Fire Pump Research Articles

Predicting human reliability for emergency fire pump operational process on tanker ships utilising fuzzy Bayesian Network CREAM modelling

An emergency fire pump is a critical equipment which assists the ship crew in handling extreme emergency situations involving fire on-board tanker ships. In case the main fire pump becomes ineffective during a fire, the emergency fire pump is used to extinguish the fire. In this case, it is necessary for the ship's crew to operate and use the pump without any failure. The aim of this study is to systematically predict human (crew) reliability for emergency fire pump operational processes on tanker ships since human dependability plays a significant role in safer shipment. To achieve this goal, fuzzy and BN (Bayesian Network) CREAM (Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method) modelling is applied. CREAM is used to methodically estimate the probability of human error within a fuzzy set that accounts for uncertainties of CPC (Common Performance Condition), while BN is competent in estimating control modes in CREAM's reliability analysis. The paper's findings show ship crew reliability (9.08E-01) for the emergency fire pump operation process on tanker ships. These findings are expected to provide valuable information to prevent human errors and improve safety on tanker ships during firefighting, thereby reassuring the maritime industry of the potential for increased safety.

Optimization Analysis of Water Supply Mode for Fire Protection System of Super High Rise Building

Abstract In order to improve the applicability and reliability of the fire water supply capacity of super high-rise buildings, the fluid analysis software Flomaster was used for simulation. Through the existing pumps, valves, pipelines, pressure reducing valves and newly developed fire hydrants and other components, the fire water supply system of super high-rise buildings is modeled. The pressure distribution of the system pipe network under a given fire water supply mode is studied. The research shows that the simulation can analyze whether there is excessive pressure in the fire hydrant system under different flow conditions in the actual fire extinguishing process. This paper simulates the actual fire extinguishing process of the fire hydrant system through a specific engineering case. The pressure distribution and flow distribution under different flow conditions are obtained. The excessive pressure position of the fire pipe network system under the given fire pump model is obtained. It provides a method for guiding the selection of fire pump and the design of fire hydrant system pipe network. It has certain guiding significance for the subsequent optimization of the design scheme of the fire water supply network and the prediction of the performance of the R&D equipment.

Influence of torque flow, pressure on the performance of a fire pump at the gas complex level

In recent years, motor pumps have played an increasingly important role in transferring fluids by increasing pressure, such as in power plants, hydrocarbon complexes and oil companies. Although these companies have advantages, their lack of maintenance can negatively impact their production, resulting in wasted costs and time, as well as putting human lives at risk. Restoration and modernization with improper maintenance or wrong policies can lead to critical and dangerous situations for equipment, the environment and people. And in this sense, we will be interested in the problem of protection against a fire in a gas installation; with the aim of carrying out a performance test of the electric pump which aims to evaluate the performance of the pump of the firefighting network of the gas complex. To achieve our objective according to the NFPA 20 Standard we have the following approach: Verification of measuring instruments. Installation of an ultrasonic flow meter. Application of the performance test on the fire pump. Controls flow according to pressure. Projection of the results obtained on the manufacturer's performance curve. The comparison between the manufacturer's performance curve and the performance curve obtained. Analysis of the results obtained. Finally, to monitor pump performance, we recommend the immediate installation of a permanent flow meter at the pump discharge level and avoid any type of risk.

Formal and Legal Analysis of the Issues Related to the Placing on the Market and using Fire Pumps and Pump Kits

Aim: The aim of this article is to present the existing formal and legal conditions related to the placing on the market and using in the national market of pumps and pump kits – both fire pumps and those intended for firefighting water supply systems. The paper also discusses other selected regulations relating to the product group in question. In addition, an issue not arising from the construction regulations, but equally important in terms of ensuring an adequate level of safety in buildings, was raised, i.e. the admittance of control panels for firefighting equipment (in this case pumps), which can form an integral part of the pump kits in question. The results of the analysis can also be applied to other selected products in the area of fire protection and the requirements that these products must meet before they can be placed on the market and put into use. Introduction: Fire water systems are among the most commonly used fire extinguishing systems in buildings. Despite their popularity, quite often investors, designers and users of buildings, as well as the manufacturers of pump kits themselves, have doubts about the requirements for placing these products on the market. The authors’ discussion of the current requirements is intended to consolidate knowledge in this area, clarify the marketing of construction products and resolve possible doubts. Methodology: The publication uses the results of the authors’ own analysis on the basis of the interpretation of the legislation, as well as available normative and literature sources. Conclusions: The analysis shows that fire pumps and pump kits are covered by the obligation to carry out national assessment and verification of constancy of performance in system 1 and to draw up a national declaration of performance as well as to mark the product with a construction mark (before placing it on the market or making it available on the national market). Moreover, from 1 January 2021, the obligation under consideration was extended to pumps for fire water supply systems, and from 1 July 2022 also to pump kits for fire water supply systems. Furthermore, it was pointed out that the sub-assembly acting as the control panel for the firefighting equipment, insofar as it is present in the pump kits in question, is also subject to admittance Keywords: fire pumps, pumps for firefighting water supply systems, “B” construction mark, national technical assessment

Study on the Introduction of a Simple Decontamination System at Fire Sites

This study aims to minimize pollution and secondary damage caused by hazardous substances at fire sites. To this end, researchers reproduced a fire experiment to analyze the hazardous chemicals remaining in the dispatched firefighting vehicles and heavy metals remaining in personal protective equipment, with a focus on whether decontamination was carried out. They evaluated the need for simple primary decontamination at the fire site and proposed the introduction of a simple decontamination system suitable for the field. The findings of this study suggest several recommendations. First, fire stations should provide a dedicated space for decontamination. Second, decontamination equipment capable of cleaning using hot water must be developed and integrated into fire pump vehicles. Third, for large-scale fires (Level 1 or higher), a decontamination vehicle must be dispatched and operated at the fire site.

Research on Energy Loss of Optimization of Inducer–Impeller Axial Fit Dimensions Based on Wave-Piercing Theory

With the development of modern fluid machinery, the energy density of pumps is gradually being improved, and at the same time, higher demands are being placed on the cavitation performance, hence the introduction of the inducer and centrifugal impeller to form a dynamic–dynamic series structure. However, there are strict constraints on the axial size of pumps in fields such as firefighting and aerospace. The traditional empirical formula no longer satisfies the need to fit the axial dimensions between the induced wheel and the impeller at high velocities. Therefore, based on the wave-piercing theory, the drag reduction coefficient is introduced to explore the optimal axial fit size from the perspective of energy characteristics. This paper focuses on the influence of the inducer’s wake on the energy characteristics of downstream impellers, and conducts the following research: by adjusting the axial matching dimensions between the upstream inducer and the centrifugal impeller in the initial model, ten sets of axial distance models with matching dimensions of KD are designed, and the drag reduction coefficient is embedded to determine the optimal axial distance. The results show that the optimal axial distance is 0.2D, which is far lower than the axial distance value of 0.42D obtained from the traditional empirical formula for axial matching dimensions. Meanwhile, this paper uses tangential velocity, the inlet flow angle of the impeller, entropy production theory, and other indicators to analyze the internal energy loss of the high-speed vehicular fire pumps one by one. All of them confirm that the impeller in the high-speed vehicular fire pump has the lowest energy loss and optimal performance at an axial distance of 0.2D. Specifically, at this axial distance, the head can reach 259 m, and the hydraulic efficiency is as high as 83.62%. Thus, the feasibility of determining the axial placement of the impeller using the drag coefficient is validated. This research provides new insights into determining the axial coordination dimensions between the inducer and the impeller.

A Novel IoT-Based Performance Testing Method and System for Fire Pumps

Fire pumps are the key components of water supply in a firefighting system. At present, there is a lack of fire water pump testing methods that intelligently detect faulty states. Existing testing approaches require manual operation, which leads to low efficiency and accuracy. To solve the issue, this paper presents an automatic and smart testing approach that acquires measurements of the flow, pressure, shaft power and efficiency from smart sensors via an IoT network, so that performance curves are obtained in the testing processes. An IoT platform is developed for data conversion, transmission and storage. The Discrete Fréchet Distance is applied to evaluate the similarities between the acquired performance curves and metric performance curves, to determine the working condition of the fire pump. The weights of the measurement dimensions for distance computation are optimized by the Genetic Algorithm to improve the distinction between normal and faulty performance curves. Finally, the experimental results show that the proposed method can completely detect faulty states and prove its high practicality for real firefighting systems.

PERENCANAAN INSTALASI LISTRIK GEDUNG WAREHOUSE PT. XYZ SEMARANG JAWA TENGAH

Warehouse Building PT. XYZ at Semarang Central Java is a building place for keeping logistics owned by the company with a large area. There is also buildings' support in it so that required system installation suitable electricity with applicable standards such as PUIL 2011 and other standards in the field of electricity. The main electricity supply uses a source from PLN, and the generator is set as a backup source when electricity from PLN is dead. Plan installation at PT. XYZ Warehouse building, namely the installation of lighting, socket installation, air conditioning installation, electronics installation, installation of rolling door, installation of local government fire pump, and installation of clean water transfer pump. There are LVMDP panels, SDP panels, and subpanels as supply power for the installation that will be installed. Breaker rating selection power and dimensions cable delivery person who will use will affect on reliability network installation. Calculation of CRC will influence election breaker power, cable diameter selection delivery, and drop the voltage to happen on the network installation. The calculation was conducted manually. With more formerly collected load data equipment electricity at PT. XYZ Semarang and classification distribution system split panel installation, SDP panel, and LVMDP panel. The total load installed on the PT. XYZ Semarang Warehouse building is known as 318,406 VA or 318 kVA so the needed splicing power from PLN using customer of 329 kVA with use transformer with 400 kVA capacity and required generator set capacity of 400 kVA. The load on the LVMDP panel is 254,725 watts with KHA 569 A, so using MCCB with a rating of 630 A, using cable 7 x NYY 1c x 185 mm 2 with drop voltage 7.47 Volts or by 1.96% on the network 3 phase system. By PUIL 2011 standard decline voltage maximum of 4% so that the drop in the voltage on the LVMDP panel is still by the required standard.

Studija o projektovanju sistema dizel pumpi za gašenje požara za stambenu zgradu

Currently, on-site diesel firefighting pump systems are significantly necessary for high-rise buildings. This study presents a process for designing diesel fire pump systems for high-rise buildings using AVL BOOST software associated with mechanical calculations. The Kirloskar CPHM 80/32 pump and DESSUN 4DSP-75 diesel engine were selected based on preliminary calculations to match the requirements of Vietnamese standards for a 79-meter building. AVL BOOST software has been used to simulate the full load performance characteristic of the engine; then, a partial load characteristic is determined for the adequate pump that requires input power at a rated speed of about 2975 rpm. The transmission consists of the propeller drive, and flanges were designed to connect the engine and pump. The findings show that utilizing AVL BOOST software is considerably helpful in determining the engine's partial load characteristics, saving time and costs. This study contributes a foundation for practical research to calculate and design the firefighting pump mechanical systems in high-rise buildings.

Организация подачи (транспортировки) огнетушащих веществ на тушение пожаров способом перекачки

Purpose. For the first time ever the article comprehensively considers issues related to water supply (transportation) to the seat of extinguishing large scale fires over long distances. The authors pay special attention to the conditions determining the choice of pumping as a way of supplying water over long distances. Recommendations are given on the choice of water pumping method and its practical implementation at the fire scene. The calculation method of pump and hose systems implemented during pumping and the express method for determining pumping parameters for practical workers are presented. Methods. Based on extinguishing large scale fires data analysis, topical issues on extinguishing agents supply (transportation) by pumping method were identified, analytical calculations of pump-hose systems parameters implemented when pumping water to the seat of extinguishing large scale fires were made, taking into account tactical and technical characteristics of modern fire trucks. Findings. The proposed method (algorithm) allows converting analytical calculations into accurate calculation system (express method) using a spreadsheet or nomograph. For the first time ever the express calculation table shows the dependence of pumping parameters on the distance between the water source and fire source and the water flow rates supplied by fire pressure hoses. This table allows determining the need of water pumping supply to the fire scene and determining the number of pumping stages; number of fire pressure hoses for pumping; pressure on water tenders fire pumps operating in pumping. Express method provides calculation of water pumping parameters from pump to pump via one or two main hose lines. Research application field. Based on this study, the team of authors developed “Recommendations for applying fire departments tactical capabilities at extinguishing fires and conducting emergency rescue operations.” Conclusions. . Knowledge and application of conditions determining the choice of pumping as a method of supplying (transportation) water over long distances, recommendations for choosing a pumping water method, as well as the methodology for calculating hose systems parameters, the number of main fire trucks for supplying fire extinguishing agents to the fire scene by pumping will increase the level of tactical training of the fire chief. The proposed express method for determining the pumping parameters according to the nomograph allows the fire chief and other officials to reduce the time for making managerial decisions and organizing the supply (transportation) of water for fire extinguishment, as well as reduce the area of extinguishing fires and reduce economic and material damage from them.

ANALYSIS OF FIRE FIGHTING PUMP PERFORMANCE USING SNI 03-6570-2001 STANDARD ON SELF-CONTAINED HYDRANTS

Self-controlled hydrants are fire protection systems located in residential areas that function for early fire extinguishing. In a fire protection system, the pump plays an important role in supplying water from the reservoir to the end point of the installation. Fire pumps must always be in optimum condition and accordance with applicable standards. This study aims to analyze pump performance at current conditions in self-contained hydrants in the Palmerah District and then compare it with the performance that pumps should have in ideal conditions according to SNI 03-6570-2001 standards. The method used is a quantitative descriptive analysis method by comparing the current condition of the pump with applicable standards and conducting a direct survey of the location of the installed fire pump. The measuring instruments used in the study were a pressure gauge, control box, and pitot gauge. The results obtained through testing and calculating pump performance The pump installed on the self-contained hydrant in actual conditions with a total head of 86.62 m produces a flowrate of 0.0189 m3/s at 2800 RPM and can flow a maximum flowrate of 0.0284 m3/s with a head of 66.94 m while in ideal conditions with approximately the same speed and total pump head of 88.83 m, The pump produces a flow rate of 0.0473 m3/s and can produce a maximum flowrate of 0.0710 m3/s with a head of 71.81 m and when shut-off (Q = 0) at actual and ideal conditions produces a same total pump head 94.10 m. However, the pump in actual conditions can flow a minimum flowrate required of 0.040 m3/s with a pressure required of 350 kPa at 3000 RPM with a total pump head of 108.52 m. Thus, the pump must operate heavier due to the higher total head to deliver the required minimum flow rate and pressure.

Vibration Analysis of Fire Pump of PEM Akamigas Cepu: A Case Study

Fire pump is a pump that is used to move water from the firewater reservoir to the location of the fire. If there is damage to this pump, the fire that occurs cannot be resolved quickly so that the impact of damage caused by fire becomes more widespread. Various problems can occur in the operation of the pump, one of which is damage to the bearings and shaft, noise occurs, decreased capacity, and even a decrease in pump efficiency. So to prevent the risk of greater damage and minimize losses in terms of cost and time, it is necessary to carry out maintenance. One of the efforts to detect damage to the pump is by vibration analysis, where from the vibration characteristics that occur, the type of damage can be determined. The purpose of this study was to determine the vibration characteristics that occur in the PEM Akamigas Cepu fire pump, by monitoring conditional vibrations using a vibration analyzer. The method is to attach the transducer to a predetermined location to determine the vibration spectrum that occurs in the axial, radial and tangential directions, then analyze the type of damage so that appropriate maintenance actions can be taken. As a result, this pump is indicated to be experiencing extreme looseness or bearing clearance problems at the pump drive end and pump non drive end as well as experiencing moderate pump imbalance, so it needs to be repaired immediately to avoid more serious damage.

АНАЛИЗ СИСТЕМ ДОЗИРОВАНИЯ ПЕНООБРАЗОВАТЕЛЯ В НАСОСНЫХ АГРЕГАТАХ ПОЖАРНЫХ АВТОМОБИЛЕЙ: СОСТОЯНИЕ, ПРОБЛЕМЫ, ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ РЕШЕНИЯ

The effect of the dosing accuracy of the foaming agent on the properties of the resulting foaming agent solution is shown, depending on the dosing accuracy, the parameters of the design and technological characteristics of the feeding systems and the dosage of the foaming agent. The technical solutions of foaming agent dosing in the systems of fire pumps of mobile fire equipment are considered. The technical solutions and operational characteristics of foam mixers in the systems of fire pumps of fire trucks of State fire service of EMERCOM of Russia are analyzed. The basic requirements for the dosing systems of the foam of fire pumps have been formed, which must be taken into account when developing and manufacturing dosing systems for pumping units of fire trucks.

Portable Fire Pump To Handle Forest Fires and Densely Populated Urban Areas

A portable fire pump is an innovative fire extinguisher with high mobility because this tool can be carried by the user. This tool can answer the problem of fires that often occur in areas that are difficult to reach by fire extinguishers in general, such as in forests or densely populated urban areas. This portable fire pump can be operated by utilizing water pressure from a pump that is placed near a water source and then the pressure is added by this tool to reach hotspots. Based on testing, this tool is capable of spraying water as far as 10 meters with a height of 15 meters. In terms of ergonomics and the risk of muscle injury from the user, this tool has been tested using anthropometry methods, Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA), and Recommended Weight Limit (RWL) with results that can be used by users without risking muscle injury

Determining the elongation of T-type pressure fire hoses based on full-scale experiments

The phenomenon of changing the geometric parameters of pressure fire hoses is manifested when they transport extinguishing liquids. Although the extension of pressure fire hoses does not have a significant impact on the fire extinguishing process, the energy costs associated with such changes should be taken into account. In fact, part of the power of the fire pump is spent not on transporting liquids and forming extinguishing jets but on the «optional» lengthening of pressure fire hoses. Latex pressure fire hoses with diameters of 51 mm and 77 mm and fire pressure hoses with double-sided polymer coating of 51 mm (all of type T) were randomly selected for the experiments. The temperature was 263 K and 298 K, the fluid flow rate was constant, the pressure values at the inlet of the Protek 366 fire barrel had fixed values. No significant changes in the diameters (expansion or narrowing) of pressure fire hoses were recorded during water transportation. An elongation of 79 cm with a hose length of 1960 cm (73 cm with a hose length of 1790 cm) was recorded when transporting water in the case of using hoses with a diameter of 77 mm, a pressure at their inlet of 0.8 MPa, a temperature of 263 K, and a water flow rate of 0 l/s. The force that provided such a stretch was 2.04 kN. When extinguishing liquid was supplied by pressure fire hoses with a diameter of 77 mm in the temperature range of 263–298 K, the elongation decreased slightly with decreasing temperature. A slight unevenness of stretching of pressure fire hoses along the length was found when stretching increased closer to their middle. The results indicate the dependence of the amount of stretching on the materials from which pressure fire hoses are made, as well as their diameter. The values of dynamic forces that cause stretching of pressure fire hoses established in the study can be used in practice when taking into account the forced energy losses for fluid transportation

Experimental research on pressure pulsation and cavitation characteristics of centrifugal fire pump

To broaden the database of fire equipment selection and provide the basis for its selection and optimization, a low specific speed centrifugal fire pump with a specific speed of 24.7 was selected as the research object, and the inlet and outlet pressure pulsation and cavitation characteristics under different flow rates were analyzed through experiments. Results show that the head of the fire pump under the design flow rate was 75.68 m, and the efficiency was 36.84%. The dominant frequency of the pressure pulsation in the inlet and outlet of the pump under different flow rates is 1 APF (axial passing frequency). The zero flow rate has no obvious peak distribution at 1 BPF (blade passing frequency). The secondary frequency of 1 BPF and the n times the harmonic frequency of 1 BPF are distributed in the outlet of the pump. The critical net positive suction head of the fire pump under 1.0 Qd and 1.5 Qd was 0.95 m and 2.38 m, respectively.

Boosting the quality of life through additional general allocation funds for village infrastructure development

Improving the quality of life of the community as one of the key indicators of development success is a must since it has an impact on the wellbeing of the community. This study aims to measure quality of life and analyze the effect of additional general allocation funds for village infrastructure development, education, and control variables on the quality of life of the community who lived in Tangerang. The researchers employed a sample size of 368 people. Using a cross-sectional survey approach, valid, and reliable questionnaires were distributed. The results of the multiple regression analysis showed that the general allocation funds for the village infrastructure development were proven to have a significant effect on improving the quality of life of the community. The education level variable did not have a significant effect on improving the quality of life, but it had a significant effect on the psychological health domain of quality of life. In addition to the provision and maintenance of health services, it is necessary for the government to include the construction of infiltration wells, community-based domestic wastewater management networks, light fire extinguishers, and portable fire pumps as development priorities.

Аналитическая оценка радиуса действия пожарного резервуара и пожарного водоёма

PURPOSE. Draft amendments and addendums to code 8.13130.2020 “Fire protection systems. Outdoor fire-fighting water supply. Fire safety requirements”, according to which it is proposed to increase working radius of fire tanks and fire reservoirs to 400 m are analyzed. Regulatory documents regarding outdoor fire-fighting water supply for the period from 1947 to the present are examined. The authors analyzed aspects related to determining operating range of a fire tank and an artificial fire reservoir, depending on the capabilities of fire departments and fire-fighting equipment. Such aspects include level of equipping main fire trucks and technical capabilities of pumping equipment for using water sources located at a distance of up to 400 m from the fire site, as well as the number of combat crews arriving at the fire scene. METHODS. System and structural analysis, mathematical statistics, descriptive analysis were used. FINDINGS. The authors proposed and analyzed possible schemes for using water sources located at a distance of more than 200 m from protected objects; analytical characteristics of pump-hose systems for the proposed schemes were obtained; the operating characteristics of a fire pump and pump-hose systems were constructed in the same coordinate systems. RESEARCH APPLICATION FIELD. The results can be used when making a final decision to increase the operating range of fire tanks and fire reservoirs. CONCLUSIONS. With working radius of buildings and structures with fire tanks and artificial reservoirs, the value of which will exceed 200 m, the time of emergency rescue services deployment and free fire development will increase; operational capabilities of fire department to solve related tasks will be reduced; water supply for firefighting will be provided by at least two medium or heavy class fire trucks; organizing water supply into pumping with sequential operation of fire truck pumps will be required.

Disaster Mitigation of Slum-Scale Fires in Jongaya Village at Tamalate

There are exactly about 834 fire cases occurred in Makassar City during 2016 to 2020. Tamalate Subdistrict being one of several subdistricts get the highest number of fire cases which was about 108 cases. The worst fire cases occurred in Jongaya Village around 2021. The fire caused the damage of 110 houses. Mitigation efforts are needed to prevent similar events from occurring. The purpose of this study is to analyze the level of risk fire disaster and formulate fire disaster mitigation directions that are in accordance with the characteristics of the residential environment at the research site. The analytical techniques used are qualitative and quantitative descriptive analysis, spatial, and scoring. The results showed that the study site was included high density with a density 92.24 buildings per hectare. The level of fire disaster risk is dominated by buildings with a classification of high fire risk (67%). Mitigation directive efforts are focused on location directions for the placement of portable fire pumps and fire engines, directions for the location of water filling of fire trucks, as well as directions for circulation of evacuation routes and temporary gathering points.

Effects of Turbulence Models on Flow Characteristics of a Vertical Fire Pump

The flow in the vertical long-axis fire pump exhibits complex, three-dimensional, unsteady flow features. In an attempt to understand the effects of turbulence models on the flow mechanism and performance characteristics of the pump, the ANSYS CFX software was used to carry out numerical studies on the vertical fire pump using URANS. The main objective of this study was to investigate the unsteady flow dynamics within the vertical fire pump and the influence of applying different computational turbulence models. The study then sought to conduct a brief analysis of the unsteady pressure pulsation characteristics of the pump. The reliability of the CFD model was validated with an external characteristic test. The transient pressure distribution, velocity field and external characteristics were analyzed. The results were compared to experimental results, where it was revealed that the SST k-ω model showed 1.82% and 0.81% improvements in efficiency and head, respectively, over the k-ε models. In terms of the power performance, however, the standard k-ε is less likely to over-predict the power used by the pump in overload conditions as compared to the other turbulence models. The pressure charts did not show significant reactions to varying turbulence models across all the studied flow rates. However, the velocity streamlines revealed that there were several disruptions in streamwise flow, where both the standard and RNG k-ε models exhibited more recirculation areas than the SST k-ω and standard k-ω models. Overall, for this type of application, SST k-ω was the best-performing turbulence model, while RNG k-ε showed the poorest performance. Nonetheless, the RNG k-ε also has its strengths. This investigation would serve as a theoretical reference for further research and development in fluid machinery.