Fire Administration Research Articles

Differential Inflammatory Cytokine Elaboration in Serum from Brick Kiln Workers in Bhaktapur, Nepal.

Previous studies involving workers at brick kilns in the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal have investigated chronic exposure to hazardous levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) common in ambient and occupational environments. Such exposures are known to cause and/or exacerbate chronic respiratory diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. However, there is a paucity of data regarding the status of systemic inflammation observed in exposed workers at brick manufacturing facilities within the country. In the current study, we sought to elucidate systemic inflammatory responses by quantifying the molecular cytokine/chemokine profiles in serum from the study participants. A sample of participants were screened from a kiln in Bhaktapur, Nepal (n = 32; 53% female; mean ± standard deviation: 28.42 ± 11.47 years old) and grouped according to job category. Blood was procured from participants on-site, allowed to clot at room temperature, and centrifuged to obtain total serum. A human cytokine antibody array was used to screen the inflammatory mediators in serum samples from each of the participants. For the current study, four job categories were evaluated with n = 8 for each. Comparisons were generated between a control group of administration workers vs. fire master workers, administration workers vs. green brick hand molders, and administration workers vs. top loaders. We discovered significantly increased concentrations of eotaxin-1, eotaxin-2, GCSF, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TGF-β1, TNF-α, and TIMP-2 in serum samples from fire master workers vs. administration workers (p < 0.05). Each of these molecules was also significantly elevated in serum from green brick hand molders compared to administration workers (p < 0.05). Further, each molecule in the inflammatory screening with the exception of TIMP-2 was significantly elevated in serum from top loaders compared to administration workers (p < 0.05). With few exceptions, the fire master workers expressed significantly more systemic inflammatory molecular abundance when compared to all other job categories. These results reveal an association between pulmonary exposure to PM2.5 and systemic inflammatory responses likely mediated by cytokine/chemokine elaboration. The additional characterization of a broader array of inflammatory molecules may provide valuable insight into the susceptibility to lung diseases among this population.

Differential serum inflammatory cytokine elaboration in Nepali brick factory workers

Previous studies involving workers at brick kilns in the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal have revealed chronic exposure to hazardous levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) common in ambient and occupational environments. Such exposures are known to cause and/or exacerbate chronic respiratory diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, there is a paucity of data regarding the systemic inflammatory status of exposed workers at brick manufacturing facilities. In the current study, we sought to elucidate systemic inflammatory responses by quantifying the molecular cytokine/chemokine profiles in serum from study participants. A sample of participants (N = 48; 54% female; 31.77±9.76 years-old) were distributed among four different job categories. Blood was procured from participants on-site, allowed to clot at room temperature, and centrifuged to obtain total serum. A human cytokine antibody array was used to screen cytokines/chemokines in serum samples. Comparisons were generated between a control group of administration workers vs. fire master workers, administration vs. green brick hand molders, and administration vs. top loaders. We discovered significantly increased concentrations of eotaxin-1, eotaxin-2, GCSF, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-1γα, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TGF-β1, TNF-α, and TIMP-2 in serum samples from fire master workers vs. administration (p &lt; 0.03). Each of these molecules, with the exception of TIMP-2, were also significantly elevated in the serum from green brick hand molders (p &lt; 0.02). In addition, each molecule was significantly elevated in serum from top loaders compared to administration workers (p &lt; 0.03). With few exceptions, the fire master workers expressed significantly more systemic inflammatory molecular abundance when compared to all other job descriptions. These results reveal an association between pulmonary exposure to PM2.5 and systemic inflammatory responses likely mediated by cytokine/chemokine elaboration. Additional characterization of a broader array of inflammatory molecules may provide valuable insight into susceptibility to lung diseases including COPD. This work was supported in part by funding from Undergraduate Mentoring and a Widtsoe Research Grant from Brigham Young University. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

소방특별사법경찰의 수사에 관한 직무집행능력 향상 방안연구

This study focuses on fire special judicial police and measures to improve their ability to carry out their duties regarding investigations by securing expertise as the subject of investigation of violators of fire laws and regulations in the area of fire administration, improving the hiring system, establishing a unified investigation-only organization, and strengthening the education and training system. The purpose is to present. The research method was an exploratory analysis of related previous research papers, statistical yearbooks such as the National Fire Agency, operation cases in foreign countries such as the United States, various government reports, homepages of Korean government ministries, and media reports. As a result of the analysis, there are only a very small number of personnel dedicated to investigative work, most of them hold other positions concurrently, the investigative position does not have a division-level structure, so independence is not secured, there is no public recruitment or special recruitment system for fire chiefs or lower to perform front-line investigative work, and no training for job training. Course opening was also insufficient. In conclusion, avoid the new investigative field recruitment or special recruitment system and rotational personnel system, designate the fire and special judicial police duties as a specialized field, ensure job continuity, establish a unified organization, develop a job training course, and complete at least 6 months of professional training. The introduction of an education system should be implemented quickly.

The Effect of Mandatory Fitness Requirements on Cardiovascular Events: A State-by-State Analysis Using a National Database.

Cardiovascular events are known to be the leading cause of death among on-duty firefighters. Implementing fitness standards may help reduce the incidence of cardiovascular deaths; however, standards vary between firefighter type and states. We aimed to investigate the rate of cardiovascular events among firefighters across states. Using publicly available data from the United States Fire Administration, we explored the rates of cardiovascular deaths between firefighter type (e.g., career, volunteer, and wildland) and state. Specifically, we examined rates of cardiovascular deaths between California and Tennessee, which have fitness standards for all firefighters, and New York, which does not have fitness standards for volunteer firefighters. We used descriptive statistics and trend analysis to examine the data. Most cardiovascular events occur among volunteer firefighters (60.6%, n = 877). Volunteer firefighters had 7.5 (95% CI = [4.8, 11.7], p < .001) greater odds of cardiovascular events compared to wildland firefighters, who had the lowest incidence of cardiovascular events (1.7%, n = 24). New York reported the most cardiovascular events (n = 161), primarily among volunteer firefighters (73.9%, n = 119). After the passage of legislation mandating fitness standards in California, a downtrend in the number of volunteer firefighter fatalities is observed. However, a null effect was observed in Tennessee after the passage of similar fitness standards as in California. Volunteer firefighters are significantly more likely to die of a cardiovascular event than career and wildland firefighters, both of which have stricter fitness standards. However, the effect of legislation mandating stricter fitness standards among volunteers did not produce a clear benefit for preventing fatalities. Nurses need to promote cardiovascular health among volunteer firefighters.

Characterizing egress components for wheelchair users in dormitory building fires

People with disabilities are among the most vulnerable groups in building fires. According to the U.S. Fire Administration, an estimated 700 home fires involve people with physical disabilities each year. In parallel, the National Fire Protection Association estimates that 11% of civilian fire deaths were people with disabilities. Despite these statistics, the current body of literature shows few studies focused on the evacuation of disabled people. To bridge this knowledge gap, this paper presents findings on the evacuation processes of wheelchair users in a low-rise apartment (dormitory) building. More specifically, we simulate 1–3 wheelchair users in a dormitory building at our home institution via 327 simulations to examine evacuation time as well as identify structural aids and barriers. As a byproduct of this research, a new dynamic structural ranking system of egress components is proposed for wheelchair users, and a series of suggestions for structural modifications to improve the egressibility of the simulated building are provided.

Overexertion and heat stress in the fire service: a new conceptual framework.

From the year 2000, the United States Fire Administration (USFA) has been recording all line-of-duty deaths in the fire service. Stress or overexertion caused 1096 out of 2598 total line-of-duty deaths in the United States from 2000 to 2021. Those deaths due to stress or overexertion were further classified as myocardial infarction (90%), cerebrovascular accident (6.8%), other (2.6%), and heat exhaustion (0.6%). Environmental heat exposure is a concern in firefighting, as firefighters work in extreme conditions, such as high ambient temperatures, while wearing protective clothing. Heat stress is not only hazardous to the cardiovascular system, but may accentuate muscle fatigue and overexertion. In addition, overexertion itself is related to increased incidence of musculoskeletal injuries, usually to the lower extremities. Further, there is a strong physiological mechanistic link to suggest that the increased occupational heat exposure and thermoregulatory strain firefighters experience may be a stressor that increases the risk of injuries. This commentary hopes to show the need for further research on the effects of occupational exposures and physiological strain in the fire service.

재난대응 역량 강화를 위한 소방청 직제 재구조화에 관한 연구

Although the fire department system has the position of a general agency for onshore disaster response. it is being criticized for limiting the realization of responsible administration because the organization is not functionally differentiated. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to propose an alternative to the reorganization of the fire department unit as a function-oriented central administrative agency suitable for disaster respones due to the rapidly changing disaster environment by taking an exploratory approach from the administrative. disaster management, and functional aspects. To this end, a total of 200 experts and firefighters were selected as the population through prior research such as literature and government agency press releases, telephone interviews and e-mail survey methods. external cooperation, firefighting criminal investigation, personnel budget, policy development, and firefighting industry promotion. As a result of the study, the current fire service system is a system that does not reflect the expansion of the firefighting area at all, such as the purpose of enactment of the competent law, increase in demand for fire administration. changes in fire administration, increase in people’s safety needs. and demand for ability to respond to large-scale disasters. in other words, it is a central administrative agency that cannot perform tasks with responsibility and autonomy. it was analyzed that the fire service is required to operate in a seven-country system by adding three more countries form the current four-country system. In conclusion, the fire department system is operated at a minimum functionally diffentiated by seven countries, and if it is difficult to organize at the national level based on the laws under the jurisdiction, it is necessary to supplement the efficient law enforcement by establishing a divisional system in individual laws. in addition, a structured organization that reflects the identity of the organization and individual laws. in addition, a structured organization that reflects the identity of the organization and guarantees the accuracy, clarity, and promptness of the job should be preceded. however, in the process of promoting such policy changes, an organization’s self-interested approach should be wary of.

409 Prevalence Of Atherosclerosis And Plaque Types Among Firefighters Assessed By CCTA-based Quantitative Coronary Plaque Analysis

Introduction: The United States Fire Administration names heart attacks as the leading cause of death for active-duty firefighters. About half of on-duty firefighter deaths were caused by heart attacks in the last decade alone. Given the nature of firefighters' jobs and the physical demands they are exposed to, firefighters might have unique risk factors that are predictive of heart disease. The study's objective is to explore the plaque burden and plaque type in this population.

A Study of the Relationship between Volunteer Fire Brigade Management and the Efficiency of the Fire Administrations of Metropolitan Governments

This study sought to analyze the relationship between the operation of volunteer fire brigades and the efficiency of fire-fighting administrations. To this end, the efficiency of the fire-fighting administrations of 16 metropolitan and provincial governments in South Korea were measured using data envelopment analysis (DEA) from 2011 to 2018. In addition, the relationship between the operation efficiency of the volunteer fire brigade and the fire administration was analyzed using a Tobit regression model. DEA found that the technical efficiency based on constant returns to scale was 82.78 ± 18.12%, the technical efficiency based on variable returns to scale was 89.31 ± 12.46%, and the efficiency of the scale was 91.72 ± 10.56%. Tobit regression analysis found the ratio of volunteer fire brigade personnel, the budget ratio of the volunteer fire brigade, and the enforcement of the Act on the Establishment and Operation of Volunteer Fire Brigades to have significant positive effects on the pure technical efficiency of local governments. In addition, when the ratio of volunteer fire brigade personnel or ratio of budget had a positive effect on the efficiency of fire administration, the enforcement of the volunteer fire brigade statute exerted a positive adjustment effect. This study thus shows that volunteer fire brigades have a positive impact on the efficiency of the fire-fighting administrations of metropolitan and provincial governments.

Gender in Emergency Services: Foundations for Greater Equity in Professional Codes of Ethics

The lack of gender equity in the public sector is a critical issue, especially for emergency services. We explore the gendered nature of firefighting and policing at both professional and organizational levels. We assess gender equity by asking the following questions: (1) How have understandings of gender in emergency services evolved over time? (2) What are the normative implications of emergency services’ lack of gender equity? We draw from feminist literature to critique the lack of progress and examine firefighting and policing histories along with the professional ethics codes of the U.S. Fire Administration and the International Association of Chiefs of Police. This analysis demonstrates the potential to foster greater gender equity in emergency services and other public organizations by suggesting means of improving ethics codes that serve as foundations for organizational cultures, policies, and practices

Impact of Fire Demand on Fire Service Budget

This paper aimed to statistically analyze the impact of fire needs not considered in previous reports based on preventive and preparedness strategies of fire administration and fire budget.. The panel data came from 16 metropolitan councils from 2008 to 2018 and was statistically analyzed based on the preventive measures of the fire administration (agreement for building permission, specific target for fire-fighting, public use facilities, and special fire inspection [SFI]), preparedness of the fire administration (fire safety education [FSE]), response of the fire administration (mobilization for fire suppression [MFS] and mobilization for ambulance service [MAS]), and fire budget. In the results, SFI, FSE, and MFS had a significant negative influence on the fire budget. Meanwhile, MAS had a significant positive effect on the fire budget (p &lt; 0.01). These results reflect public policy in Korea; there has been a paradigm shift in fire administration: from disaster acceptance (focusing on recovery) to disaster response (focusing on field response) to disaster preparedness (focusing on preparedness).

Effect of Preventive and Prepared Fire Administration on Response Fire Administration

This study aimed to provide an empirical analysis of the effect of preventive fire administration (PVFA) and prepared fire administration (PPFA) on response fire administration (RPFA) in fire service organizations in Korea. To this end, panel data was collected from 16 metropolitan councils from the period of 2008 to 2018 and statistically analyzed using PVFA, PPFA, and RPFA. The independent variables were PVFA and PPFA, while the dependent variable was RPFA. The analysis of the current situation of the specific target for firefighting (STFF), public use facilities, proof of completion of safety families for public use facilities, and special fire inspection were sub-variables of PVFA. Fire safety education (FSE) and the mobilization for fire suppression (MFS) were sub-variables of PPFA and RPFA, respectively. In the results, STFF and FSE had a significant positive influence on the MFS. This study will contribute to the basic research regarding the investigation of the effectivity of fire service organizations in Korea.

An Analysis on the Effects of Educational Training of New Fire Officers on Job Implementation

Existing verification research for how effectively the educational training of new fire officers has been applied to actual fieldwork is extremely insignificant. This is because only a few studies have empirically verified job implementation according to job satisfaction, which is believed to have a great influence on various aspects such as learner traits, educational programs, and learning outcomes. Moreover, it is necessary to conduct an empirical investigation regarding the effects of learner traits, educational programs, and learning outcomes on disaster scenes and the job implementation of fire administration on new fire officers. This study aims to provide an empirical analysis of the effects of educational training of new fire officers on job implementation. It has been identified that learner traits and learning outcomes have an effect on job satisfaction. Accordingly, job satisfaction, educational programs, learning outcomes, and learner traits have a significant effect (P &lt; 0.05) on job implementation.

Cancer Perceptions Among Smokeless Tobacco Users: A Qualitative Study of US Firefighters.

BackgroundPrevalence rates of smokeless tobacco (SLT) use among firefighters are remarkably high and substantially higher than similar occupational groups and the general U.S. population. The purpose of this study was to explore the perspectives of fire service personnel regarding cancer and its associations with tobacco and SLT use.MethodsThis descriptive study used a qualitative approach. Key informant interviews were conducted in 39 career firefighters and fire service administration from across the U.S. Discussion were recorded, transcribed verbatim and transferred to NVivo software for narrative analysis. Topics explored included cancer perceptions, attitudes and beliefs, and cultural factors related to SLT use behaviors. Results: Major themes that emerged among fire service personnel included concerns about cancer and its risk factors including firefighting tasks, such as fire overhaul operations, and from their lifestyle behaviors, such as alcohol and tobacco use. Firefighters also suggested a number of reasons for their increased SLT use, such as fire department tobacco-free policy and fire service culture.ConclusionThe current study provides a rich foundation for future research, prevention, and intervention efforts for the fire service and research communities regarding tobacco and SLT use and cancer risk. Additional research on firefighters' cancer beliefs deserves future research in order to improve messaging about the risks of cancer due to firefighting.

How much is the fire “cost” in the modern world?

The article provides information on the “cost” of fires (losses from fires and the cost of fighting fires) in different ­countries of the world at the beginning of the XXI century. The presented assessment of the “cost” of fires (direct losses from fires, indirect losses, fire services expenditures, the cost of fire protection systems of buildings and the cost of fire insurance administration) was obtained based on an analysis of data from the World Fire Statistics Center (WFSC) for the period 1981–2011. It is shown that on average, direct losses from fires for all countries is estimated at 0.21 % of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), indirect losses — 0.04 % (five times less than direct). The fire services expenditures is 0.16 % of GDP, fire protection of buildings — 0.28 % and cost of insurance administration — 0.11 %. In general, for 20 developed countries fire losses account for 0.25 % of GDP, the cost of fight­ing them is 0.57 % of GDP, i. e. costs are more than three times the losses. On average, the “cost” of fires in these 20 countries is 0.8 % of GDP. If we add to this the social losses associated with the fire deaths and fire injuries, the costs of research, training for the fire department, etc., then the “cost” of fires will be about 1–2 % of GDP. The presented estimate of the “cost” of fires in the United States based on reports from the National Fire Protec­tion Association (NFPA) of the United States. The data on the “costs” of fires of the WFSC and NFPA are compared. Quite reliable estimates of the “costs” of fires in the modern world have been obtained.

Structural Relationship among Social Capital, Knowledge Sharing, and Service Performance in the Fire Administration

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of social capital on knowledge sharing and the effect of knowledge sharing on the service performance of fire service administration. The structural relationship among those variables were analyzed based on the data collected from fire service officers in Gyeongnam province in South Korea. This study categorized social capital into three dimensions: structural, cognitive and relational. The results of this study are as follows. Both structural social capital and cognitive social capital have a statistically significant effect on information sharing, while the effect of relational social capital is not significant. This finding implies that, the higher level of understanding of common goal, vision sharing and organizational sharing culture among members, the more information sharing among members is promoted. However, relational social capital does not increase information sharing among members. It is also confirmed that fire service performance can be improved when information sharing is maximized by facilitating structural social capital. Further studies should address temporal patterns of their service performance and different effects by different organizational culture.

Dust explosion hazard in the textile industry

The textile industry is not considered among those at high dust explosion risk, as official statistics (CSB 2010, Abbasi and Abbasi 2007, Yuan et al. 2015) account for a low incidence of episodes. Despite these data, there is also evidence that dust explosions may affect the textile industry with severe consequences. The Harbin linen explosion in China ( Hailin, 1988, Bowen 1988, Eckhoff 2003) is probably recognized as having been the most severe episode. Marmo et al. (2010), Piccinini (2008), Salatino et al. (2012) and the U.S. Fire Administration (1995) have discussed dust explosion episodes involving the textile compartment, with nylon flock and wool dust explosions. Amyotte summarized the state-of-the-art knowledge about flocculent materials (which mainly originate from the textile industry), explosion hazards, and the related studies in chapter thirteen of his well-known book (Amyotte 2013). The textile industry has two particular features regarding the dust explosion risk:a.The dust produced as a by-product of the textile process often belongs to the non-traditional dust category, as a result of the type of materials being handled, which are characterized by a marked flocculent attitude. Amyotte and his co-workers discussed flocculent dust behavior and the related risks in detail (Amyotte et al. 2011, 2012a, 2012b);b.The textile industry often needs control of the ambient moisture, which is generally accomplished using ventilation and environment humidification; the latter naturally implies a reduction in the risk of explosions. These particular features suggest that the risk of dust explosions in the textile industry deserves a dedicated discussion. The number of flocculent dust studies is somewhat limited. The role played by the particle size and aspect ratio (namely the diameter-to-length ratio) in explosibility proneness is still unclear. Worsfold et al. (2012) reported the importance of enlarging the knowledge on the hazards related to unconventional dust since most studies have focused on traditional dust. This work investigates the explosion hazards related to dust generated in the textile industry. Moreover, it presents some experimental results obtained by the authors, and detailed in Marmo et al. (2016, 2018), and illustrates the perspective of the study to increase the safety culture of these particular materials.

An Assessment of Overdose Surveillance at a Local Public Health Department

ObjectiveTo assess the data sources used to monitor overdose events in Marion County and improve community overdose surveillance.IntroductionMirroring public health response to infectious disease outbreaks, many public health departments are taking an outbreak management approach to respond to drug overdose surges 1-3. The Marion County Public Health Department (MCPHD) has developed an overdose response plan (ORP) integrating drug overdose surveillance and community stakeholder response strategies. Effective drug overdose surveillance requires accurate and reliable data streams. This work assessed data sources utilized for county overdose surveillance and provided recommendations to improve overdose surveillance.MethodsData sources utilized as of September 2018 for opioid overdose surveillance in Marion County were assessed on utilization history by epidemiologists. General recommendations to improve overdose surveillance were created based on the findings. The three primary sources were emergency department data, ambulance run data, and death certificate data. Secondary sources included Indiana Poison Center (IPC) and toxicology data. General recommendations were generated based on challenges/solutions encountered and good practices observed from other health departments 4,5.ResultsThe assessment of data sources and utilization showed variation of data entry at the hospital level, limited identifiers in some cases, and varying timeliness ranges which may limit combined use of many data sources. The emergency department data source showed particular variation in data entry, limited unique identifier information), and no incident location information which impedes geographical surveillance. Periodic data checks by the ambulance service data holder appears to drastically increase data quality. Intermittent data feed drops from specific emergency departments also interfered with effective surveillance. Recommendations were generated based on lessons learned during successful partnerships with Indianapolis Emergency Medical Services, IPC, and emergency departments and challenges encountered during overdose surveillance work (Figure 1).In application of the strategy, the MCPHD is interested in linking data and looking for other ways to improve our overdose response to get a fuller picture of what is happening with overdoses, so we applied the steps in figure one to find areas of improvement. We found that limited identifiers and incomplete fields are our biggest challenge to linking datasets, so to combat these gaps we identified sources that have the necessary fields of interest and have been working with others to improve the data quality. Additionally, data sources will be evaluated on experiences with three categories: completeness in data fields, timeliness of data delivery, and consistency of data feed. Data quality measures were developed for completeness by fields present per record, timeliness by lag time from time added to time of event, and consistency by record counts per facility over time. We also recognized that meeting with partners is necessary to share how we are using the data and additional datasets that we might use in the future. Additionally we have been meeting with academic researchers so that we can expand our analyses to identify other issues related to overdoses. Finally, in order to make a difference in Marion County we are applying our findings to our outreach and interventions to hopefully prevent more overdoses and deaths.Future plans include data partnerships include police drug arrest data, fire department naloxone administration data, prescription drug monitoring data, Medicaid claims data, and health information exchange overdose data. Future research partnerships will consider a solutions based framework 6.ConclusionsThe results of our work demonstrate the value in surveillance assessment to summarize limitations of the many data sources utilized at a local level to conduct overdose surveillance. Our evaluation approach provides a path to improve and fill in surveillance gaps with new processes. Other health departments interested in optimizing overdose surveillance may seek a similar evaluation approach. Periodic data linkages have not been implemented which presents an opportunity to glean valuable insights on longitudinal patterns of drug use in the population. Future collaboration with researchers presents an opportunity to improve MCPHD ORP, Safe Syringe Access and Support Program, and Substance Use Outreach Services interventions.

Neuropsychiatric Manifestations of Wildfire Exposure

Introduction:Wildfires are life threatening incessant fires in thickly vegetated areas that spread extremely rapidly to human habitat and are difficult to control by human force. The impact of wildfires is enormous on population health and causes tremendous financial burden to individuals and communities.Aim:The aim is to understand the potential disease burden secondary to wildfires both at an individual and population level and reflect upon the immediate and delayed neuropsychiatric manifestations of smoke exposure.Methods:Data on wildfires associated direct and indirect costs on individual health and health care delivery appears to be scant. The effort of this presentation is to present the federal data from 2012 to 2016 on nationwide wildfires, estimated acreage consumed in wildfires, the population exposed, and deaths. Information was extracted from the National Interagency Fire Center, the United States Fire Administration, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency. Through literature review on neuropsychological sequelae of wildfires smoke inhalation and associated trauma, the goal is to reflect upon potential healthcare burden secondary to neuropsychiatric manifestations.Results:Per National Center for Health Statistics, the national fire death rates from 2012 to 2016 ranged 10 to 11 per million population each year, and the property loss both residential and non-residential was estimated at 9 to 10 billion dollars each year. We know healthcare cost is expensive in the United States, and with the stated estimates, one can only envision the health care and public health system burden.Discussion:The characteristic neuropathology of carbon monoxide toxicity is bilateral Globus pallidus necrosis and the common neuropsychological symptoms include fatigue, affective conditions, emotional distress, memory deficits, sleep disturbance, vertigo, dementia, and psychosis. The health effects and associated disability demand policymakers to allocate resources for wildfire prevention/ containment and primary health care providers education, research, and building effective healthcare delivery systems.

Study on the Improvement of Inspection-Related Regulation of Fire Protection Systems and Equipment - Focused on the Fire Administration Process -

과거 급속한 경제성장과 더불어 삶의 질이 향상되면서 화재의 위험성 및 화재 발생도 점진적으로 증가되어 정부에서는 화재예방을 위해 자체점검에 관한 관련법을 제정하고, 관에서 주도적으로 진행하였다. 이후 급속도로 증가하는 소방시설을 설치해야하는 소방대상물(이하; 특정소방대상물)을 고려하여 기존에 제정된 자체점검에 대한 관련법을 개정한 후 민간에서 화재예방을 하도록 하여 현재까지 진행되어오고 있다. 하지만, 급속히 증가하는 특정소방대상물과 향상된 소방기술의 진보에 반하여 적절하지 않은 점검자의 범위와 점검프로세서로 기인하여 대형 화재사고가 발생되면서 이에 대한 관계법령의 개선이 요구되는 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 특정소방대상물의 화재발생 및 인명피해 저감과 소방점검대행업체의 독립성 확보, 그리고 소방예방행정의 정확성을 위하여 기존에 시행되어져 오고 있는 소방시설등 자체점검의 관계법령과 범위에 대한 이론적 고찰 후 현재 운용되고 있는 자체점검에 대하여 알아보고, 이를 분석한 후 개선방안을 제안하고자 한다.In the past, the risk of fire and the rate of fire occurrence has increased gradually as the quality of life improved due to rapid economic growth, and the government enacted Fire Prevention Act. The existing inspection method was revised considering the rapid increase in the number of fire-fighting objects(hereinafter referred to as specific fire-fighting objects) that require the installation of fire-fighting facilities, and has been applied to this day. On the other hand, unlike the rapid increase in specific fire-fighting objects and the development of fire prevention technologies, the scope of work and inspections by unsuitable inspectors caused a large fire accident, which required improvement of the related laws. This study evaluated, the Act on the relationship of firefighting facilities, which had been implemented previously to identify fire victims, save lives, secure independence of fire inspection agencies, and ensure the accuracy of fire prevention actions.