Firefighting Activities Research Articles

Implementation of fire incident response time service policy in Manado City Fire Service

The purpose of the research is to find out, analyze and describe the Implementation of Response Time Service Policy for Fire Incident Management in Manado City Fire Service and the determinant factors. The method used in this research is qualitative research method. The results showed that in the implementation of the Fire Event Response Time Service Policy in Manado City Fire Service, there are six important indicators, namely (1) Media call center which plays an important role in fire handling as the main link between the community and fire handling officials, (2) Implementing apparatus consisting of various roles with complementary responsibilities, from fire fighting to fire prevention, (3) Fire fighting facilities in this case facilities and infrastructure which are important elements in fire management efforts, (4) The situation of the fire location which greatly affects the response and fire management activities, (5) The distance and limitations of hydrants which affect the speed and effectiveness of fire management, and (6) Coordination between agencies in fire management plays an important role in ensuring a fast, effective, and coordinated response to fire situations. The determinant factor in fire incident management efforts is Human Resources (HR) which is the main driving factor in the implementation of fire management. The Human Resources referred to here are the number of fire fighting personnel. Next is the facilities or facilities and infrastructure supporting firefighting activities which include vehicles and other extinguishing aids used in extinguishing activities, then the limited budget both in terms of the budget for operations and the budget for procurement and repair of facilities and infrastructure supporting extinguishing activities.

Pressurization System under Various Operating Conditions for Smoke Control

The importance of smoke control systems has been emphasized for a safe evacuation and efficient firefighting activities during fire situations. To protect stairwells from smoke hazards, ‘Design Guide for Smoke Control System of Special Evacuation Stairwell and Lobby (NFPC501A)’ has been presented. In domestic area, pressurization systems utilize an air supply system consisting of fans, ducts, and dampers for supplying the outdoor air to the lobbies . For a 10-story model building, the design of the pressurization system must consider the leakage/supply flow rate, pressure loss, and fan performance. In this study, the flow field of the pressurization system under various operating conditions was analyzed using CONTAM network model.

SOLUÇÕES TECNOLÓGICAS NA ATIVIDADE DE BOMBEIRO: AVANÇOS E DESAFIOS

The firefighter activity has evolved significantly with the integration of advanced technologies, which have transformed the way professionals face emergencies and save lives. Through bibliographical research, this study aims to find technological solutions that can be used in firefighter activities, as well as analyzing advances and challenges that such solutions present. Tools such as monitoring and communication systems, drones, augmented reality and artificial intelligence were discussed. The implications of these technologies for operational efficiency, safety, and firefighter training are discussed, as are the challenges associated with their implementation.

IoT-FAR: A multi-sensor fusion approach for IoT-based firefighting activity recognition

Inadequate training poses a significant risk of injury among young firefighters. Although Human Activity Recognition (HAR) algorithms have shown potential in monitoring and evaluating performance, most existing studies focus on daily activities and have difficulty distinguishing complex firefighting tasks. This study introduces the Internet of things (IoT)-based wearable firefighting activity recognition (IoT-FAR) system which employs a multi-modal sensor fusion approach to achieve comprehensive activity recognition during firefighting training. The IoT-FAR comprises five wearable body sensor nodes and a coordinator node. This study explores the significance of features extracted from the surface electromyography, heart rate, and inertial measurement units in firefighting training activity recognition. A hybrid machine learning (HML)-based network is proposed, which integrates three models: one trained with all features (MA), another with upper body features (MU), and a third with lower body features (ML). The proposed HML-SVM-RBF1-RF2 network achieves superior performance, with a mean recall of 93.94%, mean precision of 90.94%, and a mean accuracy rate of 98.29%. Additionally, the study introduces the specialized firefighting training associated activities (SFTAA) dataset, which includes endurance training activities involving self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) conducted by eighteen firefighters. This dataset represents preliminary work towards building a comprehensive dataset covering various events and scenarios for tracking firefighter activities. The IoT-FAR system also demonstrates the potential use of misclassified activities as evaluation metrics for assessing firefighter training performance.

Biotransformation of PFAA Precursors by Oxygenase-Expressing Bacteria in AFFF-Impacted Groundwater and in Pure-Compound Studies with 6:2 FTS and EtFOSE.

Numerous US drinking water aquifers have been contaminated with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from fire-fighting and fire-training activities using aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF). These sites often contain other organic compounds, such as fuel hydrocarbons and methane, which may serve as primary substrates for cometabolic (i.e., nongrowth-linked) biotransformation reactions. This work investigates the abilities of AFFF site relevant bacteria (methanotrophs, propanotrophs, octane, pentane, isobutane, toluene, and ammonia oxidizers), known to express oxygenase enzymes when degrading their primary substrates, to biotransform perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) precursors to terminal PFAAs. Microcosms containing AFFF-impacted groundwater, 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS), or N-ethylperfluorooctane sulfonamidoethanol (EtFOSE) were inoculated with the aerobic cultures above and incubated for 4 and 8 weeks at 22 °C. Bottles were sacrificed, extracted, and subjected to target, nontarget, and suspect screening for PFAS. The PFAA precursors 6:2 FTS, N-sulfopropyldimethyl ammoniopropyl perfluorohexane sulfonamide (SPrAmPr-FHxSA), and EtFOSE transformed up to 99, 71, and 93%, respectively, and relevant daughter products, such as the 6:1 fluorotelomer ketone sulfonate (6:1 FTKS), were identified in quantities previously not observed, implicating oxygenase enzymes. This is the first report of a suite of site relevant PFAA precursors being transformed in AFFF-impacted groundwater by bacteria grown on substrates known to induce specific oxygenase enzymes. The data provide crucial insights into the microbial transformation of these compounds in the subsurface.

Evaluation of self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) weight on firefighter stamina, comfort, and postural stability

Firefighters wear personal protective equipment to protect them from the thermal and chemical environment in which they operate. The self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) provides isolation of the airway from the hazardous fireground. National standards limit SCBA weight, however, integration of additional features could result in an SCBA exceeding the current limit. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of increased SCBA weight on firefighters’ physiological responses, work output, dynamic stability, and comfort. Completion of simulated firefighting activities induced a strong physiological response. Peak oxygen consumption was higher with the lightest SCBA than the heaviest SCBA. Few other physiological differences were noted as SCBA weight increased. Importantly, increased SCBA weight resulted in significantly more negative perceptions by the firefighters and a trend towards significance for the duration of work time prior to reaching volitional fatigue. These results should be considered when assessing changes to existing SCBA weight limits.

Characterization of Wildland Firefighters' Exposure to Coarse, Fine, and Ultrafine Particles; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; and Metal(loid)s, and Estimation of Associated Health Risks.

Firefighters' occupational activity causes cancer, and the characterization of exposure during firefighting activities remains limited. This work characterizes, for the first time, firefighters' exposure to (coarse/fine/ultrafine) particulate matter (PM) bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metal(loid)s during prescribed fires, Fire 1 and Fire 2 (210 min). An impactor collected 14 PM fractions, the PM levels were determined by gravimetry, and the PM-bound PAHs and metal(loid)s were determined by chromatographic and spectroscopic methodologies, respectively. Firefighters were exposed to a total PM level of 1408.3 and 342.5 µg/m3 in Fire 1 and Fire 2, respectively; fine/ultrafine PM represented more than 90% of total PM. Total PM-bound PAHs (3260.2 ng/m3 in Fire 1; 412.1 ng/m3 in Fire 2) and metal(loid)s (660.8 ng/m3 versus 262.2 ng/m3), distributed between fine/ultrafine PM, contained 4.57-24.5% and 11.7-12.6% of (possible/probable) carcinogenic PAHs and metal(loid)s, respectively. Firefighters' exposure to PM, PAHs, and metal(loid)s were below available occupational limits. The estimated carcinogenic risks associated with the inhalation of PM-bound PAHs (3.78 × 10-9 - 1.74 × 10-6) and metal(loid)s (1.50 × 10-2 - 2.37 × 10-2) were, respectively, below and 150-237 times higher than the acceptable risk level defined by the USEPA during 210 min of firefighting activity and assuming a 40-year career as a firefighter. Additional studies need to (1) explore exposure to (coarse/fine/ultrafine) PM, (2) assess health risks, (3) identify intervention needs, and (4) support regulatory agencies recommending mitigation procedures to reduce the impact of fire effluents on firefighters.

Investigating hydrodynamic cavitation as an efficient means for removal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances from solution

With nearly five decades of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) being associated with firefighting and industrial activities, these compounds inevitably accumulate in both ground and surface water. PFAS contamination in water has emerged as a significant environmental and public health concern, particularly perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), which is often found in higher concentrations compared to other PFAS and has more pronounced adverse health effects. Addressing PFAS contamination requires treating large volumes of water, making technologies that rapidly separate and concentrate PFASs highly favoured. The strong surface activity of PFAS, such as PFOS, enables them to generate colloidal gas aphrons (CGAs) during high shear mixing of their aqueous solutions, where PFASs can be separated and collected as foam. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of high shear mixing in separating PFOS from solution, leveraging its accumulation at air–water interfaces. High shear-assisted PFOS separation was tested by varying parameters like rotational speed (4000 to 10,000 rpm), mixing time (30 s to 30 min), and the effect of electrolytes. Results showed greater PFOS separation in the presence of electrolytes, particularly monovalent cations like Na+, compared to divalent cations such as Ca2+, due to the creation of more stable CGAs with smaller sizes. At a mixing rate of 6000 rpm, 85 % of PFOS was removed in 30 s from a highly contaminated PFOS solution (10 mg/L), with over 95 % separation after 5 mixing cycles. While high-shear mixing was efficient in PFOS separation from highly contaminated solutions it was less efficient for low-level contaminated solutions (less than 1 mg/L). These results suggest that hydrodynamic cavitation induced by high-shear mixing seems promising for enhancing the separation of PFOS from heavily contaminated solutions. This technique could serve as a standalone method or be integrated with other PFAS removal technologies to enhance the overall efficiency of PFAS removal from polluted water sources.

Оценка тактических возможностей звеньев газодымозащитной службы

Purpose. Determining tactical capabilities of a gas and smoke protection unit for operational planning documents developer is an abstract task: it is impossible to understand what smoke divers are capable of during the time of protective action of the breathing apparatus using the existing calculation methodology. Methods. To achieve the goal, analysis of open sources is used in the article as well as methods for calculating operating parameters of gas and smoke protection service, empirical data and mathematical analysis to predict smoke divers’ capabilities in a fire. Findings. An innovative method is proposed for assessing tactical capabilities of a gas and smoke protection service unit. Research application field. The results obtained can be widely used in smoke divers training, in calculating fire extinguishing parameters, as well as in the practical activities of firefighters and experts. Conclusions. Practical application of the method for calculating tactical capabilities of a gas and smoke protection service unit proposed in the article will allow at the stage of working out operational planning documents assessing the possibility of successful rescue operation for people in a fire at a specific facility. If rescuing people according to calculations becomes difficult, appropriate management decisions can be developed in a timely manner to eliminate these problems.

Accidents rate of the Polish State Fire Service officers during service in the years 2015-2022.

The profession of a firefighter is fraught with a significant risk of injuries. Firefighters operate in hazardous zones to mitigate threats and combat fires. Aim of work is to evaluate the accident rate of the officers of the Polish State Fire Service in connection with their service, considering direct participation in rescue operations, and other official duties between the years 2015-2022. An 8-year analysis was conducted from reports covered the number of accidents, the number of injured firefighters, the age of the officers, the circumstances of the event, and the type and location of the injury. This includes fire and rescue operations, exercises, training, official trips, sports activities, and technical work related to equipment. Between 2015 and 2022, there were 12 588 individual and group accidents in various circumstances. Most firefighter accidents occurred during rescue and firefighting operations, as well as during sports activities which dominate as the cause of injuries among firefighters in the observed period (37.8%), and injuries related to rescue and fire-fighting activities constitute 28.5%. Other work activities of firefighters cause 33.7% of injuries. In 2020 was a clear reduction in the number of accidents per 1000 employed firefighters in each observed parameter (total, interventions, sport) while maintaining the average level of firefighter employment (M±SD 30 099±224). The most frequent circumstances of injury are slippery and challenging spaces, surfaces, and carelessness. The most common type of body injury is a dislocation and sprain concerning the ankle joint, foot. The most frequent causes of work-related injuries for firefighters, as the results indicate, are participation in team sports and fire-fighting and rescue operations. The most commonly occurring medical consequences resulting from a firefighter's injury are fractures, sprains, and contusions of various body areas. Firefighters are most burdened with injuries in the age group 26-35 years old. Med Pr Work Health Saf. 2023;74(6):469-77.

The impact of raising the retirement age, occupational safety and health risks for firefighters

The choice of the topic is justified and topical, as the firefighting staff of the investigated establishment is constantly ageing, the average age is high and will increase even more with the increase of the retirement age. What impact could this have on the plant and its firefighters? No one has addressed this question, even though the majority of the firefighting workforce is between 45 and 55 years old. We think that when we reach the 60-65 age group, the elderly firefighter population will be a problem. That is why we are addressing the issue in our work, looking at the impact and risks of raising the retirement age. We will describe the work activities of firefighters and examine the impact of the stress caused by the constant state of readiness and the passing of the years on the body. Our main objective is to develop a mandatory physical assessment scheme for firefighters aged fifty and over. We propose a continuous change in work activity as they age. Finally, we provide suggestions for age-appropriate firefighter work activities for physical fitness, what kind of light physical work the older firefighter is suited for.

Evaluating changes in firefighter urinary metabolomes after structural fires: an untargeted, high resolution approach

Firefighters have elevated rates of urinary tract cancers and other adverse health outcomes, which may be attributable to environmental occupational exposures. Untargeted metabolomics was applied to characterize this suite of environmental exposures and biological changes in response to occupational firefighting. 200 urine samples from 100 firefighters collected at baseline and two to four hours post-fire were analyzed using untargeted liquid-chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Changes in metabolite abundance after a fire were estimated with fixed effects linear regression, with false discovery rate (FDR) adjustment. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was also used, and variable important projection (VIP) scores were extracted. Systemic changes were evaluated using pathway enrichment for highly discriminating metabolites. Metabolome-wide-association-study (MWAS) identified 268 metabolites associated with firefighting activity at FDR q < 0.05. Of these, 20 were annotated with high confidence, including the amino acids taurine, proline, and betaine; the indoles kynurenic acid and indole-3-acetic acid; the known uremic toxins trimethylamine n-oxide and hippuric acid; and the hormone 7a-hydroxytestosterone. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) additionally implicated choline, cortisol, and other hormones. Significant pathways included metabolism of urea cycle/amino group, alanine and aspartate, aspartate and asparagine, vitamin b3 (nicotinate and nicotinamide), and arginine and proline. Firefighters show a broad metabolic response to fires, including altered excretion of indole compounds and uremic toxins. Implicated pathways and features, particularly uremic toxins, may be important regulators of firefighter’s increased risk for urinary tract cancers.

Nutritional Status Eating Habits and Cardiovascular Risk in Volunteer Firefighters of Paraguay

Introduction: cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide, this could be reduced by a change in lifestyle. In firefighter activities increase the risk of sudden cardiac events. Objective: to determine the cardiovascular risk according to the Framingham scale, dietary habits and nutritional status of volunteer firefighters in Capital in the period between June and September 2023. Materials and Methods: quantitative, descriptive, observational, cross-sectional, cross-sectional study based on a questionnaire with open-ended questions about dietary habits and a Framingham study that assesses cardiovascular risk at 10 years by means of scores. Results: of the 100 % of those surveyed, only 24,29 % had an adequate nutritional status according to BMI and 75,71 % presented malnutrition due to excess (overweight and obesity), while poor eating habits and excessive consumption of sugary drinks were observed; most of the sample presented a low cardiovascular risk according to the Framingham Heart Study calculator. Conclusion: most of the firefighters evaluated presented excess body weight, which leads to a negative relationship between eating habits and nutritional status and may present a risk of heart disease.

Enhancing heat protection performance of firefighters’ protective clothing: A comparative analysis of fabric and knit structure in the lining of multi-layered construction

A firefighting protective clothing item is an important piece of equipment that can protect firefighters from the risk of burns during firefighting and rescue activities. In this study, a method to improve the heat protection performance of firefighter protective clothing lining was proposed, while consulting with textile experts. The protective performance effects of flame and radiant heat were investigated according to the quilting spacing (25.4, 50.8, and 76.2 mm) of the lining and weaving method (fabric or knitted) used for the multi-layered structure of the protective clothing. The experiments conducted to evaluate the impact of different weaving methods on the protective performance of firefighter clothing against flame, radiant heat, and combined flame/radiant heat revealed that the knitted lining exhibited excellent protection performance. Specifically, the knitted lining demonstrated a delayed effect in temperature increase, with maximum delays ranging from approximately 2.2–4.0 s for flame protection experiments, and 5.7–7.4 s for radiant heat protection experiments. For knitted lining, one thread is woven in an interlocking manner; thus, the heat resistance is higher and thermal conductivity is lower owing to the formation of a space compared that for a fabric lining. The results suggest that the weaving method affects the heat transfer according to the formation of space and change in the thickness of the clothing. The findings of this study could be useful for many purposes, such as cost effective and quick analysis of the expected performance of a design or weaving method.

Physiological Impact Of Firefighter Turnout Gear During Simulated Firefighting Activities

Physiological Impact Of Firefighter Turnout Gear During Simulated Firefighting Activities

Evaluating Exposure to VOCs and Naphthalene for Firefighters Wearing Different PPE Configurations through Measures in Air, Exhaled Breath, and Urine.

Firefighters are at an increased risk of cancer due to their occupational exposure to combustion byproducts, especially when those compounds penetrate the firefighter personal protective equipment (PPE) ensemble. This has led to questions about the impact of base layers (i.e., shorts vs. pants) under PPE ensembles. This study asked 23 firefighters to perform firefighting activities while wearing one of three different PPE ensembles with varying degrees of protection. Additionally, half of the firefighters unzipped their jackets after the scenario while the other half kept their jackets zipped for five additional minutes. Several volatile organic compound (VOC) and naphthalene air concentrations outside and inside of hoods, turnout jackets, and turnout pants were evaluated; biological (urinary and exhaled breath) samples were also collected. VOCs and naphthalene penetrated the three sampling areas (hoods, jackets, pants). Significant (p-value < 0.05) increases from pre- to post-fire for some metabolites of VOCs (e.g., benzene, toluene) and naphthalene were found. Firefighters wearing shorts and short sleeves absorbed higher amounts of certain compounds (p-value < 0.05), and the PPE designed with enhanced interface control features appeared to provide more protection from some compounds. These results suggest that firefighters can dermally absorb VOCs and naphthalene that penetrate the PPE ensemble.

T-lymphocytes of the 2nd type of the immune response and their role in enhancing inflammation during the professional activities of firefighters

T lymphocytes of the 2nd type of immune response contribute to the development and exacerbation of inflammation, mainly allergic. Increased inflammation with prolonged exposure to adverse factors during the work of firefighters can lead to the development of various diseases. Evaluation of the immunity of firefighters is important for the appointment of adequate treatment and prevention of infectious and allergic diseases. This paper aimed to analyze the indicators of immunity in employees of the state fire service of EMERCOM of Russia, depending on the age and intensity of the professional workload. The surveyed were men (n = 79), mean age 31 years, work experience from 1 to 22 years, with different workload intensity. In peripheral blood, flow cytometry (Navios, FC 500, Beckman Coulter) was used to evaluate subpopulations of monocytes, the relative number of T lymphocytes of the 2nd type of immune response CD3+CD294+. The concentration of total immunoglobulin E (Immulite) was determined. From nasal secretions, the content of secretory immunoglobulin A (Vector Best) was evaluated (n = 30). Statistical processing of the results was performed using the Statistica 12.0 package (StatSoft). An increase in the number of CD3+CD294+ cells was observed in 16.5%. A direct correlation was found between the number of T lymphocytes 2 and the age of the examined persons (р &lt; 0.05). In the group of firefighters with a more intense workload, an increase in the number of CD3+CD294+ cells were 5 times higher (р &lt; 0.05). Among patients who had any disease of the respiratory tract, an increase in this population was observed statistically significantly more often – in 26% of cases versus 11.5%. A strong direct correlation was found between the number of T lymphocytes 2 and the duration of smoking experience (р &lt; 0.05). A direct correlation was established between the number of T lymphocytes 2 and the concentration of total IgE (р &lt; 0.05). A decrease in secretory IgA in the secret from the nasal passages was observed in 23% of firefighters, in 13% of the examined, the indicator went beyond the upper limit of the reference interval. Significantly more often revealed the deviation of this indicator from the reference values in firefighters with a high workload. An increase in the subpopulation of classical monocytes was established in the group of those examined with a high number of CD3+CD294+ cells (p &lt; 0.05). Thus, with an increase in the professional workload of firefighters in unfavorable conditions of service, inhibition of protection to infection and aggravation of damage to the respiratory tract with an increase in the 2nd type of immune response are noted. Evaluation of the number of type 2 T lymphocytes in peripheral blood will reveal a predisposition to the T2 profile of immune inflammation, which will contribute to a personalized approach to patient management.

Numerical Assessment of Safe Separation Distance in the Wildland–Urban Interfaces

A safe separation distance (SSD) needs to be considered during firefighting activities (fire suppression or people evacuation) against wildfires. The SSD is of critical interest for both humans and assets located in the wildland–urban interfaces (WUI). In most cases, the safety zone models and guidelines assume a flat terrain and only radiant heating. Nevertheless, injuries or damage do not result exclusively from radiant heating. Indeed, convection must be also considered as a significant contribution of heat transfer, particularly in the presence of the combined effects of sloping terrain and a high wind velocity. In this work, a critical case study is considered for the village of Sari-Solenzara in Corsica (France). This site location was selected by the operational staff since high-intensity fire spread is likely to occur in the WUI during wind-blown conditions. This study was carried out for 4 m high shrubland, a sloping terrain of 12° and a wind speed of 16.6 m/s. The numerical simulations were performed using a fully physical fire model, namely, FireStar2D, to investigate a case of fire spreading, which is thought to be representative of most high wildfire risk situations in Corsica. This study is based on the evaluation of the total (radiative and convective) heat flux received by two types of targets (human bodies and buildings) located ahead of the fire front. The results obtained revealed that the radiation was the dominant heat transfer mode in the evaluation of the SSD. In addition, the predictions were consistent with the criterion established by the operational experts, which assumes that in Corsica, a minimum SSD of 50 m is required to keep an equipped firefighter without injury in a fuelbreak named ZAL. This numerical work also provides correlations relating the total heat flux to the SSD.

Quantification of the variability and penetration of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances through a concrete pad

Historical use of aqueous film forming foams (AFFF) containing per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) for fire-fighting activities has contributed to widespread contamination of infrastructure which can represent an ongoing source of PFAS to the surrounding environment. A concrete fire training pad with historical use of Ansulite and Lightwater AFFF formulations had PFAS concentrations measured to quantify spatial variability of PFAS within the pad. Surface chips and whole cores of concrete through to the underlying aggregate base were collected over the 24 × 9 m concrete pad and depth profiles of PFAS concentrations in nine cores were analysed. PFOS and PFHxS dominated the PFAS for surface samples, along the depth profile of cores and in the underlying plastic and aggregate material, with substantial variability in the concentrations of PFAS in the samples. Although there was variability of individual PFAS along the depth profile, higher surface concentrations of PFAS generally followed the designed movement of water across the pad. Total oxidisable precursor (TOP) assessments of one core indicated additional PFAS were present along the entire length of the core. This study highlights concentrations of PFAS (up to low μg/kg) from historical use of AFFF can occur throughout concrete, with the variable concentrations throughout the profile.

Применение метода Кларка – Райта в задачах тушения лесных пожаров силами авиационной охраны

Introduction. The purpose of this study is to determine the minimum cost of a path to a standstill forest fire and its localization. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to perform the tasks of analyzing the selected method for calculating the minimum costs for the process of unloading a fire landing and the process of localization of a low forest fire accordingly; identifying and characterizing the necessary equipment used in localizing a low forest fire; on definition of the optimal way and the number of employees of the Ministry of Emergency Situations as part of a fire landing force using an algorithm in the form of a pseudocode. The analytical part. The models, methods and algorithms of search of shortest way, optimization, circulation routing of transport are reviewed. Some problem of extinguishing of forest fire is set. The application of the modi­fied Clarke and Wright algorithm, which considers a possibility of variation of depth of route splice and definition of optimal value of probability of realization of the worsening step, makes it possible to find the minimum time spent by aviation forest protection for localization of a low forest fire. A solution to the problem of fire troop deli­very thanks to pseudocode implementing the basic Clarke and Wright algorithm is given. Conclusions. The solution based on the modified Clarke and Wright algorithm provides circular air routes that will be assigned to a helicopter, so that the delivery of firefighting troops will become economically feasible. The results of the research will be useful to analysts and software developers for the implementation of aerial firefighting activities.