and objectively assess the post-fire properties of concrete. Additionally, this model could be used to guide performance-based design for fire-resistant concrete.

A New, Green, Recyclable Fireproof Insulation Board for Use in Integrated Composite Structure Fire Protection Systems

A fireproof insulation board can be recycled, and the raw materials used in its production are very environmentally friendly, non-toxic and non-hazardous, and bring no harm to the human body and the surrounding environment. One practical application of fireproof insulation board is in an integrated composite structural fire protection system, which is a multidimensional comprehensive structural fire protection system proposed for the combined construction of buildings with different functions, such as horizontal and vertical, to ensure overall safety in the event of a building fire. The specific new technology of this new system includes an integrated structural fire protection system composed of a 3.00 h fire insulation board, which comes from the collection of textile scraps consisting of metals and buttons removed from clothes. To prove the effectiveness of this fireproof insulation board, its parameters were collected and put into FDS (FirG Dynamics Simulator, a CFD model of fluid flow during combustion developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology), the fire safety goals considering the safety of building and personnel were established, and fire scene design based on the statistics of fire data and building codes was generated to test the safety of evacuation. To ensure the reliability of simulation results, an on-site physical fire test was conducted with the recycled insulation board. The result shows that the function of recycled board optimizes the phased evacuation design plan of personnel and solves the design difficulties of expanding fire zones and long evacuation distances when used in warehouses. Through the innovative design of the roof opening rate set at 30% and a hole spacing of 60 m, this underground fireproof insulation board is guaranteed to possess natural smoke exhaust conditions and can be used to improve public safety areas.

FDS Results for Selecting the Right Scenario in the Case of a Building Fire: A Case Study

On the evening of 5 April 2014, at a building located on 122 Tomis Boulevard, Constanta Municipality, Constanta County, Romania, a restaurant with its kitchen on the ground floor and a lounge bar located on the first floor experienced a fire, one that resulted in four victims and total building destruction. An important step in the technical-scientific expertise was the investigation of the incident based on the elaboration of two fire scenarios using the Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS) model, which observed the fire propagation, the generation of toxic gases (carbon monoxide that disoriented and intoxicated the victims, three of whom could not save themselves) depending on the location of the plausible ignition sources, and explained the destructive effects. This paper focuses on the steps required to identify the critical conditions that led to the occurrence of the unwanted event. Based on the calculations, hypothesis, and FDS simulations, the mechanism of the event occurrence was considered to be strongly related to the onsite observations and criminal file issued by the state authorities.