Fire Extinguishing Equipment Research Articles

Optimal dispatch strategy analysis of fire extinguishing equipment for electric grid wildfire based on dynamic game

It is a serious threat to the safety of bulk electric grid that wildfire disaster is likely to occur within a wide range when in high-incidence seasons. An effective solution is to use fire extinguishing equipment to extinguish wildfire. However, fire extinguishing equipment is usually insufficient for wide range wildfire. This paper aims to analyze the optimal dispatch strategy of fire extinguishing equipment for electric grid wildfire. The interaction between wildfire and electric grid is modeled as a dynamic game, in which wildfire and electric grid are regarded as two players. Wildfire aims at maximizing electric grid's loss, whereas electric gird's goal is to minimize the loss. Multilevel programming model is built while using backward induction to solve the dynamic game. The optimal emergency dispatch strategy of fire extinguishing equipment is obtained. Thus, electric grid's risk can be minimized using the optimal emergency dispatch strategy. The effectiveness and validity of the proposed framework and method are demonstrated by application examples.

난류처리기법에 따른 소화노즐 배기소음 예측연구

Fire-extinguishing equipment that can be used to suppress unexpected fire and that can minimize its damage is essential in all industries. Different fire-extinguishing agents and nozzle types have been introduced depending on the type of objects to protect, and various studies have been accordingly conducted. However, only a few of these studies have focused on the exhaust noise from fire-extinguishing systems. This noise can damage the electrical equipment; hence, the investigation of this noise is necessary. Computational fluid dynamics software ANSYS FLUENT ver. 18.1 was used herein. A numerical analysis was conducted to analyze the fluid flow characteristics depending on the turbulent treatment methods. Subsequently, the noise was calculated. The turbulent treatment methods considered here were Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes simulations and large eddy simulation. Furthermore, the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings equation was used to calculate the noise. Consequently, the averaged velocity and pressure values are similarly described, while the frequency graphs of the noise and eddy of fluctuation are separately shown.

ЗАЛЕЖНІСТЬ ВЛАСТИВОСТЕЙ КОМПРЕСІЙНОЇ ПІНИ ВІД РОБОЧИХ ПАРАМЕТРІВ ПРОЦЕСУ ГЕНЕРУВАННЯ ПІНИ

Для системи пожежогасіння компресійною піною наведено результати дослідження залежності властивостей компресійної піни, а саме: стійкості, кратності, адгезії, витрат піноутворювача та води, тривалості гасіння від робочих параметрів процесу генерування піни, таких як тип та концентрація піноутворювача, робочий тиск у системі генерування піни.Наведено результати випробування з визначення тривалості гасіння компресійною піною низької кратності модельного вогнища пожежі 55 В і показника вогнегасної здатності за класом пожежі. У разі гасіння компресійною піною низької кратності та їх порівняння з відповідними показниками ефективності повітряно-механічної піни середньої кратності, одержаної з використанням ежекційних стволів-генераторів піни.

Research on N2-inhibitor-water mist fire prevention and extinguishing technology and equipment in coal mine goaf.

In this study, a new type of N2-inhibitor-water mist (NIWM) technology was proposed to resolve the problem of fire prevention and extinguishing in the goaf of coal mine. The corresponding equipment was designed and manufactured. Under the condition that both gas pressure and liquid pressure were 0.5–2MPa, the NIWM equipment produced the water mist with Sauter mean diameter (SMD) range of 166–265μm. The experimental results of the operating parameters of NIWM equipment were in agreement with the theoretical derivation. The theory of two-phase flow atomisation can be used as theoretical guide for this technology. After that, on the basis of the NIWM equipment, the experiments of inhibiting low temperature (30–100°C) oxidation and extinguishing high temperature combustion of large dosage of coal sample were carried out. Water mist with SMD = 188μm had good diffusivity in the container. The inhibiting effect of N2-inhibitor-water mist on low temperature oxidation of coal was obviously greater than that of single material. N2-water mist extinguished the burning coal completely in 20 minutes. The addition of water mist solved the shortcoming of poor cooling effect of N2. In different stages of coal-oxygen reaction, N2, inhibitor and water mist play very different role in controlling the process of coal-oxygen reaction, which was not simple accumulation of the three. The combination of N2, inhibitor and water mist should be determined according to the state of the coal mine goaf fire. On the basis of the research conclusions, the onsite arrangement diagram of the NIWM fire prevention and extinguishing equipment in the goaf was designed. The research results proved the feasibility and effectiveness of this technology, and it is of great significance to the prevention and control of coal spontaneous combustion in goaf.

Reliability-operational analysis of fixed gas fire extinguishing equipment integrated with fire signalling systems

Fire protection of server rooms and data processing centres, located in public buildings, uses fire extinguishing equipment known as fixed gas fire extinguishing devices (SUG-G). The extinguishing medium (gas in tanks) should be stored at a location indicated in the fire scenario and in the technical contractor project for SUG-G. SUG-G is intended to extinguish a fire in its initial stages and to prevent fire spreading. The fire signalling central station (CSP) receives a fire signal from a group of sensors located in the protected premise and notifies the Fire Brigade (PS), whilst the fire extinguishing control room automatically starts the gas extinguishing process. Such use of a signalling and extinguishing system results in a redundant system. This improves reliability of the fire signalling system (SSP), which is responsible for safety inside the building. Keywords: sensor, operation, fire signalling systems.

Development of an experimental laboratory sample of foam extinguishing system using compressed air (CAFS)

The analysis of known structures of foam generating systems with compressed air, as well as the results of research on operational experiments, tests and research of systems carried out abroad, allowed to formulate basic principle requirements to technological and constructive parameters of foam generating systems with compressed air.
 The general trend in the design of various structures, especially complex, built on the internal interaction of individual structural units – is the development of a mathematical model, preceding a constructive solution and often is the calculated basis for them. The created mathematical model of the process of foaming made it possible to determine the dependence of the quality of the foam obtained on the structural and technological parameters. On the basis of the developed mathematical model of foaming, a principal scheme of the process is proposed and a small-sized test facility is created for studying the possibilities of obtaining a compression foam according to the proposed scheme. The peculiarities of the work are an attempt to obtain compression foam according to the proposed scheme with the use of domestic general purpose foam generators using the modernized existing portable fire extinguishing equipment, which is at the disposal of fire units of Ukraine. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of development of small-sized mobile and portable plants, which can be used as an addition to existing fire-fighting equipment. During the experiments, the variables were the brands and concentrations of foam generators, the magnitude of air pressure in the system, and the ratio of water to air. The dependence of the quality of the foam on the change in pressure on the outlet nozzle was established, therefore, during each experiment it was controlled and maintained constant during its conduct. As a result of previous tests, the possibility of obtaining a compression foam according to the proposed scheme with the use of synthetic domestic general purpose foam generators with the use of existing fire equipment has been confirmed. The following are ways of developing work.

Impact of Grenfell Tower fire disaster on polyisocyanurate industry

The paper summarizes commonly available information on the fire of the Grenfell Tower, which took place in Central London on 14 June 2017. The fire was very similar in its nature to several other spectacular fires at tall buildings, which have happened around the world since 1999 but unlike the previous one, the London fire claimed an enormous number of victims – 71. The tragic outcome of the fire was blamed on a combination of several human and natural factors: faulty evacuation procedures, unsuitable fire extinguishing equipment, mistakes by the housing association managing the building, lacking fire safety provisions in the tower, weather, confusing building regulations, etc. However it was established that the main reason for so tragic an outcome of this fire was the speed of fire spread via decorative aluminum composite materials (ACM) containing polyethylene (PE), installed on the outer of a building as a part of a rain-screen cladding system. The other part of the system was polyisocyanurate (PIR) thermal insulation. The paper focuses on the role of PIR in this fire and a couple of practices in the PIR industry highlighted by the tragedy. It reflects on the origin of PIR and evolution of PIR technologies as well as PIR definition. Finally it reports on a bottom-up initiative started at the Polyurethanes 2017 Conference aiming at changing current attitude of the European thermal insulation industry to Open Access to reports on fire testing of thermal insulation products. This small but concerted effort of scientific and industrial thermal insulation communities has a good chance of helping to drive further improvement of fire resistance of thermal insulation and to restore public confidence in these important materials.

Optimal Allocation of Fire Extinguishing Equipment for a Power Grid Under Widespread Fire Disasters

Widespread fire disasters always occur in several concentrated short periods. A large range of fire disasters can cause the tripping of dozens of transmission lines simultaneously, posing a serious threat to safe operation of the power grid. The degree of risk cannot be efficiently calculated, making it difficult to guide the optimization of the allocation of fire extinguishing equipment. This paper describes the development of a large wildfire disaster power grid fault fire extinguishing equipment optimal allocation method and a proposed fast calculation method of transmission line risk. The risk index is calculated for different regional power grids according to subareas. According to the grid risk, fire extinguishing equipment will be deployed in advance to address high-risk areas of the grid fire, fully exploiting the limited equipment fire extinguishing effectiveness. The proposed method is verified in the Hunan provincial power grid as a case study. The results show that the number of calculations can be reduced to $1.2\times 10^{3}$ for the case in which 20 transmission lines are threatened by fire disasters; using computer resources with 30 trillion operations per second, the calculation time is less than 5 min. This capability can provide scientific and efficient guidance for disaster treatment of the electric power grid.

Performance Study of Mobile Fire Extinguishing Equipment using High Pressure Water Mist in Health Care Facilities

Personnel inside health care facilities are mostly at a disadvantage during evacuation, therefore in the event of a fire, evacuation would possess certain difficulties and result in serious consequences. Use of conventional fire hydrants for fire extinction could damage equipment because of the amount of water used. To avoid this, the amount of water used was a key consideration during this study besides fire extinction performance. This research used newly developed mobile high pressure equipment and nozzle A with a K value of 3.7, and extinguished three standard wood cribs (7.5 MW), its performance being superior to that of the equipment used by the NRIFD (National Research Institute of Fire and Disaster).Using the equipment at a pressure of 49.3kgf/cm2 and discharge flow rate of 26 LPM, the time needed for extinction was 68s, 76s, and 60s,without any recrudescence within 2 min afterwards. Calculations showed that this system only required 33L of water for extinction, 27% less than the indoor hydrant, but was still effective, and it also showed no leakage of electricity under operation pressure and discharge flow rate. This research is a first to quantifiably analyze and compare the performance between mobile high pressure water mist equipment and indoor hydrants

Информационно-статистический анализ особенностей развития мобильных средств по-рошкового пожаротушения

Mobile dry chemical fire extinguishing equipment (MDСFE) (dry powder fire trucks, combined fire engines, containers and trailers with dry chemical extinguishing devices) are most effective in extin¬guishing fires at hazardous production facilities of various industries. However, they are used very rarely only once in 8-10 years, and in some cases - never for the life cycle. Consequently, the rare use of MDСFE (considering their significant initial cost, about 9 million of Rubles per unit) creates a negative economic impact, and calls for the adoption of organizational and technical measures for its significant reduction. We assessed the prospects of development of MDСFE in three main ways that determine the ap-pearance of any construction:  relevance in the total number of mobile fire extinguishing equipment;  the main characteristics of technological equipment;  the ability to impart properties of multifunctionality. Comparison of the data about Russian and foreign fire technics manufacturers production showed that:  Russian fire-fighting system needs 2.6 % to other types of fire equipment MDСFE;  share of MDСFE models produced in Russia, almost 3 times lower than abroad (7.3 % vs. 18.8 %), that can be explained by their uneconomical production, they are applied very rarely, in compa¬rison with water and foam fire trucks and finaly because of low need for them. It was found that diversity of the stock of foaming agent and dry chemical powder at foreign combined fire engines is an average in 3 times greater than at Russian. The advisability of impart to MDСFE properties of multifunctionality has long been known. There is the idea of a fire engine, adaptable to the specific needs of fire departments. Currently, existing fire extinguishing installations on fire vehicles do not provide the necessary variability of fire extinguishing agents (FEA) filling. In this regard, we developed and tested (with positive results) at the St. Petersburg University Emercom of Russia laboratory model of the universal fire suppression system that meets modern require-ments. Installation configuration allows to mount it on a car and truck chassis, on trailer and in container. The design of vessels and the mechanism of displacement of the installation allow the use of a wide range of FEA and give them to the extinguishing in the required proportions. In addition, it can provide compressed air foam, expanding fire extinguishing capabilities. These results allow us to state (contrary to the skeptics views) that mobile fire extinguishing equip-ment with universal fire-fighting installations are the future of fire fighting. They can be easily reconfigured on the application of any FEA (by number and types) directly at the fire station under the specific tactical tasks depending on the characteristics of protected objects. There are scientific and technological solutions and manufacturing capabilities to create a mobile fire-fighting equipment with the required properties in Russia!

Analysis of the Earthquake Impact towards water-based fire extinguishing system

Recently, extinguishing system installed in the building when the earthquake occurred at a separate performance requirements. Before the building collapsed during the earthquake, as a function to maintain a fire extinguishing. In particular, the automatic sprinkler fire extinguishing equipment, such as after a massive earthquake without damage to piping also must maintain confidentiality. In this study, an experiment installed in the building during the earthquake, the water-based fire extinguishing saw grasp the impact of the pipe. Experimental structures for water-based fire extinguishing seismic construction step by step, and then applied to the seismic experiment, the building appears in the extinguishing of the earthquake response of the pipe was measured. Construction of acceleration caused by vibration being added to the size and the size of the displacement is measured and compared with the data response of the pipe from the table, thereby extinguishing water piping need to enhance the seismic analysis. Define the seismic design category (SDC) for the four groups in the building structure with seismic criteria (KBC2009) designed according to the importance of the group and earthquake seismic intensity. The event of a real earthquake seismic analysis of Category A and Category B for the seismic design of buildings, the current fire-fighting facilities could have also determined that the seismic performance. In the case of seismic design categories C and D are installed in buildings to preserve the function of extinguishing the required level of seismic retrofit design is determined.

PS0024-338 投擲型消火用具の衝突シミュレーションを用いた最適切欠き形状の設計

Throwing type fire extinguishing equipment needs to be designed to fracture at the time of collision without fracturing at the time of throwing. In this study, we predict the fracture of fire extinguishing equipment by analyzing the notch root stress using FEM at the time of a collision and the time of throwing. The objective of the present study is to design an optimum notch shape which gives breakable equipment structure at the time of collision, not to be fractured at the time of throwing.

APPLICATION OF SOLID PAINT COATING ON AIRCRAFT

Applying solid paint is a procedure used in practice to cover an aircraft skin with a coat of chromatic lacquer which possesses anti-corrosion properties. Additionally, this coat improves aerodynamic characteristics of a/c skin. Solid paint is applied as a preventive maintenance of the material the skin is made of to protect it against atmospheric exposure factors and it is conducted before an a/c is certified airworthy or when a given assembly requires separate maintenance or repair , and even in case of faults removal of skin coating fragment during scheduled maintenance. Painting process is conducted in a specially designated room which needs to meet a number of requirements and occupational safety regulations. The most important factor which the painting shop must meet is an appropriate room temperature, air-conditioning system and fire extinguishing equipment. The process of applying solid paint is timeconsuming and requires precision. The author presents chosen methods of applying solid paint on aircraft construction elements as well as painting process preparatory maintenance. The article presents specificity of the preparatory process starting with appropriately prepared room, protective clothing and equipment suitable for solid paint application and ending with appropriate humidity parameters. The contents of the article depicts conditions which have to be met so that the process is accomplished in a safe manner and according to technological procedures. Subsequent stages of the paint application process show complex technology and influence of many factors which guarantee correct and safe task execution. Correct and technologically appropriate removal of the old lacquer layer, aircraft washing and finally outer layers application guarantee high quality, durability and safety of air crews and passengers.

A New Product Design for Fire Extinguishing Equipment Based on Quality Function Deployment

To design a new product for fire extinguishing equipment, knowledge about customer requirements for selecting suitable characteristics is required. And Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is proposed as an effective design method to addresses the translation of customer requirements into product functional characteristics. So this paper describes an extension of QFD method aimed at representing customer needs, technological requirements, environmental impacts and their relationships with the product functionality during the conceptual design phase. At last this method could help designers to design a new conceptual product for fire extinguishing equipment.

The Design and Implementation of Automatic Fire Extinguishing and Explosion Suppression System's Testing Equipment

According to the automatic fire extinguishing equipment requirements for explosion suppression platform system, this paper using the flexible neural tree and the clonal selection principle, describes the creation method of flexible neural tree model, embedded virtual instrument technology, to solve the nonlinear system fault diagnosis problem, realize the fire (explosion) detection system control components, improves the diagnostic sensitivity and accuracy. After the trial, the equipment illustrates high integrity, good versatility and high stability.

High Expansion Foam Fire Extinguishing Equipment for Hazardous Materials Facilities

High Expansion Foam Fire Extinguishing Equipment for Hazardous Materials Facilities

Car Crash Fatalities Associated With Fire in Sweden

Objective: To study the epidemiology and causes of death in fatal car crashes on Swedish roads in which the victim's vehicle caught fire. Methods: The data set is from the Swedish Transport Administrations in-depth studies of fatal crashes 1998–2008. Autopsies from all cases provided data on injuries, toxicological analyses, and cause of death. Results: In total, 181 people died in 133 burning cars, accounting for 5 percent of all deaths in passenger cars, sport utility vehicles, vans, and minibuses during 1998 to 2008. The cause of death for a third of the victims was fire related, as burns and/or smoke inhalation injuries, with no fatal trauma injuries. Twenty-five of these 55 deaths were persons 19 years or younger and included 15 of 18 rear seat deaths. Over half of the 181 deaths were in vehicles that had collided with another vehicle and, of these cases, half were killed in collisions with heavy vehicles. The percentage of drivers with illegal blood alcohol concentrations (27%) and suicides (5.5%) were not higher than in other fatal crashes on Swedish roads. The ignition point of the fire was indicated in only half of the cases and, of those, half started in the engine compartment and one fourth started around the fuel tank or lines. Conclusions: Car fires are a deadly postcrash problem. Reducing this risk would be primarily a responsibility for the automotive industry. A multifactor approach could be considered as follows: risk-reducing design, insulation, reduced flammability in motor compartment fluids and plastics, and automatic fire extinguishing equipment. Inspiration could be found in how, for example, the auto racing and aviation industries handle this problem.

A Study on the New Portable Effervescent Atomized Water Mist Equipment

A new effervescent atomized water mist fire extinguishing equipment was developed by combining the characters of water mist and effervescent atomization. A series of wood crib and gasoline pool fire suppression experiments were performed using the equipment. The fire extinguishment time, temperature and radiation heat flux of the flame were measured, and then the process of putting out different type fire was analyzed. A wood crib fire of 0.6A can be put out in 180 seconds using water mist produced by effervescent atomization equipment. Only 38 seconds was taken to suppress a gasoline fire.

Numerical Modeling of Fire Dynamic Behavior for a Five-Story Building

This study is based on a real fire accident that occurred in Keelung City, Taiwan. The fire site was situated in an old five-story building that was renovated for recreational purposes. When the fire broke out, a stack effect formed instantly because the fire source was gasoline, the initial location of the fire was the stairway, and the fire burned rapidly with a cut-off downward evacuation exit. Customers were unfamiliar with the escape routes and fire-extinguishing equipment, leading to the loss of five lives. This study applies the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) to develop a computer numerical model and simulate the actual conditions of the fire accident. The major fire dynamic behavior parameters are computed to evaluate the transport of flames, smoke particles, and toxic gases within the enclosed building. Recommendations for fire safety in this type of architectural structure are provided to reduce the reoccurrence of similar disasters.

Uncertainty in Estimating the Fire Control Effectiveness of Sprinklers from New Zealand Fire Incident Reports

The current state of fire sprinkler effectiveness information has been found to be a limiting factor when comparing the fire risk for alternative building designs in New Zealand (Determination 2005/109: single means of escape from a high-rise apartment building. Department of Building and Housing, Wellington, 7). Data on the past performance of systems in real fires is one of the best sources of information to estimate future performance, but there has not been a detailed study on sprinkler effectiveness data from fire incidents in New Zealand published since Marryatt’s work (Fire: a century of automatic sprinkler protection-revised. Australian Fire Protection Association, Melbourne, 13), which was last updated in 1986 and included data from Australia. The current research looks at the quality and quantity of data available on sprinkler effectiveness from New Zealand Fire Service (NZFS) incident reports over the period of 2001 to 2010 to evaluate the data’s usefulness for risk-informed building fire safety design. A comparison is made between the number of sprinklers reported activated in the NZFS dataset, Marryatt’s study, guidance from PD 7974-7:2003 (PD 7974-7:2003: the application of fire safety engineering principles to fire safety design of buildings. Probabilistic Risk Assessment, London, 3), and NFPA data (U.S. experience with sprinklers and other automatic fire extinguishing equipment. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, 12). Proposals to improve the collection and reporting process to increase the informative value of future NZFS data for risk-informed fire safety design are presented.