Fire Phoenix Research Articles

Research on the Artistic Language of High Temperature Colour Glaze Porcelain Paintings

High-temperature colour glaze is the fire phoenix in ceramic art, its development history has a long history, until now there have been thousands of years of history, is a great symbol of mankind towards the history of civilization. High-temperature colour glaze ceramic painting has a unique artistic language and strong artistic expression, and has a long preservation time, never discolouration process advantages, contemporary high-temperature colour glaze ceramic painting combined with the humanities trend of the times, presenting the works of the times with a cultural outlook, spiritual beliefs and thinking about life, become the pursuit of artistic value and artistic taste very good carrier, so more and more people have broken the high-temperature colour glaze ceramic painting. Therefore, more and more people have broken the high temperature colour glaze porcelain painting value and meaning can only depend on the porcelain decoration and the existence of the inherent thinking, began to consciously go from a purely aesthetic point of view to the creation of painting, this paper combines the modern aesthetic tendency, innovation on the basis of tradition and then fused with the characteristics of colour glaze, the colour glaze porcelain painting of the art of the language of research.

Biotrophic interactions between plant and endophytic bacteria in removal of PAHs and Cd from contaminated soils enhanced by graphene oxide

Graphene oxide (GO)-mediated phytoremediation is a novel strategy for abating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from contaminated soils, but the underlying mechanism has not been fully investigated. In this study, Fire Phoenix plants were grown in soils contaminated by 105.00 mg kg−1 or 154.55 mg kg−1 PAHs, containing 15 mg kg−1 Cd and 0.0, 0.3, 0.4, or 0.5 g kg−1 GO, respectively. After 150 days of plant growth, PAH removal rates from low-PAHs/Cd and high-PAHs/Cd soils amended with 0.4 g kg−1 GO were 78.95% and 73.21%, respectively. GO particularly promoted the biodegradation of high-ring PAHs as the removal rate increased by 55.69% on day 120 of plant growth. Dioxygenase genes including nidA and pdoA2 directly degraded PAHs in GO-induced remediation. GO mediated both upstream and downstream degradation pathways of PAHs, during which the tricarboxylic acid cycle initially dominated the downstream pathway followed by carbohydrate and amino acid metabolisms. Soil Cd was also significantly reduced by GO-enhanced root absorption. This study for the first time elucidated the mechanisms underpinning the interaction of Fire Phoenix plants with microorganisms in remediation of soil PAHs and Cd and illustrated the viability of GO-mediated bioremediation of PAHs and Cd from co-contaminated soils.

Bioremediation of HMW-PAHs-contaminated soils by rhizosphere microbial community of Fire Phoenix plants

• Fire Phoenix plants were able to grow in soils containing low or high Σ4PAHs. • Fungi from four genera were highly enriched in Fire Phoenix rhizosphere. • Aspergillus , Mortierella , Geomyces and Humicola might be main PAHs degraders. • PAHs were removed by 75.2% or 78.8% from the low or high Σ4PAH soil. • Degradation was likely via cytochrome P450 monooxygenase and ligninases. Soil contamination by high-molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HMW-PAHs) is a challenging problem worldwide. Bioremediation is a safe and cost-effective way of abating HMW-PAHs. The present study was designed to investigate the potential of microbes in the rhizosphere of Fire Phoenix plants in biodegradation of HMW-PAHs in a pot-culture experiment. Plant growth, removal rates of PAHs, phospholipid fatty acids, and fungal community composition were determined in soils devoid of PAHs or containing a low or a high level of PAHs after 0, 60, 120, and 150 days of experiment initiation. Results showed that plants were able to continuously grow in the contaminated soils during a 150-day experiment. The biodegradation rates in low and high ∑4PAH (four compounds: pyrene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, and benzo(k)fluoranthene) soils with plants were 75.2% and 78.8%, which were 21.8% and 28.0% higher than the control soils without plants, respectively. The soil microbial analysis showed that the growth of Fire Phoenix led to the shift of soil microbial community structure by promoting the growth of fungi in four dominant genera: Aspergillus , Mortierella , Geomyces , and Humicola , which could play an important role in PAHs degradation. Based on the results from this study and other relevant reports, schematic metabolic pathways for microbe-mediated degradation of PAHs in the Fire Phoenix rhizosphere soils were proposed, which include cytochrome P450 monooxygenase pathway, ligninolytic pathway, and dioxygenase pathway. Our study showed that the beneficial interactions between Fire Phoenix and soil microbes, fungi in particular, represent a viable way of reducing HMW-PAHs from contaminated soils.

Plant contribution to the remediation of PAH-contaminated soil of Dagang Oilfield by Fire Phoenix.

Pot experiments were conducted to evaluate plant contribution during remediation of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)-contaminated soil of Dagang Oilfield by Fire Phoenix (a mixture of Festuca L.). The results showed that Fire Phoenix could grow in soil contaminated by high and low concentrations of PAHs. After being planted for 150days, the total removal rate of six PAHs in the high and low PAH concentrations was 80.36% and 79.79%, significantly higher than the 58.79% and 53.29% of the unplanted control group, respectively. Thus, Fire Phoenix can effectively repair the soil contaminated by different concentrations of PAHs. In high concentrations of PAHs, the results indicated a positive linear relationship between PAH absorption in tissues of Fire Phoenix and the growth time in the early stage. In contrast, the contents of PAHs were just slightly increased in the late period of plant growth. The main factor for the dissipation of PAHs was plant-promoted biodegradation (99.04%-99.93%), suggesting a low contribution of PAH uptake and transformation (0.07%-0.96%). The results revealed that Fire Phoenix did not remove the PAHs in the soil by accumulation but promoted PAH dissipation in the soil by stimulating the microbial metabolism in the rhizosphere.

Combined remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by plant and immobilized bacteria in contaminated soil

In this study, three dominant bacteria Cellulomonas flavigena (Ⅰ), Cellulomonas flavigena (Ⅱ), Sphingomonas paucimobilis (Ⅲ) from Fire Phoenix rhizosphere soil were used to develop a multi-microbial agent system. For oil-contaminated soil in the Dagang oilfield, the immobilized test bacteria were inoculated into the Fire Phoenix rhizosphere soil to examine the effects of bacterial agents on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)-contaminated soil. The results showed that PAHs degradation was promoted under the ⅠⅢ (with an effective number of viable bacteria of 109 cfu·mL-1) and ⅠⅡⅢ (with an effective number of viable bacteria of 107 cfu·mL-1) treatments. The PAHs degradation rates were 32.2% and 41.4%, respectively, being significantly higher than that in the control treatments. The ⅠⅡⅢ treatment significantly promoted the belowground biomass of Fire Phoenix, which was 31.2% higher than that of the control treatment. Our results suggested that the multi-microbial agent constructed by the three dominant bacteria ⅠⅡⅢ could be used as a strengthening method for the remediation of PAHs-contaminated soil by Fire Phoenix, which provided a novel method for microbial enhanced phytoremediation technology.

Effects of Fire Phoenix (a genotype mixture of Fesctuca arundinecea L.) and Mycobacterium sp. on the degradation of PAHs and bacterial community in soil.

Phytomicrobial remediation technology of PAH-contaminated soils has drawn great attention due to its low-cost, eco-friendly, and effective characteristics, but the mechanism underlying the removal of PAHs by rhizosphere in wastewater-irrigated soil is so far not clear. To evaluate the dissipation of PAHs and the shifts of bacterial community structure under plant-microorganism symbiotic system in an agricultural soil, a rhizo-box experiment with Fire Phoenix (a genotype mixture of Fesctuca arundinecea L.) or/and inoculated Mycobacterium sp. was conducted for 60 days. The changes of bacterial community structure and the contents of PAHs were analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. The results showed that the removal rate of PAHs in phytomicrobial combined treatment was 53.7% after 60 days. The PAH-degraders were dominated by Microbacterium sp., Sphingomonas sp., Mycobacterium sp., and Flavobacterium sp. The plant of Fire Phoenix induced the appearance of Pseudomonas sp. and TM7 phylum sp. oral clone. The highest of bacterial diversity index was observed in unrhizosphere soils (MR-), rather than that in rhizosphere soils (MR+). In combination, phytomicrobial combined treatment of Fire Phoenix and Mycobacterium strain enhanced the removal rate of PAHs and changed the structure of bacterial community and bacterial diversity. Bacterial community has great effect on PAH degradation in PAH-contaminated soil from the wastewater-irrigated site. Our study can provide support information for PAH degradation enhancement by the synergetic effect of Fire Phoenix and Mycobacterium sp.

Enhanced phytoremediation of PAHs and cadmium contaminated soils by a Mycobacterium

This study investigated Fire Phoenix (Festuca L.) and Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench inoculated with a Mycobacterium strain N12 in remediation of soils contaminated with both polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and cadmium (Cd). Plant growth and PAH and Cd removal were monitored in 60, 120, and 150 days after transplanting. Results showed that Fire Phoenix plants grown in soil containing 200 mg/kg PAHs and 15 mg/kg Cd inoculated with N12 were able to remove 76.3% PAHs compared to removal of 68.3% of PAHs by the plants without N12 inoculation. On day 150, the underground biomass of Fire Phoenix plants grown in soil inoculated with N12 increased 59.40% compared to that without N12 inoculation. The enhanced removal of PAH by Fire Phoenix and N12 was related to the improved rhizosphere microbial activities. However, inoculation of N12 to E. purpurea grown soil did not significantly improve the removal of PAHs and Cd. Our results showed that phytoremediation of PAHs and Cd can be enhanced by a Mycobacterium strain N12, especially when PLFA concentrations of bacteria and fungi exceeded 60% of the initial concentrations, but the enhancement is plant species dependent.

Fire Phoenix plant mediated microbial degradation of pyrene: Increased expression of functional genes and diminishing of degraded products

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants, and bioremediation is an eco-friendly means of removing pollutants from contaminated soils. This study investigated mechanisms underlying plant mediated microbial degradation of pyrene. Fire Phoenix (Festuca spp.) plants were grown in soils contaminated by two levels of pyrene. Degraded products, expression of functional genes of microbial organisms, and pyrene removal rates were monitored before planting and after 60, 90, and 120 days of plant growth. Results showed that the removal rates of pyrene from soils contaminated with 22.4 mg/kg and 35.3 mg/kg of pyrene were 89.7% and 92.1%, respectively. Detected degraded products included 1-hydroxy pyrene, dihydroxylated pyrene, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, and phthalic acid. As far as is known, this is the first report of 1-hydroxypyrene as an epoxidation product of pyrene. Pyrene degradation occurred through both double-oxygen and single-oxygen pathways in the rhizosphere of Fire Phoenix. The expression of microbial 16S rDNA, PAH-RHDα-GP, nidA, and nidB genes were analyzed. The copy numbers of 16S rDNA increased over time, and the highest occurred in soil with higher pyrene. Microbial nidA, nidB, and PAH-RHDα-GP genes were highly expressed in rhizosphere on day 60 of plant growth, and their copy numbers were 32, 49, and 320 times greater than those before plant cultivation. The higher levels of expression were significantly correlated with the residual amount of pyrene and the content of total PAH metabolites in the soil. Our research shows that that microbial RHDα-GP, nidA, and nidB genes are important factors influencing the degradation of pyrene and pyrene degradation products in rhizosphere. Based on the results, a two-pathway model for biodegradation of pyrene in Fire Phoenix rhizosphere is proposed.

Fire Phoenix facilitates phytoremediation of PAH-Cd co-contaminated soil through promotion of beneficial rhizosphere bacterial communities

Pot experiments were conducted in a growth chamber to evaluate the phytoremediation efficiency and rhizosphere regulation mechanism of Fire Phoenix (a mixture of Festuca L.) in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-cadmium (PAH-Cd) co-contaminated soils. Plant biomass, removal rates of PAHs and Cd, soil enzyme activity, and soil bacterial community were determined. After 150 days of planting, the removal rates of the total 4 PAHs and Cd reached 64.57% and 40.93% in co-contaminated soils with low-PAH (104.79–144.87 mg·kg−1), and 68.29% and 25.40% in co-contaminated soils with high-PAH (169.17–197.44 mg·kg−1), respectively. The polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity decreased in soils having Fire Phoenix, while the dehydrogenase (DHO) activity increased as the changes of DHO activity had a strong positive correlation with the removal rates of PAHs and Cd in the low-PAH soils (r = 0.862 (P < 0.006) and 0.913 (P < 0.002), respectively). Meanwhile, successional changes in the bacterial communities were detected using high-throughput 454 Gs-FLX pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA, and these changes were especially apparent for the co-contaminated soils with the low PAH concentration. The Fire Phoenix could promote the growth of Mycobacterium, Dokdonella, Gordonia and Kaistobacter, which played important roles in PAHs degradation or Cd dissipation. These results indicated that Fire Phoenix could effectively motivate the soil enzyme and bacterial community and enhance the potential for phytoremediation of PAH-Cd co-contaminated soils.

Study on the efficiency of phytoremediation of soils heavily polluted with PAHs in petroleum-contaminated sites by microorganism.

The effects of Fire Phoenix (a mixture of Festuca L.) and Purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench) on the remediation of two different high concentrations of PAH-contaminated soils were studied under the effect of strain N12 (Mycobacterium sp.), and the changes in rhizosphere enzymatic activity were preliminarily studied. The results of three culture stages (60d, 120d, and 150d) showed that N12 has a promotional effect on the biomass of Fire Phoenix and E. purpurea, and the effect of N12 on the biomass of Fire Phoenix is better. Under the strengthening of N12, the maximum removal rates of Fire Phoenix reached 86.77% and 67.82% at two high PAH concentrations (A and B, respectively). The activity of dehydrogenase (DHO) is positively correlated with the degradation rate of PAHs at the A concentration (P < 0.05). The activity of DHO in soil will continue to increase at a higher level of the B concentration, but the positive correlation between the activity of DHO and the degradation rate of PAH is weakened. In the rhizosphere soil of the two plants, the change in polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity with time has a significant negative correlation with the degradation rate of PAHs (P < 0.05). The experiment proved that Fire Phoenix is more suitable for the remediation of heavy PAH-contaminated soil under the condition of microorganism-strengthening, and it can achieve a better degradation effect when the concentrations of PAHs are < 150mg·kg-1. Results provide a further scientific basis for the remediation of contaminated sites.

Effect of Rhizosphere Enzymes on Phytoremediation in PAH-Contaminated Soil Using Five Plant Species

A pot experiment was performed to study the effectiveness of remediation using different plant species and the enzyme response involved in remediating PAH-contaminated soil. The study indicated that species Echinacea purpurea, Festuca arundinacea Schred, Fire Phoenix (a combined F. arundinacea), and Medicago sativa L. possess the potential for remediation in PAH-contaminated soils. The study also determined that enzymatic reactions of polyphenol oxidase (except Fire Phoenix), dehydrogenase (except Fire Phoenix), and urease (except Medicago sativa L.) were more prominent over cultivation periods of 60d and 120d than 150d. Urease activity of the tested species exhibited prominently linear negative correlations with alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content after the tested plants were cultivated for 150d (R2 = 0.9592). The experiment also indicated that alkaline phosphatase activity in four of the five tested species (Echinacea purpurea, Callistephus chinensis, Festuca arundinacea Schred and Fire Phoenix) was inhibited during the cultivation process (at 60d and 120d). At the same time, the study determined that the linear relationship between alkaline phosphatase activity and effective phosphorus content in plant rhizosphere soil exhibited a negative correlation after a growing period of 120d (R2 = 0.665). Phytoremediation of organic contaminants in the soil was closely related to specific characteristics of particular plant species, and the catalyzed reactions were the result of the action of multiple enzymes in the plant rhizosphere soil.

Efficiency of five ornamental plant species in the phytoremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated soil

Pot-culture experiments were conducted to assess the phytoremediation potential of five ornamental plant species on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated soils obtained from the Shengli Oil Field, one of the largest oil fields in China. The removal rate of eight PAHs (fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluorant-hene, benzo(a)pyrene and dibenzo(a,h)anthracene) was examined after 60, 120 and 150 days. The results showed that Fire Phoenix and Medicago sativa Linn effectively reduced the PAH content in contaminated soil. After a 150-day pot-culture experiment, the removal rates for eight target PAHs were 86.56% and 90.67% of fluoranthene, 93.27% and 79.53% of pyrene, 100% and 100% of benzo(a)anthracene, 100% and 100% of chrysene, 100% and 100% of benzo(b)fluoranthene, 100% and 100% of benzo(k)fluorant-hene, 99.53% and 99.6% of benzo(a)pyrene, 100% and 100% of dibenzo(a,h)anthracene respectively from Fire Phoenix and Medicago sativa Linn. The removal rates for these two plant types were significantly higher than those of other tested ornamental plants. The results suggested that Fire Phoenix and Medicago sativa Linn should be applied to the phytoremediation of PAH-contaminated soil. Furthermore, soil physicochemical properties (e.g., the alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus and cation exchange capacity) was also measured in the soil before and after plant growth and indicated that Fire Phoenix is better able to improve soil physicochemical properties (mainly about available phosphorus and cation exchange capacity).

Rhizosphere effects of PAH-contaminated soil phytoremediation using a special plant named Fire Phoenix

The rhizosphere effect of a special phytoremediating species known as Fire Phoenix on the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was investigated, including changes of the enzymatic activity and microbial communities in rhizosphere soil. The study showed that the degradation rate of Σ8PAHs by Fire Phoenix was up to 99.40% after a 150-day culture. The activity of dehydrogenase (DHO), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) increased greatly, especially after a 60-day culture, followed by a gradual reduction with an increase in the planting time. The activity of these enzymes was strongly correlated to the higher degradation performance of Fire Phoenix growing in PAH-contaminated soils, although it was also affected by the basic characteristics of the plant species itself, such as the excessive, fibrous root systems, strong disease resistance, drought resistance, heat resistance, and resistance to barren soil. The activity of polyphenoloxidase (PPO) decreased during the whole growing period in this study, and the degradation rate of Σ8PAHs in the rhizosphere soil after having planted Fire Phoenix plants had a significant (R2=0.947) negative correlation with the change in the activity of PPO. Using an analysis of the microbial communities, the results indicated that the structure of microorganisms in the rhizosphere soil could be changed by planting Fire Phoenix plants, namely, there was an increase in microbial diversity compared with the unplanted soil. In addition, the primary advantage of Fire Phoenix was to promote the growth of flora genus Gordonia sp. as the major bacteria that can effectively degrade PAHs.

Treatment and Remediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Soils Using Selective Ornamental Plants

Pot-culture experiments were carried out to assess the phytoremediation potential of 14 ornamental plants in weathered petroleum-contaminated soil, which was collected in the Shengli Oil Field, one of the biggest oil fields in China, by examining their impact on the degradation potential of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) and its composition. Results showed Gaillardia aristata, Echinacea purpurea, Fawn (Festuca arundinacea Schreb), Fire Phoenix (a combined F. arundinacea), and Medicago sativa L. could effectively reduce TPHs and its composition in 10,000 mg kg(-1) TPH-contaminated soil. After a 30-day pot-culture experiment, the removal rates were 37.16%, 46.74%, 49.42%, 41.00%, and 37.93%, respectively, significantly higher than that in the control (only 12.93%). Removal rates of TPH composition including saturated hydrocarbon, aromatic hydrocarbon, asphaltene, and polar compound reached 39.41%, 38.47%, 45.11%, 42.92%, and 37.52%, respectively, also higher than that in the control (only 6.90%). Further, the total biomass did not significantly decrease for all plants tested in 10,000 mg kg(-1) TPH-contaminated soil. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the presence of oil in the plant tissues. These results suggested that the typical ornamental species including G. aristata, E. purpurea, Fawn, Fire Phoenix, and M. sativa can be adopted in phytoremediation of oil-contaminated soil.