Fire Extinguishing Equipment Research Articles

Development Directions of Fire-Fighting Equipment Using Aircraft Engines Abroad

In the last century, outstanding fire-fighting technology developments have occurred in Hungary. Mobile, quickly deployable, efficient, environmentally friendly tools and technologies with optimal fire extinguishing material use have come to the fore. This included equipment using exhaust gas from internal combustion engines and combustion products from aircraft engines for fire-fighting. The developers’ goal is to reduce environmental and secondary damage during fire-fighting, and at the same time, they sought to increase the efficiency of fire-fighting processes by using measurably less fire-fighting material. In our article, we present the foreign developments of fire-extinguishing equipment that uses aircraft engines with a unique operating principle and is suitable for applying multiple types of fire-extinguishing materials, thus also for implementing complex fire-fighting. We review the design and construction of the equipment, their operating principle, examine their practical application possibilities, and present directions for future development.

Research and application of continuous and precise nitrogen injection fire extinguishing technology in coal mines

To overcome shortcomings in traditional nitrogen injection fire prevention techniques, such as discontinuous nitrogen distribution, poor inerting effects, and severe waste of pipeline resources, a method for continuous and precise nitrogen injection fire extinguishing was proposed. To implement this method, this study utilizes FLUENT, FLAC 3D simulations, and principles of elasticity to determine the process and dynamic parameters of nitrogen injection. This information guides the selection, design, and manufacturing of equipment components, leading to the development of a novel “rotating towing type” continuous and precise nitrogen injection fire extinguishing equipment. Taking Wenzhuang 15,102 working face as an example, the inerting effect was compared and analyzed by using CO, Graham coefficient R2 (ΔCO/ΔO2), R3 (ΔCO/ΔCO2) and other quantitative indicators. The findings revealed following results: after deploying this equipment, there was an approximate 70 % reduction in CO concentration. Comparatively, R2 in the extraction area decreased by 45 % compared to the 0.38 % observed in the buried pipe nitrogen injection process. Similarly, the R3 values for the gob and upper corner were reduced by about 56 % and 60 %, respectively. These substantial improvements highlight the superior efficacy of the continuous and precise nitrogen injection fire extinguishing method for nitrogen injection and fire suppression in gobs.

Perancangan dan Penempatan Alat Pemadam Kebakaran Jenis Sprinkler

The fire suppression ability of this sprinkler installation compared to other fire extinguishing equipment has been proven to be more effective. Because the sprinkler system does not require an operator when operating, fires can be prevented earlier before causing greater losses. For this reason, the implementation of sprinkler systems in buildings is crucial. According to KEPMEN PU NO. 10/KPTS/2000, a building must have elements that can maintain structural stability to a certain level during a fire. This research was conducted directly in the field, and the necessary data was obtained independently through interviews with relevant parties. The author conducted research observations in the archive warehouse to obtain both primary and secondary data. Primary data included field documentation and calculations. Planning calculations were done directly by calculating the number of sprinklers, water requirements, and reservoirs to determine the precise needs. Based on the survey, it was found that the size of the archive warehouse is 48 x 48 m, totaling 2304 m2. The maximum distance between sprinklers used was 4.6 m. Therefore, the effective distance between sprinkler heads is 193 units. The result of the calculation for the water supply for the sprinkler system obtained 34,139.77 liters, with the total overall cost for the equipment and materials used being Rp. 63,121,925.74. Based on the data and calculation results regarding the planning and design of fire protection equipment in open active spaces adhering to the NFPA-13 Standard for the Year 2019, it is expected to provide comfort and safety against the threat of fire incidents.

Evaluation of Fire Suppression Performance for Multiple-Fire-Source Fire Using Water Mist-Type Fire-Suppression Equipment for Railway Passenger Cabin

The fire suppression performance of a mist fire-extinguishing system in railway passenger cabin was evaluated using a performance evaluation method based on multiple fire sources. Scenarios were analyzed for a simulated space in the railway vehicle cabin of the Daegu Urban Railway Line 3 using automatic fire-suppression system methods based on railway-vehicle technical standards. Three n-heptane fire pools were positioned inside the test space. When the spray fire-extinguishing equipment was operated at 10 and 20 bar after 30 s of ignition, the variations in the temperature of the test space and the fire-extinguishing characteristics, such as the time taken to stop the fire-extinguishing equipment, were analyzed. The experimental results showed that the internal temperature of the cabin initially increased after ignition. However, when the fire- extinguishing equipment was operated 30 s after ignition, the internal temperature of the cabin stopped increasing and started to decrease, satisfying the fire safety standard that the fire must be completely extinguished within 5 min. The temperature decreased more rapidly when the operating pressure was 20 bar than when it was 10 bar. In addition, the vertical temperature distribution analysis showed that the temperature of the upper part was higher than that of the lower part, owing to thermal buoyancy. However, the design of the nozzle location is critical because the temperature decreases more slowly far from the nozzle of the mist fire-extinguishing system, which can be dangerous.

Analysis of Flow Field Characteristics of the Propane Jet Combustion Flame

In order to effectively prevent fire accidents and improve fire management capability, this paper describes the independent designs and builds of an experimental low-cost particle image velocimetry platform for a propane jet combustion flame using traditional mutual correlation theory. The particle image velocimetry (PIV) algorithm is written based on MATLAB software, allowing it to realise image preprocessing, multi-level grid window deformation inter-correlation calculations, and other functions. Fluid flow velocity and vorticity are used as entry points to study the flame combustion mechanism. The air flow field and vorticity above the propane jet flame are analysed. The results show that, from the level of fluid flow velocity, the maximum fluid flow velocity in the test area does not exceed 0.23 m/s, and the maximum transverse fluid flow velocity is close to 0.15 m/s. Additionally, the longitudinal fluid flow velocity is opposite the upper and lower portions of the longitudinal flow velocity, and there is a swirling phenomenon in the propane flame jet. From the vorticity level, the closer to the centre of the jet in the vortex plane, the faster the air flow speed, and simultaneously, in the upper and lower parts of the vortex, the air flow travels in the opposite direction and is of equal size. The particle image velocimetry platform that was independently designed in this study can efficiently characterise the dynamic flow field and the flow characteristics of complex combustion chambers, simultaneously ensuring high efficiency and reducing research costs. It provides a measurement method and experimental basis for the development of fire extinguishing equipment and numerical simulation, while also helping us to carry out a series of subsequent studies on fire extinguishing mechanisms.

The Importance of Fire Extinguishers in Healthcare Facilities (Literature Review)

This text discusses the importance of Fire Extinguishing Equipment in fire prevention within healthcare facilities. Through a literature review, the author explores the understanding of the significance of using Fire Extinguishers, which are an integral part of healthcare facility safety. Healthcare facilities, such as hospitals and laboratories, are equipped with advanced machinery, cutting-edge technology, and hazardous chemicals. In day-to-day operations, the use of electrical equipment like MRI machines and ventilators increases the electrical load, while the presence of flammable materials like medical oxygen makes it even more complex. Smith, Miller, and Hamilton's research highlights that fires in healthcare facilities not only result in material losses but also pose a real threat to patients with limited mobility or critical conditions. The success of Fire Extinguisher utilization depends on the collaboration of various components, including Fire Extinguisher maintenance, awareness campaigns, Fire Extinguisher usage training, and coordination among staff during fires to ensure the safety of all parties involved. Fire Extinguishers play a vital role as first-response tools when fires occur. However, to prevent fires in healthcare facilities, proper electrical installations, well-organized cables, and personnel safety must be considered. Further research is needed to identify factors that can reduce the fire risk in Healthcare Facilities. To enhance healthcare facility safety, the use of Fire Extinguishers and an understanding of risk factors should be integrated into a holistic prevention strategy.

Особенности пожароопасного сезона 2022 года в Курганской области

On the basis of a comprehensive analysis of the weather conditions, the necessary extinguishing equipment provided and the additional forces and means involvement, the dynamics of the number of forest fires with the area covered during the fire season have been shown in the article. It was established that in 2022, 468 forest fires were recorded in the forest fund of the Kurgan region and their area was 123 709,48 ha. Thanks to the involvement of additional forces and fire extinguishing equipment, despite adverse weather conditions, it was possible to reduce the number of forest fires by 2,8 times compared to 2021 and reduce the number of large fires by 2 times. At the same time, in 2022 an increase in the area covered by fires and the average area of forest fires were recorded. It has been established that in the region there is a tendency to increase the burning of the forests which necessitates more strict control over compliance with fire safety rules. It is recommended to timely introduce a regional emergency mode and more quickly maneuver the fire forces and means. Taking into account that the part of the forest fund part is contaminated with radionuclides as well as swampiness, it is recommended to use aviation forces and means more widely in protecting forests from fires.

EVOLUTION OF AUTONOMOUS MOBILE FIRE EXTINGUISHING EQUIPMENT

It is shown that the evolution of autonomous mobile fire-extinguishing means includes four stages, in which these fire-extinguishing means are divided into portable, wearable, mobile and mobile. All these fire extinguishing means are united by the presence of a human operator. Portable fire extinguishing equipment is characterized by a small weight, which does not exceed 20 kilograms. Portable fire extinguishing equipment has a greater mass (up to 30 kilograms) and, as a result, a longer duration of extinguishing agent supply (up to 75 seconds). Such tools have improved ergonomic characteristics, and the possibility of using gel-forming substances as fire-extinguishing substances gives them new properties. It is noted that such fire-extinguishing substances provide record values of the coefficient of use. Mobile fire extinguishing equipment provides a longer duration of extinguishing agent supply and relieves the operator. All these fire extinguishing means are united by the fact that their operational capabilities are limited by the low speed of their movement, the value of which does not exceed 1.2 meters per second. The fourth stage of the evolution of autonomous mobile firefighting equipment is characterized by the placement of firefighting equipment on a mobile base. A segway can act as such a base, as a result of which the operational capabilities of the fire extinguishing agent are significantly expanded. It is noted that the speed of movement of such fire extinguishing means can reach 50 kilometers per hour with a radius of action of up to 50 kilometers. The mass of the fire-extinguishing substance in such fire-extinguishing means can reach (40-50) kilograms, and the duration of its supply is up to 40 seconds. It is shown that in mobile fire-extinguishing equipment, the task of matching the characteristics of the operator with the technical characteristics of the fire-extinguishing equipment is relevant. This is especially important for mobile fire extinguishing equipment. Examples of determining the parameters of the human operator and their use in mobile fire extinguishing equipment are given. Key words: fire-extinguishing means, fire-extinguishing substance, mobile means, human operator.

Development of seismic design software for firefighting pump systems

The purpose of this research is to present the necessity of the development and use of a seismic design software for floor-mounted firefighting equipment such as pump systems. The main result of this research work is a self-developed program for the seismic design of a pumping system for fire extinguishing equipment. Thanks to the innovations that are inherent in this program, the design time can be reduced by more than 3 times, and the design error can also be reduced by complying with the design criteria. To secure the reliability of seismic design, which involves complex mathematical and engineering calculations, it is necessary to devise a way to systematically support the use of software admitted in academia.

Ensuring fire safety in the technosphere: Important aspects

This article discusses the factors that lead to fires, how to prevent and avoid them and the different types of primary fire extinguishing equipment used in production. It also describes the algorithm of actions to be followed by personnel and the public in case of fire, according to the fire safety instructions. Despite the fact that the fire safety rules and fire pyramid conditions (source of fire, temperature, combustible substance and oxygen access) are widely known, the number of technogenic fires in Russia is still high. In connection with this, the article examines the fires that have occurred with loss of life and material damage. These cases are analyzed with the aim of developing and modernizing rules of behavior aimed at preventing fires, as well as developing an algorithm of action in extreme situations and forecasting possible fires. The article presents statistical data on fires in the Russian Federation. Measures are also suggested to evaluate the risk taking into account the layout and design of buildings, prevent fires and determine fire hazards. After analyzing the situations, preventive measures and fire safety propaganda are recommended, as well as regular training and education of personnel, workers and rescuers in order to reduce the number of fires and thus minimize material and human losses.

On diagnosing the level of students’ knowledge in special (conventional) disciplines

One of the most important tasks of professional training of cadets at maritime universities is to prepare them for competent actions in any accident and emergency. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) reiterates the importance of naval professional training. IMO normative acts like conventions, codes and resolutions indicate that each crew member should be able to maintain the required safety, objectively assess current conditions, navigate in a difficult situation, prevent an accident from developing into an emergency, correctly apply fire extinguishing equipment, quickly close holes, remove accumulated water that threatens ship stability, etc. Implementation of IMO requirements is the main direction in studying special and conventional academic disciplines. For quality assurance of cadets’ learning achievements in the overall academic discipline, it is advisable to use diagnostic assessments. The paper is geared to investigate the way students develop their professional competency when they master special (conventional) disciplines through education diagnostic assessments. The paper aims to develop a toolkit for providing a reliable assessment of the level of mastery of the academic discipline on Basic Security Training by cadets. The authors creatively applied the method of theoretical analysis of scientific literature; testing method; forecasting method; methods of mathematical verification of the reliability and validity of the developed test. In the end, a new test to assess the level of cadets’ performance in a special (conventional) discipline is a correct and timely action. The developed test will replenish a critical pool of diagnostic education resources and will be in demand for education diagnostic assessments in modern maritime education institutions.

Актуальные аспекты управления обеспечением технической готовности мобильных средств пожаротушения

Introduction. Currently, a situation is emerging that requires new solutions to problems by the management bodies of organizational and staff structures at various levels, since their volume and nature are constantly changing. To solve emerging problems, it is necessary to introduce new methods and algorithms for assessing the readiness of units, which will allow the use of technologies that are relevant at a given time. Today, there are no unified approaches to assessing the readiness of technical means of EMERCOM of Russia, which affects the subjectivity of the readiness assessment. As a result, operability failure can lead to the impossibility of performing the assigned tasks of rescuing people, extinguishing fires and carrying out actions in emergency situations. Therefore, the assessment of the readiness of fire and rescue units for action requires the development of new specific solutions. Goals and objectives of the study. Development of an assessment of the technical readiness of the fire and rescue unit using the proposed algorithms. The study of existing models for assessing the readiness of fire and rescue units in the EMERCOM of Russia. Research methods. During the study, methods of system analysis were used Results and their discussion. Based on the results of the analysis, the most significant requirements were identified that determine the readiness of fire and rescue units that affect the process of managing technical support when maintaining the readiness of mobile fire extinguishing equipment during their operation. Presented are modern approaches to assessing the readiness of fire and rescue units, the parameters for assessing the readiness of fire and rescue units, which are one of the main elements of organizing the operation of technical equipment in fire and rescue units. An algorithm for assessing the technical readiness of fire and rescue units is proposed. Conclusion. The results obtained in the course of the research are proposed to be used in determining the technical readiness of fire and rescue units that are part of the EMERCOM of Russia system and in determining promising areas of research in this area. Keywords: fire and rescue division; state of readiness (object); criteria for assessing the state of the technical facility; coefficient of technical readiness.

Optimization of the impeller of sand-ejecting fire extinguisher based on CFD-DEM simulations and Kriging model

To explore the optimal impeller of fire extinguishing equipment within a larger range, the Latin hypercube sampling and Kriging method was adopted to establish the response surface with two input factors (the blade number and the angle of inclination). The study found that a longer scattering distance can obtain a better fire-extinguishing effect, and the air volume flow rate at the scattering outlet has no obvious relationship with the scattering effect. The predicted optimal result is the impeller with 10 blades and 15.13° forward. However, compared with previous research results, this only brings a slight scattering distance improvement. Therefore, increasing the number of blades did not lead to a significant increase in scattering distance. This study will provide effective references for further optimization research of the sand-ejecting fire extinguisher and guide its optimization direction to other parameters of the impeller.

Investigation of Forest Fire Characteristics in North Korea Using Remote Sensing Data and GIS

Forest fires cause damage to property and the environment around the world every year. North Korea has suffered from fires every year. Fires may lead to temporary or permanent damage to forest ecosystems, long-term site degradation, and alteration of hydrological regimes, producing detrimental impacts on economies, human health, and safety. In North Korea, fires cause serious damage to the affected mountainous environment. However, it is very difficult to obtain ground information or perform field checks because of the political isolation of North Korea. Thus, there are few studies that have investigated North Korean fires. In this situation, remote sensing techniques and digital topographic data can be used to investigate fire characteristics in North Korea. In this study, fire trends were analyzed using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data from the Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center (LPDAAC) from 2004 to 2015, and Landsat data were processed to estimate burned areas in South Hamgyong Province (SHP) and Gangwon Province (GWP) in North Korea. The burn severity of large fires in elevation, slope, and landform features was also analyzed to investigate large fire-burned areas using 30-m-resolution Global Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data from the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). After the results were compared and discussed, the following conclusions were derived. (1) In terms of location, fires in SHP were relatively concentrated along BaekDu-DaeGan (BDDG), while fires in GWP were scattered throughout the province. (2) In terms of size, the large fire-burned areas with an area greater than 1000 ha are significantly more frequent in SHP than in GWP. In brief, large fires occurred more frequently and were more serious in SHP than in GWP. (3) In terms of forest type, coniferous areas were more susceptible to damage from fires and large fires than deciduous areas in both GWP and SHP. This is attributed to the combustible resin within the coniferous trees. Particularly, when a crown fire occurs, it tends to spread rapidly throughout the coniferous forest. (4) Regarding landforms, most large fires occurred along windward-side open slopes, while there were very few fires in shallow valleys, high ridges, or U-shaped valleys. It is believed that cultivation in high-elevation terrain and a lack of fire-extinguishing equipment and systems allow large fires to spread quickly. North Korea is very susceptible to large fire damage and must develop preparation measures against such situations.

CURRENT ISSUES OF PROVISION OF FIRE EXTINGUISHING OF BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES FOR DIFFERENT PURPOSES BY PRIMARY MEANS

This publication analyzes approaches in Ukraine to ensuring fire safety of buildings and structures of various purposes with the help of primary fire extinguishing means. The statistics of fires that occurred in houses and structures in the first half of 2022 are given, which includes the total number of deaths of people, including children, from the consequences of fires, as well as the main reasons for the ineffective use of primary fire extinguishing agents when extinguishing fires at the initial stage of their occurrence. The issue of modern principles and approaches to the selection, evaluation criteria and use of primary fire extinguishing agents by the leading countries of the world was considered. The main approaches of the world's leading countries aimed at providing primary means of fire extinguishing for buildings and structures of various purposes are highlighted. Attention is focused on the regulatory documents in force in Ukraine, which regulate the requirements and criteria for equipping various construction sites with primary fire extinguishing equipment, and their main shortcomings are identified. The main requirements for the operation of primary fire extinguishing equipment, their order and priority of implementation are given. It was determined that for primary fire extinguishing agents, the main technical parameters for the possibility of their use in buildings and structures are its fire extinguishing capacity and the volume of fire extinguishing substance used in it. For the premises in buildings and structures where the primary means of extinguishing fire will be used, the class of possible fire and the category of explosion and fire hazard are characteristic. The types of fire extinguishers and fire extinguishing substances with which they are equipped, as well as the main normative documents in Ukraine to which they must comply, are given. The existing classes of fires, types of fire extinguishers and their general rules of operation, as well as the main criteria for their placement in different buildings and structures, are disclosed. It is noted that the Institute of Public Administration and Scientific Research on Civil Protection has developed a new regulatory document, which will improve the fire-fighting condition of buildings and structures of various purposes. Also, work in this direction will be continued and the development of a new regulatory document on the provision of primary means of fire extinguishing for wheeled vehicles will begin in the near future. Keywords: primary means of fire extinguishing, norms of belonging, rules of operation of fire extinguishers.

Design and research of cable channel fire extinguishing temperature sensing module

As the core equipment of urban power supply, once the cable is on fire, it will have a great impact on the economy and people’s livelihood. Cable passage fire extinguishing equipment is a reliable infrastructure to eliminate cable fire, and detection components are the key to correct and timely action of fire extinguishing equipment. This paper designs a temperature detection module based on DS18B20, and discusses the design principle from the aspects of internal structure, command sequence, signal mode and so on.

Fire Safety Knowledge of Firefighting Equipment among Local and Foreign University Students.

Despite the risks at university laboratories, university students are still marginalized from safety management in university laboratories. In addition, the existing studies related to the fire safety knowledge of university laboratories, do not consider the fire safety knowledge of university students with respect to firefighting equipment and the increasing number of foreign university students. To overcome this gap, we conducted a survey on 273 foreign and 144 local students and identified the differences in fire safety knowledge and those in comprehension and response related to firefighting equipment among the participants through statistical analysis. The results of the survey, where respondents were classified into four groups by gender and nationality, found significant differences in fire safety knowledge between gender and nationality. All the groups had difficulty in directly extinguishing a fire using fire extinguishing equipment. The results of this study, that is, those pertaining to the differences in fire safety knowledge depending on the gender and nationality of students and types of firefighting systems are expected to be used as basic data to establish safety education and management plans in the future.

CFD-Based Fire Risk Assessment and Control at the Historic Dong Wind and Rain Bridges in the Western Hunan Region: The Case of Huilong Bridge

The Dong wind and rain bridges in western Hunan are among the most extraordinary historical buildings that express the unique culture of the Dong people, and are an unparalleled display of history, culture, aesthetics and architectural skills, but they are exposed to various disasters. However, fire poses a serious challenge to historical wind and rain bridges. This study investigated the fire risk of wind and rain bridges in terms of building materials, structural forms, fire habits, and fire loads. Fire dynamics simulator software and SketchUp modeling software were used to visualize and numerically simulate fire conditions. The survey results indicated that the fire load of the Huilong bridge was 1,794,561 MJ. After a fire, the central pavilion underwent a flashover at 200 s. By 600 s, the maximum temperature of the bridge was 1200 °C, and the entire bridge was in flashover condition. Furthermore, targeted fire-mitigation strategies were proposed according to the architectural characteristics and cultural environment of the wind and rain bridges in terms of the following four components: automatic fire-extinguishing equipment, fireproof coatings, suspended ceiling, and skylights. The effectiveness of the fire-resistance performance of the strategies was also evaluated. The fireproof coating measures were the most effective, and the bridge sections delayed reaching the flashover state by 40–80 s. The reported results can help reduce the fire-related risks of wind and rain bridges and protect our historical heritage more effectively and efficiently. Furthermore, this study can serve as a reference for other historic wooden structures to develop appropriate mitigation strategies.

Снижение рисков при тушении пожаров первичными средствами пожаротушения на производственных объектах

For ensuring fire safety, it is required to bring the legal and regulatory and regulatory-technical base in the field of fire safety in line with the up-to-date requirements based on the scientific research and development. However, the application of the equirements for the provision of primary fire extinguishing equipment (portable fire extinguisher) to the premises of industrial buildings and the calculation estimates according to the proven methods is impossible in the on-line mode and in the conditions of time pressure. Estimates regarding the equipment and efficient use of the portable fire extinguishers at the initial stage of a fire allowed to formulate the information and analytical support for equipping premises in the industrial buildings with primary fire extinguishing equipment at the initial stage of a fire. Developed information and analytical support make it possible to justify the minimum required number of portable fire extinguishers, as well as the efficiency of use, considering their technical characteristics. And for its practical implementation, an algorithm was developed that allows an assessment of the provision of portable fire extinguishers for the premises of the building. Practical application of the information and analytical support for the provision of primary fire extinguishing equipment (portable fire extinguisher) in specific situations allows to make prompt, reasonable and effective management decisions. It also allows assessing safe use of the portable fire extinguishers by the personnel of the enterprise when extinguishing a fire in the industrial buildings, avoiding litigation, removing administrative barriers, improving the scientific and experimental and educational and material base of the scientific and educational organizations, forensic expert institutions, switching to more reasonable engineering and technical, organizational measures in terms of providing the object of protection with primary fire extinguishing means.

A Study of Fire Drone Extinguishing System in High-Rise Buildings

Firefighting in high-rise buildings remains a difficult problem in the world because fire extinguishing equipment and tactics have many deficiencies in dealing with such building fires, especially for buildings higher than 50 m. In the present study, the LY100 fire extinguishing system is taken as an example to introduce the application of the fire drone in the fire control of high-rise buildings. The LY100 fire extinguishing system mainly contains the twin-rotor drone, high-pressure liquid fire extinguishing equipment, pressure fire extinguishing equipment, associated vehicle and extinguishing agent. The LY100 system can be deployed quickly and operated flexibly. Based on such advantages, the indoor fire, exterior thermal insulation layer fire and top platform fire of high-rise building can be extinguished in a timely manner with the LY100 system. In addition, four kinds of firefighting tactics are described in this paper, including one drone operation, double drone cooperative operation, three or more drone cooperative operations, and cooperating with the lifting fire truck. Finally, the experiments are presented to verify the spraying distance of the fire drone system.