Fire Protective Coatings Research Articles

Fire propagation performance of intumescent fire protective coatings using eggshells as a novel biofiller.

This paper aims to synthesize and characterize an effective intumescent fire protective coating that incorporates eggshell powder as a novel biofiller. The performances of thermal stability, char formation, fire propagation, water resistance, and adhesion strength of coatings have been evaluated. A few intumescent flame-retardant coatings based on these three ecofriendly fire retardant additives ammonium polyphosphate phase II, pentaerythritol and melamine mixed together with flame-retardant fillers, and acrylic binder have been prepared and designed for steel. The fire performance of the coatings has conducted employing BS 476: Part 6-Fire propagation test. The foam structures of the intumescent coatings have been observed using field emission scanning electron microscopy. On exposure, the coated specimens' B, C, and D had been certified to be Class 0 due to the fact that their fire propagation indexes were less than 12. Incorporation of ecofriendly eggshell, biofiller into formulation D led to excellent performance in fire stopping (index value, (I) = 4.3) and antioxidation of intumescent coating. The coating is also found to be quite effective in water repellency, uniform foam structure, and adhesion strength.

ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ В ОБЛАСТИ ОГНЕЗАЩИТНЫХ ПОКРЫТИЙ

ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ В ОБЛАСТИ ОГНЕЗАЩИТНЫХ ПОКРЫТИЙ

Preparation and stability of silica sol/TPGDA dispersions and its application in the UV-curable hybrid coatings for fire protection

A series of silica sols modified by γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS) were synthesized by the acid-catalyzed sol–gel method, and then the solvent in these sols were extracted under several vacuum distillation conditions. The stability of the sol after the distillation can be improved by means of increasing the dosage of MPS and incorporating reactive diluent TPGDA into the sol as new dispersion medium. Optimized samples have maintained stable for over 180 days. The sol dispersions and UV-curable organic compounds were mixed to form the hybrid coatings for fire protection. Effects of the distillation treatment and the cosolvent anhydrous ethanol added into the reaction solution on thermal and combustion performances and physical properties of the hybrid coatings were studied by thermogravimetric analysis, microscale combustion calorimeter, limit oxygen index test and UL-94 horizontal test, etc. The results showed that the distillation treatment for the sol was necessary to improve thermal performance and physical properties of the hybrid coatings. In addition, in the flammability experiment, hybrid coatings showed a quick and efficient protection of the substrate.

SAMPLES FOR TESTING FIRE PROTECTIVE COATINGS ON METAL

The technical solution for testing fire protective coatings for metal, which refers to the technique of flame retardant materials and structures, designed to assess the effectiveness of fire protection of steel constructions.

ДИНАМИКА ВСПЕНИВАНИЯ ОГНЕЗАЩИТНЫХ ПОКРЫТИЙ НА ОСНОВЕ ОРГАНО-НЕОРГАНИЧЕСКИХ СОСТАВОВ

ДИНАМИКА ВСПЕНИВАНИЯ ОГНЕЗАЩИТНЫХ ПОКРЫТИЙ НА ОСНОВЕ ОРГАНО-НЕОРГАНИЧЕСКИХ СОСТАВОВ

Calculation Method of Intumescent Coatings of Fire Protection for Concrete-Filled Hollow Structural Steel Columns

The use of hollow structural steel (HSS) columns filled with concrete has become widespread in the past few decades. The residual strength of a composite column may used to assess the potential damage caused by fire and help to establish an approch to calculate the strctural fire protection. Sum up BS standard, AISC standard and some research about cementiteous sprayed monolithic fire protection coatings of Prof. Han’s and calculate the residual strength of a composite column for New Terminal Building of Republic of Mauritius Sir Seewoosaugur Ramgoolam International Airport Expansion Project. The concolusion and method may be used by other approximate project.

Effect of Epoxy Binder on Fire Protection and Bonding Strength of Intumescent Fire Protective Coatings for Steel

This study focuses on the effect of epoxy emulsion, a binder for producing water-borne intumescent fire protective coating for steel structures. The influence of binder on the fire resistive performance, char formation, thermal stability and bonding strength of the coatings were investigated in detail by using Bunsen burner test, thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Instron microtester. It was found that the fire protection performance and foam structure of coating sample D2 was significantly improved by adding 10wt% of epoxy resin which produced the greatest thickness of char layer. In addition, TGA results showed that the residue weight of coating D2 was higher than coating sample D3 with 15wt% of epoxy. This indicated that sample D2 has better anti-oxidation and thermal stability. The results of Instron microtester indicated that the bonding strength of the coatings was improved with the increase of epoxy content.

Fire Protection Design for Steel Staggered-Truss Framing System Based on Mechanical Performance Calculation

An optimizing strategy, based on the performance calculation of mechanical properties under high temperature, was proposed to study the method of fire protection design for steel staggered-truss framing system (SSTFS). That is, the whole elastic-plastic process of the structure is investigated using the finite element method firstly, and the components which appear plastic deformation easily are found, and then their fire resistance rating would be enhanced especially. In comparison with the traditional regular fire protection strategy, it is confirmed that the fire resistant capacity of the SSTFS can be improved dramatically. And the security of the structure could be ensured, while the required volume of fire protection coatings is reduced.

Fire resistance of passive fire protection coatings after long-term weathering

Passive fire protection (PFP) systems are widely used by the oil, gas and chemical industries to protect offshore and onshore facilities against the effects of fire. However, there are concerns that the performance of PFP systems in a fire may have deteriorated because of weathering and/or that corrosion of the protected item may be taking place beneath the PFP systems. In May 1987, Shell UK began a long-term PFP weathering programme at a maritime test site using furnace tests to assess the fire performance of the materials. The programme was handed over to the Health and Safety Executive in October 1999 and was continued and extended to include the more severe jet fire testing of weathered specimens. This paper describes the effects of weathering on six epoxy intumescent PFP products and one cementitious PFP product in common use. The results are discussed in relation to alterations in physical form, corrosion of the substrate and changes in fire resistance.

Experimental and analytical investigation of thermal coating effectiveness for 3 m 3 LPG tanks engulfed by fire

Two large-scale diesel pool fire engulfment tests were carried out on LPG tanks protected with intumescing materials to test the effectiveness of thermal coatings in the prevention of hot BLEVE accidental scenarios in the road and rail transport of LPG. A specific test protocol was defined to enhance reproducibility of experimental tests. The geometrical characteristics of the test tanks were selected in order to obtain shell stresses similar to those present in full-size road tankers complying to ADR standards. In order to better understand the stress distribution on the vessel and to identify underlying complicating phenomena, a finite element model was also developed to better analyze the experimental data. A non-homogeneous and time-dependent effectiveness of the fire protection given by the intumescing coating was evidenced both by finite element simulations and by the analysis of the coating after the tests. The results of the fire tests pointed out that the coating assured an effective protection of the tanks, consistently increasing the expected time to failure. The data obtained suggest that the introduction of fire protection coatings may be a viable route to improve the safety of the LPG distribution chain.

Mechanised Spraying Device—A Novel Technology for Spraying Fire Protective Coating Material in the Benches of Opencast Coal Mines for Preventing Spontaneous Combustion

Spontaneous combustion in coal mines play a vital role in occurrences of fire. Fire in coal, particularly in opencast mines not only causes irreparable loss of national wealth but damages the surface structure and pollutes the environment. The problem of spontaneous combustion/fire in opencast coal benches is acute. Presently over 75% of the total production of coal in Indian mines is being carried out by opencast mining. Accordingly a mechanised spraying device has been developed for spraying the fire protective coating material for preventing spontaneous combustion in coal benches of opencast mines jointly by Central Mining Research Institute, Dhanbad and M/s Signum Fire Protection (India) Pvt. Ltd., Nagpur under Science & Technology (S&T) project funded by Ministry of Coal, Govt. of India. The objective of this paper is to describe in detail about the mechanised spraying device and its application for spraying fire protective coating material in the benches of opencast coal mines for preventing spontaneous combustion/fire.

Intumescent paints: fire protective coatings for metallic substrates

This study investigates the role of the binder in an intumescent paint. In fact, it is generally known that acid source, carbon source and blowing agent are the main ingredients of such a paint. However, since the binder may react with these ingredients, it is also a very important component of an intumescent paint. To begin with, the effect of the nature of the monomers composing the polymeric binder, on the chemical reactivity between the binder and the intumescent additives is investigated using thermogravimetric analysis, solid state NMR and FTIR analysis. It is found that the thermal stability increases when the copolymer is based on substituted styrene. Subsequently, the efficiency of protective behaviour of the intumescent coatings is evaluated varying the nature of the binder resin. It is found that the thermal insulation is greatly improved when using a mixture of a linear copolymer presenting a good reactivity with the acid source and a cross-linked copolymer as binder in the intumescent paint.

Intumescent paints: fire protective coatings for metallic substrates

This study investigates the role of the binder in an intumescent paint. In fact, it is generally known that acid source, carbon source and blowing agent are the main ingredients of such a paint. However, since the binder may react with these ingredients, it is also a very important component of an intumescent paint. To begin with, the effect of the nature of the monomers composing the polymeric binder, on the chemical reactivity between the binder and the intumescent additives is investigated using thermogravimetric analysis, solid state NMR and FTIR analysis. It is found that the thermal stability increases when the copolymer is based on substituted styrene. Subsequently, the efficiency of protective behaviour of the intumescent coatings is evaluated varying the nature of the binder resin. It is found that the thermal insulation is greatly improved when using a mixture of a linear copolymer presenting a good reactivity with the acid source and a cross-linked copolymer as binder in the intumescent paint.

Evaluation of Intumescent Coatings for Shipboard Fire Protection

In response to several claims from Manufacturers that intumescent coatings could be used in place of fire insulation and provide equal protection to shipboard structures during a fire, U.S. Navy conducted an extensive investigation of several fire protective coatings for use aboard ship. These fire protective coatings included water and solvent based coatings, insulative coatings, and foams. The objective of this program was to identify passive fire protection (PFP) coatings for shipboard interior applications capable of meeting U.S. Navy (USN) fire resistance requirements (DRAFT MIL-PRF-XX 381) of 30 min rating with backside average temperature rise less than 139 C using UL-1709 fire curve (post flashover fire). This evaluation consisted of small scale fire, adhesion, and impact tests; intermediate scale room corner fire tests, and full scale fire tests conducted aboard ex-USS SHADWELL. The test results with steel substrate show that all candidate coatings failed to meet minimum U.S. Navy fire resistance criteria when used as stand-alone coatings. Furthermore, many coatings demonstrated poor adhesion, and fell off from the substrate during the fire test. These data have led the Navy to conclude that intumescent coatings tested in this study are not sufficient to protect shipboard spaces during a fire and are not equivalent when used alone as direct replacement for batt or blanket type fibrous fire insulation (mineral wool, StructoGard) installed aboard U.S. Navy ships. However, U.S. Navy smallscale fire tests have also demonstrated that some of the intumescent coatings, when applied over substrates such as Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP), did reduce flame spread and smoke generation.

Nondestructive testing of the status of fire-protective coatings by a photometric method

This paper discusses differences in the spectral reflectances of fire-protective coatings during their operating life. The testing technique and the results make it possible to reliably determine the properties and the suitability of the coating that is used.

A Brief Review of Intumescent Fire Retardant Coatings

Development and application of intumescent coatings for fire protection are reviewed with the associated chemical aspects discussed. Different types of intumescent coatings and their mechanisms are outlined. Intumescent coatings with special properties such as resistant to high temperature, mildew and rot, transparent as well as multi-functional are summarized. Survey of several products available in the market and their applications are outlined.

Mathematical Simulation of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Processes During Combustion of Intumescent Fire–Protective Coatings

A mathematical model of combustion of intumescent fire–protective materials is presented, which takes into account the basis physicochemical processes during combustion of such materials. The model employs the minimum number of empirical constants determined under conditions close to simulated ones. The results of numerical analysis are in good agreement with the experimental values of temperatures at the boundary between the intumescent material and the protected construction.

Bench‐scale evaluations and mechanistic studies of intumescent/fire‐protective coatings for polyvinyl chloride nitrile rubber

AbstractThe object of this study was to identify, for future large‐scale testing, and adequate fire‐protective coating for the substrate, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) nitrile rubber (MIL‐P‐15280 Rev H). Fifteen fire protective coatings which included ten intumescent, two ablatives, two fire retardants and one photon diffusive coatings were evaluated using bench‐scale thermal insults. To discern the possible mechanism(s) whereby the coatings offer fire protection, the effect of radiant heat versus the flame source employed was investigated and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the neat coatings was performed. In selected cases, the effect of coating thickness and repeatability of the results were evaluated. The differences in coating effectiveness, and the varied repeatability in three of the four cases examined, focus on the inherent complexity of intumescence, as well as on the importance of scaled‐up testing of coatings that appeared promising. Thermogravimetric analyses of the coatings indicate that two selected TGA measurements/parameters, when used in conjunction, appear useful in characterizing mechanistic differences between the less effective and more effective coatings. Based on the rigorous criterion adopted, one candidate (a water‐based intumescent coating at 100 mil (2.54 mm) thickness) appears promising for the substrate, PVC nitrile rubber. Its effectiveness is attributable to it exhibiting good insulative and re‐radiative properties and an apparent low susceptibility to crack formation.

Soluble silicate-based coatings for fire protection

A fire protective coating based on a soluble silicate was investigated in terms of intumescence, water sensitivity, and water absorption versus relative humidity. An acidic curing agent was used to improve the coating performance. The mechanism of intumescence of the silicate-based material was studied using DSC and TGA techniques.

Comparison of ICD-10 research criteria for schizophrenic disorders with other diagnostic systems : Wolfgang Maier and Michael Philipp Department of Psychiatry, University of Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, D-6500 Mainz, FRG

Catastrophes due to fires cause a lot of material damages and the loss of many human lives. They have been rising in number and severity over the years because of the extensive use of flammable materials such as polymers, which is why it is necessary to design strategies to limit their flammability. Most commercial solutions rely on adding molecules called fire retardant in the bulk of the polymers. On the other hand, concerns regarding the health and environmental hazards of this type of treatments have been growing among both the scientific community and the general public, and regulations were strengthened in response. In this context, fire retardant surface treatments have attracted a lot of the attention recently as they allow to concentrate the fire retardant effect at the interface between the material and the flame, that is, where the combustion process appears. Coatings with thicknesses ranging from the dozens of nanometers to a few micrometers are favored as they limit the amount of material used and limit the impact on the functional properties of the material. This review aims at giving an overview of the different strategies for developing thin coatings for fire protection, with a special emphasis on layer-by-layer surface treatments, which is one of the most promising solutions being developed. One pot strategies as well as several opportunities for new designs are also proposed in order to give some perspectives and new ideas on the development of novel systems.