Fish Fins Research Articles

Developmental defects in ectodermal appendages caused by missense mutation in edaradd gene in the nfr mangrove killifish kryptolebias marmoratus

The mangrove killifish, Kryptolebias marmoratus, can reproduce with self-fertilisation, offering a unique and useful genetic tool for generation of genetic mutants and quick identification of mutated genes. From an ENU-mutated mangrove killifish line R228, we have isolated a novel mutant line, no-fin-ray/nfr in which homozygous mutant of adult fish fin ray development is largely reduced. Illumina RNAseq with 3 embryos each from mutants, siblings and the parental WT strain Hon9 (only 9 embryos as total) identified a mutation in the edaradd in a highly conserved C-terminal death domain. Edaradd is known as a cytoplasmic accessory protein for the Ectodysplasin A (EDA) signalling pathway. To confirm the crucial role of edaradd during fin development, CRISPR RNAs were designed to suppress the gene in another killifish species, Arabian killifish. Indeed, Arabian killifish edaradd crispants showed a potent reduction of the fin development with 100% frequency. Furthermore, EDA crispants also showed identical phenotypes to that of edaradd crispants, confirming the fin defect in the mutants/crispants is caused by the signalling pathway of the EDA in the killifish species. These data demonstrate a powerful genetic approach using isogenic self-fertilising mangrove killifish as a tool for identifying mutants and their mutations, and revealed the crucial role of edaradd for the first time in the fish fin development.

Comparison of whole genome sequencing performance from fish swabs and fin clips

ObjectiveFin clipping is the standard DNA sampling technique for whole genome sequencing (WGS) of small fish. The collection of fin clips requires anaesthesia or even euthanisation of the individual. Swabbing may be a less invasive, non-lethal alternative to fin-clipping. Whether skin and gill swabs are comparable to fin clips in terms of DNA extraction quality and sequence read mapping performance from WGS was tested here on Eurasian minnows (Phoxinus phoxinus).ResultsOf 49 fin clips, all met the DNA concentration threshold of 20 ng/μl, whereas 43 of 88 swabs met this requirement. Preserving swabs in ATL buffer and treatment with Proteinase K during DNA extraction consistently raised skin swab DNA concentrations above the cut-off. All samples passed the A260/A280 absorbance ratio cut-off of 1.3. Ultimately, 93.88% of the fin clips, 30.61% of the skin, and 7.69% of the gill swabs were suitable for sequencing. Mapping performances of all three tissues were comparable in reads passing quality filtering, percentage of reads mapping to the P. phoxinus reference genome, and coverage. Overall, skin swabs treated with Proteinase K during extraction, can match fin clips in WGS performance and represent a viable non-invasive DNA sampling alternative.

The evolution of cephalic fins in manta rays and their relatives: functional evidence for initiation of domain splitting and modulation of the Wnt signaling pathway in the pectoral fin AER of the little skate

BackgroundBatoids possess a unique body plan associated with a benthic lifestyle that includes dorsoventral compression and anteriorly expanded pectoral fins that fuse to the rostrum. The family Myliobatidae, including manta rays and their relatives, exhibit further modifications associated with invasion of the pelagic environment, and the evolution of underwater flight. Notably, the pectoral fins are split into two domains with independent functions that are optimized for feeding and oscillatory locomotion. Paired fin outgrowth is maintained during development by Wnt3, while domain splitting is accomplished by expression of the Wnt antagonist Dkk1, which is differentially expressed in the developing anterior pectoral fins of myliobatids, where cephalic fins separate from pectoral fins. We examine the evolution of this unique feature in the cownose ray (Rhinoptera bonasus), a member of the genus that is sister to Mobula.ResultsHere, we provide functional evidence that DKK1 is sufficient to initiate pectoral fin domain splitting. Agarose beads soaked in DKK1 protein were implanted in the pectoral fins of little skate (Leucoraja erinacea) embryos resulting in AER interruption. This disruption arrests fin ray outgrowth, resembling the myliobatid phenotype. In addition, fins that received DKK1 beads exhibit interruption of Axin2 expression, a downstream target of β-catenin-dependent Wnt signaling and a known AER marker. We demonstrate that Msx1 and Lhx2 are also associated with fin expansion at the AER. These results provide functional evidence for the underlying genetic pathway associated with the evolution of a novel paired fin/limb modification in manta rays and their relatives. We introduce the gas/brake pedal model for paired fin remodeling at the AER, which may have been co-opted from domain splitting in pelvic fins of cartilaginous fishes 370 million years earlier.ConclusionsThe pectoral fins of manta rays and their relatives represent a dramatic remodel of the ancestral batoid body plan. The premiere feature of this remodel is the cephalic fins, which evolved via domain splitting of the anterior pectoral fins through inhibition of fin ray outgrowth. Here, we functionally validate the role of Dkk1 in the evolution of this phenotype. We find that introduction of ectopic DKK1 is sufficient to recapitulate the myliobatid pectoral fin phenotype in an outgroup lacking cephalic fins via AER interruption and fin ray truncation. Additional gene expression data obtained via in situ hybridization suggests that cephalic fin development may have evolved as a co-option of the pathway specifying claspers as modifications to the pelvic fins, the only other known example of domain splitting in vertebrate appendages.

Numerical Study on the Hydrodynamics of Fish Swimming with Different Morphologies in Oblique Flow

In confined and intricate aquatic environments, fish frequently encounter the need to propel themselves under oblique flow conditions. This study employs a self-developed ghost-cell immersed boundary method coupled with GPU acceleration technology to numerically simulate the propulsion dynamics of flexible biomimetic fish swimming in oblique flow environments. This research scrutinizes diverse biomimetic fish fin morphologies, with particular emphasis on variations in the Strouhal number and angle of attack, to elucidate hydrodynamic performance and wake evolution. The results demonstrate that as the fin thickness increases, the propulsion efficiency decreases within the Strouhal number range of St = 0.2, 0.4. Conversely, within the range of St = 0.6 to 1.0, the efficiency variations stabilize. For all three fin morphologies, an increase in the Strouhal number significantly augmented both the lift-to-drag ratio and thrust, concomitant with a transition in the wake structure from smaller vortices to a larger alternating vortex shedding pattern. Furthermore, within the Strouhal number range of St = 0.2 to 0.4, the propulsion efficiency exhibits an increase, whereas in the range of St = 0.6 to 1.0, the propulsion efficiency stabilizes. As the angle of attack increases, the drag coefficient increases significantly, while the lift coefficient exhibits a diminishing rate of increase. An increased fin thickness adversely affects the hydrodynamic performance. However, this effect attenuates at higher Strouhal numbers. Conversely, variations in the angle of attack manifest a more pronounced effect on hydrodynamic performance. A thorough investigation and implementation of the hydrodynamic mechanisms demonstrated by swimming fish in complex flow environments enables the development of bio-inspired propulsion systems that not only accurately replicate natural swimming patterns, but also achieve superior locomotion performance and robust environmental adaptability.

Sustainable Management of Fish Gut Waste Through Transesterification

Abstract: The fishing industry in Sri Lanka generates significant waste, presenting an opportunity to convert it into a sustainable energy source. This research investigates the production of biodiesel from fish waste, specifically fish oil, as an alternative fuel to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and improve waste management in the fish market. Fish waste, including non-edible parts such as fish heads, tails, fins, and internal organs, was collected from a local fish market and subjected to an extraction process using wet boiling. The extracted fish oil was then converted into biodiesel through a transesterification reaction with methanol in the presence of potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a catalyst. Two optimization experiments were conducted to determine the best methanol concentration (15%, 20%, and 25%) and KOH concentration (1g, 2g, and 3g). The results showed that the highest biodiesel yield was obtained using 20% methanol (producing 10.71g of biodiesel) and 1g of KOH as a catalyst, yielding a biodiesel production of 8.66g for 15% methanol and 6.89g for 25% methanol. The biodiesel produced exhibited promising fuel properties, with a flashpoint of 127.5°C, a calorific value of 39.248 MJ/kg, kinematic viscosity of 4.4107 mm²/s, and density of 0.8766 g/cm³, all of which were within the acceptable limits set by ASTM standards. Additionally, the FFA content of the extracted fish oil was initially 7%, which was reduced through a saponification process, making the oil suitable for biodiesel production. The study estimated that approximately 237 metric tons of biodiesel could be produced per month from the fish waste in Sri Lanka, based on the average monthly fish waste generated (50% of total fish production). The biodiesel production from fish oil thus holds significant potential as both a renewable energy source and a sustainable waste management solution, reducing the reliance on fossil fuels and addressing environmental challenges associated with waste disposal in the fishing industry.

Fish Waste Compost - A Fertilizer for Organic Agriculture

Fish markets produce a large amount of fish waste such as fish head, gut, intestine, fines, bones and scales that are generally dumped in the river or land-filling areas causing great intuitive pollution to the environment. Such impulsively growing contamination can be mitigated and checked though waste management in the form of organic composting. This study investigates the potential of fish waste compost as a sustainable organic fertilizer by converting fish waste, including gut, head, skin, bones, and fins, into compost using sawdust, banana and jaggery as supplementary materials. The matured compost was then analyzed for nutrient content and maturity through physical, sensory, biological, and chemical tests. Results showed that the compost, reduced to 70% of its original volume, had significant nutrient content with a C:N ratio of 28.6:1, a pH of 6.80, and an electrical conductivity of 1.45 dS/m. Biological tests demonstrated high germination rates, indicating non-phytotoxicity. Fish waste containing 10.56, 2.12, 0.82 and 0.10 percents of C, N, P and K respectively can be converted into an effective organic fertilizer which can enhance soil fertility. This approach not only addresses waste management but also offers a viable solution for recycling fish waste into valuable agricultural resources.

Synergistic mechanisms of dorsal and anal fins in the C-turn maneuvers of zebrafish

This study aims to provide a deeper understanding of the role of fish fins in the C-turn maneuvers of zebrafish. A three-dimensional geometric model that focuses on detailed modeling of the dorsal and anal fins is constructed using experimental data. Utilizing a self-propulsion computational model, we simulate the dynamics of the zebrafish's C-turn at various turning amplitudes, exploring how the fins interact with water to suppress the lateral flow and enhance the propulsion performance. The results indicate that during small-angle C-turn maneuvers, the anal and dorsal fins increase the maximum and minimum velocities during the bending phase by approximately 10% and 7%, respectively, while the maximum velocity during the recoil phase increases by about 5%. As the turning angle increases, the enhancement effect of the fin propulsion performance diminishes. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of the dorsal and anal fins enhances stability, allowing the fish to complete turns at a relatively stable angular velocity and facilitating “accelerated turning.” This study provides new insights into the adaptive significance of fin structures in nature and their influence on dynamic behavior.

A relaxor ferroelectric crystal based Two-DOF miniature piezoelectric motor with fish body structure

Multi-dimensional movements and miniaturization are required for robotic joints motion, multi-axis optical alignments and other multiple degree-of-freedom (DOF) actuation scenes. However, it is a challenge for piezoelectric motors to guarantee multi-DOF movements, miniaturization, high load capacity and high resolution simultaneously. Inspired by synergic movement of body and caudal fin of fish in nature and the construction idea of metamaterials, we proposed a two-DOF linear piezoelectric motor (4mmHeight × 3mmLength × 3mmWidth) based on the artificial elongation 31z and shear 35x/y mode by using Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3–Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 (PIMNT) relaxor ferroelectric single crystal as piezoelectric elements. The results demonstrate that the motor is capable of achieving bidirectional motion in both X and Y axes, with the PIMNT crystal-based motor reaching a velocity of up to 94.8 mm/s. Its mechanical loading capacity per unit volume reaches as high as 1.39 mN/mm3, which exceeds the load capacity of currently reported two-DOF motors by 10 times. Moreover, it exhibits an exceptional step resolution of 5 nm, outperforming existing two-DOF motors by 1–2 orders of magnitude in terms of precision and accuracy. Furthermore, by modulating the driving signals of this motor, it can traverse any trajectory within the XY plane. The proposed ultrasonic motor has potential for applications in micro-robots, nano-precision motion, automatic visual systems and haptic interfaces.

Teleost Caudal Fin Development and Regeneration: Mechanisms, Models, and Therapeutic Potential

The caudal fin of teleost fish, a fundamental locomotive structure, has received considerable attention due to its extraordinary capacity for regeneration. Teleosts' ability to regenerate their caudal fins involves complex interactions between various signaling pathways, growth factors, and transcription factors that organize wound healing, cell proliferation, and tissue redevelopment. Key pathways implicated in these processes include Wnt/β-catenin, Hedgehog, FGF, and Notch signaling, which not only regulate the proliferation and differentiation of resident stem cells but also ensure the spatial and temporal coordination necessary for tissue architecture restoration. Moreover, on the practical challenges or limitations of translating these findings to human regenerative medicine would provide more balance. Looking forward, future research could benefit from advanced genomic and proteomic techniques to unravel the finer aspects of cellular dynamics and molecular diversity within the regenerative process of the caudal fin.

Anterior-posterior constraint on Hedgehog signaling by hhip in teleost fin elaboration.

Pectoral fins, the anterior paired fins in fish, have enhanced maneuvering abilities due to morphological changes. Teleosts have fewer radial bones in their pectoral fins than basal species, resulting in more-elaborate fins. The mechanism behind this radial constraint change in teleosts is unclear. Here, we found that mutations in hhip, which encodes an antagonist of Hedgehog signaling, led to an increase in radial bones in a localized region. Expression of the Shh genes, encoding ligands of Hedgehog signaling, coincided with notable hhip expression specifically during early development. We suggest that a negative feedback effect of Hedgehog signaling by hhip regulates the constraint of the pectoral fin in zebrafish. Additionally, re-analysis of hhip-related gene expression data in zebrafish and basal species revealed that the notable hhip expression during early development is a characteristic of zebrafish that is not observed in basal species. Region-specific expression of Hox13 genes in the zebrafish pectoral fin indicated that the median region, analogous to the region with abundant radials in basal species, is expanded in hhip-/- zebrafish. These data underscore potential morphological evolution through constrained diversity.

Monogenean parasitic flatworms

Vanhove and colleagues introduce monogenean parasitic flatworms, a species-rich group of ectoparasitic flatworms that are mostly found on the skin, gills, or fins of fish and have a life cycle involving a single host.

Enhancing stability and performance of flexible membrane structures in wake flows through jet flow control

This study investigates jet flow control on flexible membrane structures placed in the wake of a stationary cylinder to enhance performance and stability. Flexible membranes, found in both nature and engineering, often face nonlinear disturbances where passive deformation is insufficient. Inspired by adaptive fish fins, we explore active flow control strategies using a high-fidelity fluid–structure interaction solver to simulate the dynamics of a flexible membrane downstream of a cylinder. High-momentum jet flows with different momentum coefficients are applied at membrane leading edge to modulate the boundary layer flow features. Numerical simulation results reveal that jet flow control can weaken the wake interference effect on the membrane dynamics, resulting in lift improvement and flow-induced vibration suppression. The flow separation within the boundary layer is suppressed by high-momentum jet flows, thereby enhancing lift performance and stability. The reason of the flow-induced vibration suppression is attributed to the redistribution of the vibration energy in high-order structure modes excited by jet flows. Our results demonstrate that jet control has great potential for optimizing the performance and stability of flexible membrane structures in complex flow environments, providing valuable insights into the design of next-generation intelligent underwater vehicles and ships with flexible membrane propulsion systems.

Design and multi parameter performance optimization of the bionic robotic fish driven by tail fin

In this paper, we investigate the optimization of body contour parameters and the parameters of the tail fin in bionic robotic fish. A new type of robotic fish with fully flexible shell was proposed, followed by the analysis and optimization of the resistance properties of the profile. Subsequently, a dynamic model considering tail fin deformation was established. We use a combination of Fluent simulation and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to seek the key parameters for an enchanced performance. Upon multi-parameter performance optimization, the obtained results indicate that the fully flexible shell robotic fish can achieve a high swimming speed of 0.69 m/s (equivalent to 1.2 BL/s) and exhibit excellent turning maneuverability with a turning radius of 0.8 body lengths. This paper provides insights for optimizing the performance of robotic fish and enhancing its underwater operational capabilities.

LUO-V2 and MSPerception: A multi-fin co-drive robotic fish and its multi-sensor-based experimental system

Experimental systems for analyzing robotic fish swimming play a crucial role in optimizing robotic fish, which prompted us to design an experimental system that combines information from multiple sensors to address the shortcomings of current experimental systems with a single measurement. Furthermore, we are interested in a multi-fin co-drive robotic fish. This paper presents the design of a robotic fish, LUO-V2, and an experimental system, MSPerception. The LUO-V2 represents a novel solution for developing multi-fin co-drive robotic fish. It also provides a controller for LUO-V2, which can synchronously control the multi-fin of the robotic fish. Furthermore, the MSPerception system has been designed based on the fusion of multi-sensor information, which can sense the average thrust, swimming speed, and flow field, which provides an effective tool for studying robotic fish swimming. MSPerception was employed to investigate the factors influencing the swimming performance of LUO-V2 and to compare it with the flow field around the caudal fin of a real fish. The experimental results demonstrated that the multi-fin co-drive significantly enhanced the robotic fish’s performance. This research can provide a theoretical foundation for developing multi-fin co-drive robotic fish and experimental systems.

Identification of a novel circovirus associated with turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) acute hemorrhage disease

Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) is an economically important farming fish in China. However, an emerging disease named turbot acute hemorrhage disease (TAHD) has been affecting turbot farms since November 2019. TAHD is characterized by severe bleeding in the fish fins and may lead to significant mortality in one or two weeks, with accumulated mortality exceeding 90 %. The TAHD spread rapidly across the major turbot farming regions in China and resulted in significant economic losses. Virome sequencing was utilized in the diseased fish to discover a novel turbot circovirus (TCV). The TCV particle is ∼30 nm in size and is located in the fish spleen and kidney. The TCV genome is 1774 bp long, with three open reading frames (ORFs) encoding the replication protein (Rep), capsid protein (Cap), and ORF3 of unknown function. The identity of the TCV Rep sequence was <53 % compared to the reported circovirus sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of the Rep and Cap protein sequences revealed that TCV is a novel circovirus. The polymerase chain reaction detection method was used to analyze the clinical TAHD samples from 2019, which were all TCV-positive. Various cell lines, including turbot kidney, epithelioma papilloma cyprinid, Chinook salmon embryo, and spotted halibut kidney, were used for TCV isolation. However, no cytopathic effect or replication was observed. The diseased fish tissue homogenate filtrate was used for experimental infection. As a result, all of the infected turbot showed signs of natural infection, with increasing numbers of cap gene copies post-infection. Based on these results, it was hypothesized that the novel circovirus TCV is closely associated with TAHD. Our research also indicated that the circovirus represents a significant threat to fish and more attention should be paid to it in aquaculture.

Establishment and characterization of a continuous marine fish fin cell line from Epinephelus fuscoguttatus and viral susceptibility to crustacean CMNV

Establishment and characterization of a continuous marine fish fin cell line from Epinephelus fuscoguttatus and viral susceptibility to crustacean CMNV

Comprehensive Phytochemical Profiling, GC-MS Analysis, Molecular Docking and Antiproliferative Activity of Ethanol Fraction of &lt;i&gt;Tabernaemontana coronaria&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Thunbergia alata&lt;/i&gt;

Objective: Current study involves the phytochemical examination, GC MS testing of ethanol fraction of leaves of two plants Tabernaemontana coronaria and Thunbergia alata. Methods: Both ethanol fractions of selected plants were subjected to In vitro antiproliferative activity by employing MTT assay on A549 cell lines. Zebra Fish fin model and zebra fish embryo tests were employed to assess the fin regeneration and effect on angiogenesis respectively. Results: The phytochemical screening discovered existence of terpenoids, proteins, carbohydrates, phenols, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, and alkaloids in both T. coronaria and T. alata. The GC MS profile of the ethanol portion of T. coronaria leaves identified 16 components, while the ethanol fraction of T. alata leaves had 14 components. The molecular docking experiments showed that compound 1 and compound 4 had favorable docking energies of -8.7 kcal.mol-1and -8.2 kcal.mol-1, correspondingly, in the site of JNK-1 kinase. Compound 4 established hydrogen bond interactions with Ser34 and Asp169 in the catalytic and DFG motif regions of the JNK-1, respectively. Compounds 3 and 7, with docking energies of -6.4 and -7.9 kcal.mol-1, correspondingly, also resided in active motif of JNK-1. Compound 2 had docking energy of -5.4 kcal.mol-1 and was well placed in the protein cavity. Regarding the binding of compounds in the KAS III, compound 4 had an excellent docking energy of -8.0kcal.mol-1, and compound 2 had docking energy -5.9 kcal.mol-1. Both compounds were well placed in the active pocket of KAS III macromolecule and established hydrogen bond interactions with Asn260 and Arg262. Compound 4 also established hydrophobic contacts with Arg46 and Arg223. Conclusion: The study states that T. coronaria and T. alata treatment strongly inhibited A549 cells viability, and cell volume expansion, which result in cell proliferation. Likewise, a noteworthy decrease in fin regeneration and reduction in percentage vessel growth was observed in zebra fish and embryo assays.

Development of A New Model on PC Segmental Retaining Wall Using Solid Bar Anchors and Fin Fish

The development of transportation infrastructure is very important for economic growth. In the context of the construction of precast concrete (PC) segmental retaining walls, the use of innovative technologies such as solid bar anchors and fish fins is the main focus of improving the efficiency and reliability of the structure. This research aims to develop a new model that optimizes the use of solid bar anchors and fin fish in PC segmental retaining walls, with the hope of improving structural performance and extending the service life of the wall. The research methodology includes literature studies, development of mathematical models based on soil mechanics and finite element theory, and numerical simulations using PLAXIS software. The results show that the MSE Wall system with solid bar anchors and fin fish meets the SNI Geotechnical No. 8460 standard of 2017, with safety factors of high bolling, shear, and ground carrying stability. The use of a crossbar necklace configuration with a center to center (ctc) distance of 30 cm provides greater tensile strength than a ctc of 50 cm. This research is expected to make a significant contribution to the development of construction technology that is more efficient, economical, and sustainable.

DNA barcoding confirms the presence of invasive Parachanna obscura and rare species in the Mweru-Luapula fishery

DNA barcoding has recently been instrumental in identifying both invasive and undetected species in aquatic environments. This study aimed at analysing collected fish fin clips to ascertain the identity of native species and the Parachanna species that have invaded the Mweru-Luapula (ML) fishery of Zambia. The identification process was carried out through field phenotypic analysis using species guides and DNA barcoding, with the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome C oxidase 1 (COI) gene fragment. Of the 28 specimens for which DNA was successfully PCR amplified, five matched the reference sequences of species and 22 matched the reference sequences of genera on the NCBI GenBank. Five rare species, namely Oreochromis niloticus, Coptodon zillii, Mormyrus kannume, Thoracochromis buysi and Tylochromis polylepis were identified. The study further affirmed the presence of invasive Parachanna obscura in the fishery and its interconnected water bodies. Parachanna obscura invaded the fishery through annual flooding from aquacultural facilities in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). There is a need to investigate this invasion further by using large specimen sample sizes and also by applying the gonadosomatic index (GSI) to determine invasive species occupancy and impact on native species throughout the fishery. This study provides a platform for further detailed taxonomic verification and species inventory of the entire ML fishery. This will facilitate the development of a viable and sustainable strategy to appropriately curb the impact of invasive species, and will thus contribute to the conservation of the ML aquatic biodiversity.

A review on the processing technique, physicochemical, and bioactive properties of marine collagen.

Collagens are conventionally derived from bovine and porcine sources. However, these sources were commonly associated with infectious diseases such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy, foot and mouth disease, autoimmune and allergic reactions, and religious constraints. The significant amount of collagen available in marine species, especially fish skins, scales, fins, and bones, shows that marine species can be a potential alternative source to mammalian collagen. Therefore, this review aims to give a clearer outlook on the processing techniques of marine collagen and its physicochemical and bioactive properties as a potential alternative to mammalian collagen. The two most suitable extraction methods for marine collagen are pepsin-soluble extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction. Additionally, marine collagen's physicochemical and bioactive properties, such as antioxidants, wound healing, tissue engineering, and cosmetic biomaterial have been thoroughly discussed in this review. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Collagen extracted from marine sources showed its potential in physicochemical and bioactive properties, including antioxidants and wound-healing capabilities, as an alternative to mammalian collagen. The significant amount of collagen found in marine species, particularly in fish skins, scales, bones, and sea cucumbers, suggests that marine sources could be a viable alternative to land mammal collagen due to their abundance and accessibility. The ultrasound-assisted extraction technique has improved the extracted marine collagen's physicochemical and bioactivity properties and quality properties.