Fire Clay Coal Bed Research Articles

Identifying sources of respirable quartz and silica dust in underground coal mines in southern West Virginia, western Virginia, and eastern Kentucky

Prior research has suggested that the source of respirable silica dust in underground coal mines is typically the immediate top or bottom lithology adjacent to the mined seam, not mineral matter bound within the mined coal bed. Geochemical analyses were applied in an effort to identify the specific source rock of respirable quartz dust in coal mines. The analyses also demonstrate the compositional changes that take place in the generation of the respirable dust fraction from parent rock material. All six mine sites were mining coal with relatively low mineral matter content, although two mines were operating in the Fire Clay coal bed which contains a persistent tonstein. Interpretations of Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, and K concentrations strongly suggest that the top strata above the mined seam is the primary source of mineral dust produced during mining. One site indicates a mixed or bottom source, possibly due to site specific conditions. Respirable dust compositional analyses suggest a direct relationship between the quantity of mineral Si and the quantity of quartz Si. A similar relationship was not found in either the top or bottom rocks adjacent to the mined seam. An apparent loss of elemental Al was noted in the respirable dust fraction when compared to potential parent rock sources. Elemental Al is present in top and bottom rock strata within illite, kaolinite, feldspar, and chlorite. A possible explanation for loss of Al in the respirable dust samples is the removal of clays and possibly chlorite minerals. It is expected that removal of this portion of the Al bearing mineral matter occurs during rock abrasion and dust transport prior to dust capture on the samplers.

06/01487 Arsenic-bearing pyrite and marcasite in the Fire Clay coal bed, Middle Pennsylvanian Breathitt Formation, eastern Kentucky: Ruppert, L. F. et al. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2005, 63, (1–2), 27–35

06/01487 Arsenic-bearing pyrite and marcasite in the Fire Clay coal bed, Middle Pennsylvanian Breathitt Formation, eastern Kentucky: Ruppert, L. F. et al. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2005, 63, (1–2), 27–35

Arsenic-bearing pyrite and marcasite in the Fire Clay coal bed, Middle Pennsylvanian Breathitt Formation, eastern Kentucky

Arsenic concentrations determined on 11 lithotype samples from the Middle Pennsylvanian Breathitt Group Fire Clay coal bed, Leslie County, KY, range from 1 to 418 ppm (whole coal basis). The 11 lithotype samples, which vary in thickness from 4 to 18 cm, were sampled from a continuous 1.38 m channel sample, and were selected based on megascopic appearance (vitrain-rich versus attrital-rich). A lithotype that contains 418 ppm As is located near the top of the coal bed and is composed of 10.5 cm of bright clarain bands containing fusain that, within short distances, grade laterally into Fe sulfide bands. To determine the mode of occurrence of As in this lithotype, the coal was examined with scanning electron microscopy and analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence. Massive, framboidal, cell filling, cell-wall replacement, and radiating forms of Fe sulfide were observed in the high As lithotype; many of the radiating Fe sulfide forms, and one of the cell-wall replacements contained As. Examination of the grains with optical light microscopy shows that the majority of radiating morphologies are pyrite, the remainder are marcasite. Selected Fe sulfide grains were also analyzed by electron microprobe microscopy. Arsenic concentrations within individual grains range from 0.0 wt.% to approximately 3.5 wt.%. On the basis of morphology, these Fe sulfides are presumed to be of syngenetic origin and would probably be removed from the coal during physical coal cleaning, thus eliminating a potential source of As from the coal combustion process. However, because the grains are radiating and have high surface area, dissolution and release of As could occur if the pyrite is oxidized in refuse ponds.

Influence of wet oxidation on the surface area and the porosity of some lignites

Vertically continuous increment samples of the Fire Clay coal bed (mid-Middle Pennsylvanian, late Westphalian B), collected from a portion of the Central Appalachian Basin, were studied palynologically, petrographically and geochemically in order to partially reconstruct the paleoecology and processes associated with peat formation in the ancient Fire Clay paleomire. Results indicate that four compositional groups can be identified. They are: (1) a Lycospora—vitrinite dominant group, characterized by high percentages of Lycospora and vitrinite macerals and generally low, but variable ash yields and sulfur contents; (2) a mixed palynoflora-high vitrinite group that petrographically is similar to group 1 except that it contains a more diverse palynoflora; (3) a mixed palynoflora-moderate/low vitrinite group characterized by various admixtures of lycopsid, fern and calamite miospores, increased percentages of liptinite and inertinite macerals, and low ash yields and sulfur contents; and (4) a mixed palynoflora-high ash yield group characterized by high percentages of small lycopsid, fern, and occasionally calamite and cordaite miospores, high liptinite and inertinite contents, high ash yields, and moderate to high sulfur contents.The Fire Clay coal bed contains a distinctive flint clay parting of probable volcanic origin that naturally divides the bed into two benches. These two benches, (upper and lower), are highly disparte in occurrence, appearance and composition. In the study area the lower bench generally is thin (< 0.5 m), laterally discontinuous and mainly composed of dull (mainly durain) coal lithotypes. Ash yields typically are high; sulfur contents generally are moderate to high. Compositional group 4, the mixed palynoflora—high ash yield group defines all of the increments examined from the lower bench.In contrast, the upper bench is thick (> 0.75 m), laterally continous and mainly comprised of bright (mainly clarain) coal lithotypes. Overall ash yields and sulfur contents for this bench are generally low, although vertical variation is apparent. All of the compositional groups occur in the upper bench; in some columns, notably those that are thick and uninterrupted by clastic partings, groups 1 and 4 often occupy basal coal layers and groups 2 and 3 occur in higher layers. Other columns, especially those taken in areas of thin (< 0.5 m) Fire Clay coal, are dominated by groups 1 and 4.

Depositional history of the Fire Clay coal bed (Late Duckmantian), Eastern Kentucky, USA

More than 3800 coal thickness measurements, proximate analyses from 97 localities, and stratigraphic and sedimentological analyses from more than 300 outcrops and cores were used in conjunction with previously reported palynological and petrographic studies to map individual benches of the coal and document bench-scale variability in the Fire Clay (Hazard No. 4) coal bed across a 1860 km 2 area of the Eastern Kentucky Coal Field. The bench architecture of the Fire Clay coal bed consists of uncommon leader benches, a persistent but variable lower bench, a widespread, and generally thick upper bench, and local, variable rider benches. Rheotrophic conditions are inferred for the leader benches and lower bench based on sedimentological associations, mixed palynomorph assemblages, locally common cannel coal layers, and generally high ash yields. The lower bench consistently exhibits vertical variability in petrography and palynology that reflects changing trophic conditions as topographic depressions infilled. Infilling also led to unconfined flooding and ultimately the drowning of the lower bench mire. The drowned mire was covered by an air-fall volcanic-ash deposit, which produced the characteristic flint clay parting. The extent and uniform thickness of the parting suggests that the ash layer was deposited in water on a relatively flat surface without a thick canopy or extensive standing vegetation across most of the study area. Ash deposits led to regional ponding and establishment of a second planar mire. Because the topography had become a broadly uniform, nutrient-rich surface, upper-bench peats became widespread with large areas of the mire distant to clastic sources. Vertical sections of thick (>70 cm), low-ash yield, upper coal bench show a common palynomorph change from arborescent lycopod dominance upward to fern and densospore-producing, small lycopod dominance, inferred as a shift from planar to ombrotrophic mire phases. Domed mires appear to have been surrounded by wide areas of planar mires, where the coal was thinner (<70 cm), higher in ash yield, and dominated by arborescent lycopods. Rectangular thickness trends suggest that syndepositional faulting influenced peat accumulation, and possibly the position of the domed mire phase. Faulting also influenced post-depositional clastic environments of deposition, resulting in sandstone channels with angular changes in orientation. Channnels and lateral facies were locally draped by high-ash-yield rider coal benches, which sometimes merged with the upper coal bench. These arborescent-lycopod dominant rider coal benches were profoundly controlled by paleotopography, much like the leader coal benches. Each of the benches of coal documented here represent distinctly different mires that came together to form the Fire Clay coal bed, rather than a single mire periodically split by clastic influx. This is significant as each bench of the coal has its own characteristics, which contribute to the total coal characteristics. The large data set allows interpretation of both vertical and lateral limits to postulated domed phases in the upper coal bench, and to the delineation of subtle tectonic structures that allow for meaningful thickness projections beyond the limits of present mining.

Lanthanide, yttrium, and zirconium anomalies in the Fire Clay coal bed, Eastern Kentucky

The Fire Clay coal bed in the Central Appalachian basin region contains a laterally-persistent tonstein that is found in the coal throughout most of its areal extent. The tonstein contains an array of minerals, including sanidine, β-quartz, anatase and euhedral zircon, that constitutes strong evidence for a volcanic origin of the parting. For this study, five samples of the tonstein and four sets of coal samples underlying the tonstein were collected from five sites in eastern Kentucky. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) analysis of the tonstein and underlying coal collected from four sites in eastern Kentucky show that although Zr concentrations are high in the tonstein (570–1820 ppm on a coal-ash basis (cab)), they are highest in the coal directly underlying the tonstein (2870–4540 ppm (cab)). A similar enrichment pattern is observed in the concentration of Y plus the sum of the rare earth elements (Y+∑REE): total Y+∑REE concentrations in the five tonstein samples range from 511 to 565 ppm (cab). However, Y+∑REE contents are highest in the coals directly underlying the tonsteins: values range from 1965 to 4198 ppm (cab). Scanning electron microscopy of samples from coal which directly underlies two of the tonstein samples show that REE-rich phosphate, tentatively identified as monazite, commonly infills cracks in clays and cells in clarain and vitrain. Zircon is rare and commonly subhedral. On the basis of coal chemistry and grain morphology, we suggest that volcanic components in the tonstein were leached by ground water. The leachate, rich in Y and REE precipitated as authigenic mineral phases in the underlying coal.

Arsenic and lead concentrations in the Pond Creek and Fire Clay coal beds, eastern Kentucky coal field

The Middle Pennsylvanian Breathitt Formation (Westphalian B) Pond Creek and Fire Clay coal beds are the 2 largest producing coal beds in eastern Kentucky. Single channel samples from 22 localities in the Pond Creek coal bed were obtained from active coal mines in Pike and Martin Countries, Kentucky, and a total of 18 Fire Clay coal bed channel samples were collected from localities in the central portion of the coal field. The overall objective of this study was to investigate the concentration and distribution of potentially hazardous elements in the Fire Clay and Pond Creek coal beds, with particular emphasis on As and Pb, 2 elements that are included in the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments as potential air toxics. The 2 coals are discussed individually as the depositional histories are distinct, the Fire Clay coal bed having more sites where relatively high-S lithologies are encountered. In an effort to characterize these coals, 40 whole channel samples, excluding 1-cm partings, were analyzed for major, minor and trace elements by X-ray fluorescence and proton-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy. Previously analyzed samples were added to provide additional geographic coverage and lithotype samples from one site were analyzed in order to provide detail of vertical elemental trends. The As and Pb levels in the Fire Clay coal bed tend to be higher than in the Pond Creek coal bed. One whole channel sample of the Fire Clay coal bed contains 1156 ppm As (ash basis), with a single lithotype containing 4000 ppm As (ash basis). Most of the As and Pb appears to be associated with pyrite, which potentially can be removed in beneficiation (particularly coarser pyrite). Disseminated finer pyrite may not be completely removable by cleaning. In the examination of pyrite conducted in this study, it does not appear that significant concentration of As or Pb occurs in the finer pyrite forms. The biggest potential problem of As- or Pb-enriched pyrite is, therefore, one of refuse disposal.

95/00029 Lithologic and geochemical investigations of the Fire Clay coal bed, southeastern Kentucky, in the vicinity of sandstone washouts

95/00029 Lithologic and geochemical investigations of the Fire Clay coal bed, southeastern Kentucky, in the vicinity of sandstone washouts

Lithologic and geochemical investigations of the Fire Clay coal bed, southeastern Kentucky, in the vicinity of sandstone washouts

The Fire Clay (Hazard No. 4) coal bed of the Middle Pennsylvanian Breathitt Formation in eastern Kentucky is interrupted by a series of discontinuous sandstone bodies. This sand belt, which includes two washouts, was studied in Perry County. The coal thickens toward the interruptions and the coal between the sand bodies is highly disturbed. Several prominent durains in the upper bench of the coal bed are laterally continuous within the study area. Statistical analysis indicates that the durain layers contribute much of the vertical coal quality variation. The sandstone bodies are inferred to be a result of post-depositional fluvial activity and the disturbance of the coal between washouts is due to compaction-related slumping. A thin kaolinite-rich lens similar to the flint clay parting was found below the main parting.

Paleoecology of the Fire Clay coal bed in a portion of the Eastern Kentucky Coal Field

Vertically continuous increment samples of the Fire Clay coal bed (mid-Middle Pennsylvanian, late Westphalian B), collected from a portion of the Central Appalachian Basin, were studied palynologically, petrographically and geochemically in order to partially reconstruct the paleoecology and processes associated with peat formation in the ancient Fire Clay paleomire. Results indicate that four compositional groups can be identified. They are: (1) a Lycospora—vitrinite dominant group, characterized by high percentages of Lycospora and vitrinite macerals and generally low, but variable ash yields and sulfur contents; (2) a mixed palynoflora-high vitrinite group that petrographically is similar to group 1 except that it contains a more diverse palynoflora; (3) a mixed palynoflora-moderate/low vitrinite group characterized by various admixtures of lycopsid, fern and calamite miospores, increased percentages of liptinite and inertinite macerals, and low ash yields and sulfur contents; and (4) a mixed palynoflora-high ash yield group characterized by high percentages of small lycopsid, fern, and occasionally calamite and cordaite miospores, high liptinite and inertinite contents, high ash yields, and moderate to high sulfur contents. The Fire Clay coal bed contains a distinctive flint clay parting of probable volcanic origin that naturally divides the bed into two benches. These two benches, (upper and lower), are highly disparte in occurrence, appearance and composition. In the study area the lower bench generally is thin (< 0.5 m), laterally discontinuous and mainly composed of dull (mainly durain) coal lithotypes. Ash yields typically are high; sulfur contents generally are moderate to high. Compositional group 4, the mixed palynoflora—high ash yield group defines all of the increments examined from the lower bench. In contrast, the upper bench is thick (> 0.75 m), laterally continous and mainly comprised of bright (mainly clarain) coal lithotypes. Overall ash yields and sulfur contents for this bench are generally low, although vertical variation is apparent. All of the compositional groups occur in the upper bench; in some columns, notably those that are thick and uninterrupted by clastic partings, groups 1 and 4 often occupy basal coal layers and groups 2 and 3 occur in higher layers. Other columns, especially those taken in areas of thin (< 0.5 m) Fire Clay coal, are dominated by groups 1 and 4.

Coal resources, production, and quality in the Eastern kentucky coal field: Perspectives on the future of steam coal production

The Eastern Kentucky coal field, along with adjacent portions of Virginia and southern West Virginia, is part of the greatest production concentration of high-heating-value, low-sulfur coal in the United States, accounting for over 27% of the 1993 U.S. production of coal of all ranks. Eastern Kentucky's production is spread among many coal beds but is particularly concentrated in a limited number of highquality coals, notably the Pond Creek coal bed and its correlatives, and the Fire Clay coal bed and its correlatives. Both coals are relatively low ash and low sulfur through the areas of the heaviest concentration of mining activity. We discuss production trends, resources, and the quality of in-place and clean coal for those and other major coals in the region.

High-Sulfur Coals in the Eastern Kentucky Coal Field

The Eastern Kentucky coal field is notable for relatively low-sulfur, [open quotes]compliance[close quotes] coals. Virtually all of the major coals in this area do have regions in which higher sulfur lithotypes are common, if not dominant, within the lithologic profile. Three Middle Pennsylvanian coals, each representing a major resource, exemplify this. The Clintwood coal bed is the stratigraphically lowest coal bed mined throughout the coal field. In Whitley County, the sulfur content increase from 0.6% at the base to nearly 12% in the top lithotype. Pyrite in the high-sulfur lithotype is a complex mixture of sub- to few-micron syngenetic forms and massive epigenetic growths. The stratigraphically higher Pond Creek coal bed is extensively mined in portions of the coal field. Although generally low in sulfur, in northern Pike and southern Martin counties the top one-third can have up to 6% sulfur. Uniformly low-sulfur profiles can occur within a few hundred meters of high-sulfur coal. Pyrite occurs as 10-50 [mu]m euhedra and coarser massive forms. In this case, sulfur distribution may have been controlled by sandstone channels in the overlying sediments. High-sulfur zones in the lower bench of the Fire Clay coal bed, the stratigraphically highest coal bed considered here, aremore » more problematical. The lower bench, which is of highly variable thickness and quality, generally is overlain by a kaolinitic flint clay, the consequence of a volcanic ash fall into the peat swamp. In southern Perry and Letcher counties, a black, illite-chlorite clay directly overlies the lower bench. General lack of lateral continuity of lithotypes in the lower bench suggests that the precursor swamp consisted of discontinuous peat-forming environments that were spatially variable and regularly inundated by sediments. Some of the peat-forming areas may have been marshlike in character.« less

Compositional Characteristics of the Fire Clay Coal Bed in a Portion of Eastern Kentucky

The Fire Clay (Hazard No. 4) coal bed (Middle Pennsylvanian Breathitt Formation) is one of the most extensively mined coal in eastern Kentucky. The coal is used for metallurgical and steam end uses and, with its low sulfur content, should continue to be a prime steam coal. This study focuses on the petrology, mineralogy, ash geochemistry, and palynology of the coal in an eight 7.5-min quadrangle area of Leslie, Perry, Knott, and Letcher counties.

Paleoecological interpretation of a middle Pennsylvanian coal bed in the central Appalachian basin, U.S.A.

At least 180 small spore species assignable to 62 miospore genera have been identified from the Middle Pennsylvanian Hernshaw coal bed in southern West Virginia, and its stratigraphic equivalent, the Fire Clay coal bed, in eastern Kentucky. The established natural affinities of a majority of these miospore taxa indicate that the Hernshaw-Fire Clay peat swamp supported a diverse flora consisting of arborescent and “herbaceous” lycopods, ferns (tree-like and small varities), calamities and cordaites. Four floral groupings are recognized in the Hernshaw-Fire Clay coal bed. The inferred paleoecology and vertical stratification of each of these four floral groupings is similar in structure to the “phasic” floral communities found in modern domed peat systems, suggesting that the ancient Hernshaw-Fire Clay peat swamp was a domed deposit. Compositional characteristics (petrographic make up, ash yield and sulfur content) associated with the four groupings are consistent with, and support this interpretation. Where uninterrupted by inorganic partings, the Hernshaw-Fire Clay coal bed commonly contains basal coal layers dominated by Lycospora-bearing arborescent lycopods, with successive increments showing a progression to a more fern- and “herbaceous”-lycopod-dominant flora in younger layers. These observations are corroborated by petrographic analyses, which show the bed to be compositionally stratified. Increments dominated by Lycospora have high vitrinite contents, in contrast to increments containing increased percentages of fern- and “herbaceous”-lycopod-affiliated taxa that are enriched in inertinite macerals. The volcanic ash fall, preserved as the flint-clay parting in the Hernshaw-Fire Clay coal bed, had a considerable effect on the development of the ancient Hernshaw-Fire Clay peat swamp. Besides interrupting peat formation, the presence of an inorganic substrate represent a major change in edaphic conditions within the swamp. This disruption is demonstrated by a change in palynflora and by the establishment and proliferation of some plant groups, notably cordaites and calamites, that may have been better adapted to growth on mineral soils. These palynologic and petrographic relationships, thought to be indicative of a domed peat-swamp origin, are not confined to the Hernshaw-Fire Clay coal bed, but appear to be characteristic of many coal beds in the Appalachian basin, and also of coal beds in other basins.

Stratigraphic framework and nomenclatural problems in the Pennsylvanian of the Cumberland overthrust sheet, Kentucky and Tennessee

A reassessment of the stratigraphic framework of the Middle Pennsylvanian section in the Cumberland overthrust sheet of Kentucky and Tennessee indicates the need for a revision of correlations and stratigraphic nomenclature. By correlating the Walnut Mountain coal bed, which previously had been mapped in the Hignite Formation, with the Windrock (Fire Clay) coal bed, which defines the base of the underlying Catron Formation, many Pennsylvanian stratigraphic problems are resolved. The new correlation and the identification in measured sections and drillhole logs of regionally extensive marine units help show that these rocks are part of an orderly stratigraphic prism that thickens southeastward.

A Preliminary Report on the Microscopy of Anthracite Coal

Previous articleNext article FreeA Preliminary Report on the Microscopy of Anthracite CoalHomer G. Turner and H. R. RandallHomer G. Turner Search for more articles by this author and H. R. Randall Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Geology Volume 31, Number 4May - Jun., 1923 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/623022 Views: 30Total views on this site Citations: 24Citations are reported from Crossref PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:James C. Hower, Cortland F. Eble, Jennifer M.K. O'Keefe Phyteral perspectives: Every maceral tells a story, International Journal of Coal Geology 247 (Nov 2021): 103849.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2021.103849James C. Hower, Jennifer M.K. O'Keefe, Bruno Valentim, Alexandra Guedes Contrasts in maceral textures in progressive metamorphism versus near-surface hydrothermal metamorphism, International Journal of Coal Geology 246 (Oct 2021): 103840.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2021.103840James C. Hower, Cortland F. Eble, Jennifer M.K. O'Keefe History of applied coal petrology in the United States. IV. Reflections on the centennial of the introduction of coal petrology to North America, International Journal of Coal Geology 229 (Sep 2020): 103576.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2020.103576Jennifer M.K. O'Keefe, Achim Bechtel, Kimon Christanis, Shifeng Dai, William A. DiMichele, Cortland F. Eble, Joan S. Esterle, Maria Mastalerz, Anne L. Raymond, Bruno V. Valentim, Nicola J. Wagner, Colin R. Ward, James C. Hower On the fundamental difference between coal rank and coal type, International Journal of Coal Geology 118 (Oct 2013): 58–87.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2013.08.007Richard B. 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Blaine Cecil Stratigraphic variation in bulk sample mineralogy of Pennsylvanian underclays from the central Appalachian basin, (Jan 1989): 112–118.https://doi.org/10.1029/FT143p0112Richard B. Winston, Ronald W. Stanton Plants, coal, and climate in the Pennslvanian of the central Appalachians, (Jan 1989): 118–126.https://doi.org/10.1029/FT143p0118William C. Grady A petrographic evaluation of environments of accumulation of the Pocahontas No. 3 coal bed in southwestern West Virginia, (Jan 1989): 127–133.https://doi.org/10.1029/FT143p0127Cortland F. Eble, William C. Grady, William H. Gillespie Palynology, petrography and paleoecology of the Hernshaw - Fire clay coal bed in the central Appalachian Basin, (Jan 1989): 133–142.https://doi.org/10.1029/FT143p0133G. Erdtman Literature on Palynology. XI, Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar 70, no.22 (Jan 2010): 295–328.https://doi.org/10.1080/11035894809454088C. Y. Hsieh Some New Methods in Coal Petrography, Bulletin of the Geological Society of China 9, no.33 (May 2009): 311–320.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6724.1930.mp9003009.xAlan Stuart Observations on the Micropetrology of South Wales Anthracite, Geological Magazine 61, no.88 (May 2009): 360–366.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756800086611A.E. Trueman The geology of the Swansea district, Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 35, no.44 (Jan 1924): 283–308.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7878(24)80010-X

The Chester Series in Illinois

Next article FreeThe Chester Series in IllinoisStuart WellerStuart Weller Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Geology Volume 28, Number 4May - Jun., 1920 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/622715 Views: 76Total views on this site Citations: 20Citations are reported from Crossref PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Spencer G. Lucas, Joerg W. Schneider, Svetlana Nikolaeva, Xiangdong Wang The Carboniferous chronostratigraphic scale: history, status and prospectus, Geological Society, London, Special Publications 512, no.11 (Apr 2021): 19–48.https://doi.org/10.1144/SP512-2020-210David C. Kopaska-Merkel, Douglas W. Haywick, Richard G. Keyes A new mound-building biota from the lower Carboniferous of Alabama, Journal of Paleontology 94, no.33 (Jan 2020): 436–456.https://doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2019.103C. Blaine Cecil, Cortland Eble, C. Blaine Cecil, James C. Cobb, Donald R. Chestnut, Heinz Damberger, Kenneth J. Englund Carboniferous Geology of the Eastern United States: St. Louis, Missouri to Washington, D.C. June 28–July 8, 1989, (Jan 1989).https://doi.org/10.1029/FT143J. Treworgy, R. Norby Overview of the Mississippian in the Illinois basin, (Jan 1989): 1–17.https://doi.org/10.1029/FT143p0001Heinz H. Damberger The Pennsvlvanian of the southern Illinois basin: The nature of the sub-Pennsylvanian unconformity, (Jan 1989): 17–19.https://doi.org/10.1029/FT143p0017Heinz H. Damberger Overview of the Pennsylvanian in the Illinois Basin, (Jan 1989): 20–37.https://doi.org/10.1029/FT143p0020Donald R. Chesnut, James C. Cobb Guide to the carboniferous rocks of Kentucky, (Jan 1989): 38–50.https://doi.org/10.1029/FT143p0038Stephen F. Greb Mammoth Cave, (Jan 1989): 50–56.https://doi.org/10.1029/FT143p0050Donald R. Chesnut Pennsylvanian rocks of the eastern Kentucky coal field, (Jan 1989): 57–64.https://doi.org/10.1029/FT143p0057James C. Cobb, Donald R. Chesnut Resource perspectives of coal in eastern Kentucky, (Jan 1989): 64–83.https://doi.org/10.1029/FT143p0064C. Blaine Cecil, Kenneth J. Englund Origin of coal deposits and associated rocks in the carboniferous of the Appalachian Basin, (Jan 1989): 84–104.https://doi.org/10.1029/FT143p0084C.B. Cecil, J.C. Cobb, D.R. Chesnut, H. Damberger, K.J. Englund Preface, (Jan 1989): ix–ix.https://doi.org/10.1029/FT143p00ixAlan C. Donaldson, Cortland F. Eble Morgantown area stops, (Jan 1989): 104–111.https://doi.org/10.1029/FT143p0104Frank T. Dulong, C. Blaine Cecil Stratigraphic variation in bulk sample mineralogy of Pennsylvanian underclays from the central Appalachian basin, (Jan 1989): 112–118.https://doi.org/10.1029/FT143p0112Richard B. Winston, Ronald W. Stanton Plants, coal, and climate in the Pennslvanian of the central Appalachians, (Jan 1989): 118–126.https://doi.org/10.1029/FT143p0118William C. Grady A petrographic evaluation of environments of accumulation of the Pocahontas No. 3 coal bed in southwestern West Virginia, (Jan 1989): 127–133.https://doi.org/10.1029/FT143p0127Cortland F. Eble, William C. Grady, William H. Gillespie Palynology, petrography and paleoecology of the Hernshaw - Fire clay coal bed in the central Appalachian Basin, (Jan 1989): 133–142.https://doi.org/10.1029/FT143p0133Keith Stewart Thomson III.—On the Relationships of Certain Carboniferous Dipnoi; with Descriptions of Four New Forms, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biology 69, no.3-43-4 (Jun 2012): 221–245.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0080455X0000117X Paul Edwin Potter , and Raymond Siever A Comparative Study of Upper Chester and Lower Pennsylvanian Stratigraphic Variability, The Journal of Geology 63, no.55 (Sep 2015): 429–451.https://doi.org/10.1086/626286 David H. Swann , and Elwood Atherton Subsurface Correlations of Lower Chester Strata of the Eastern Interior Basin, The Journal of Geology 56, no.44 (Sep 2015): 269–287.https://doi.org/10.1086/625526