Finno-Ugric Languages Research Articles

The distinctive role of vowel harmony in visual word recognition: The case of Turkish.

Vowel harmony is a phenomenon in which the vowels in a word share some features (e.g., frontness vs. backness). It occurs in several families of languages (e.g., Turkic and Finno-Ugric languages) and serves as an effective segmenting cue in continuous speech and when reading compound words. The present study examined whether vowel harmony also plays a role in visual word recognition. We chose Turkish, a language with four front and four back vowels in which approximately 75% of words are harmonious. If vowel harmony contributes to the formation of coherent phonological codes during lexical access, harmonious words will reach a stable orthographic-phonological state more rapidly than disharmonious words. To test this hypothesis, in Experiment 1, we selected two types of monomorphemic Turkish words: harmonious (containing only front vowels or back vowels) and disharmonious (containing front and back vowels)-a parallel manipulation was applied to the pseudowords. Results showed faster lexical decisions for harmonious than disharmonious words, whereas vowel harmony did not affect pseudowords. In Experiment 2, where all words were harmonious, we found a small but reliable advantage for disharmonious over harmonious pseudowords. These findings suggest that vowel harmony helps the formation of stable phonological codes in Turkish words, but it does not play a key role in pseudoword rejection.

Control and intermediate scrambling: An investigation of Kazakh relative clauses

This paper investigates apparent locality violations in Kazakh (Turkic) relative clauses. The empirical starting point of this study is the configuration where the genitive-marked relative clause subject establishes agreement with the noun phrase modified by the relative clause, constituting an ostensibly non-local Agree relation, a phenomenon that is common among Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic and Finno-Ugric languages. Contra previous proposals arguing that the subject is situated inside a defective relative clause and it gets case from the D head of the modified noun phrase, this paper proposes a novel analysis of this phenomenon: the genitive phrase is base-generated in the possessor position and it controls a PRO subject in the relative clause. After establishing that the genitive “subjects” are relative clause-external, the paper turns to extraction out of the relative clause: RC constituents can undergo intermediate scrambling to the left of the genitive-marked phrase. This is unexpected under the assumption that relative clauses are strong islands for extraction. The paper suggests that this type of RC allows extraction because it is not an adjunct.

Number of Innovations in Kazakh Dictionaries of the Eighteenth Century in Comparison with Those of Other Turkic and Finno-Ugric Languages

The analysis of the dictionary published by P. S. Pallas makes it possible to clarify the chronology of changes in Kazakh dialects. The Kazakh dictionary of P. S. Pallas is important evidence that PTu *č was still preserved in the 18th century in Kazakh, and the changes were PTu *j-, *ĺ not finished yet. The dictionary presents only those innovative changes of consonants that are common for all Kipchak languages. It was also interesting that in the Kazakh language spoken in the late 18th century, only 1 sound change from Proto Turkic; in the Tatar dictionary 2 sound changes; in the Nogai dictionary 1 sound change; in the Hill Mari language 2 sound changes; in the South Khanty 5 sound changes; in the North Khanty 3 sound changes, and in the East Khanty 1 sound change.

Manner expressions in Finnish and Estonian: their use in quotative constructions and beyond

Abstract In this study, we look at manner demonstratives (such as ‘so’ and similative prepositions such as ‘like’) in complex sentences of two Finnic languages: Finnish and Estonian. We expand previous accounts of these manner expressions (MEs) in quotative constructions and investigate their use with epistemic (‘know’, ‘guess’) and perceptive (‘see’, ‘hear’, ‘feel’) verbs in non-standard written communications. In addition to the results from two Finnic languages, in the discussion of this article, we pay attention to the similarities found in the use of MEs with these verbs in Finno-Ugric languages spoken in Russia. The results show that MEs contribute to the expression of epistemic processes and perception in both languages. Manner demonstratives are used as endophoric markers pointing at demonstrations and descriptions of the event perceived. Co-occurring with the epistemic verb ‘know’, manner demonstratives induce a non-factive construal and cancel the presupposition that the speaker considers the proposition to be true. With inherently subjective verbs like ‘understand’ and in some contexts with perceptive verbs like ‘see, seem’, and ‘feel’, they indicate the subjective interpretation of the event. The reportative function is observed with the auditory perceptive verbs ‘hear’ and ‘be heard’, where the manner demonstratives highlight the reporter’s uncertainty or indicate the verbatim rendering of the report. Furthermore, they can express the speaker’s wishful thinking while co-occurring with a visual perceptive verb ‘see’. In turn, similative markers are used in reportative function as already established quotatives and mark reports as approximately reproduced or typical for the event described. Co-occurring with perceptive verbs, they can express the speaker’s doubt or mark propositions as counterfactual.

Екшук: об одном наименовании лешего в марийском фольклоре

The origin of the word ekshuk, one of the specific names of the leshy (the forest spirit) in the Mari language, is under study. The topic is explored using linguistic sources and folklore materials, including rare ones that are newly introduced. The lexeme area, particularly Western Mari dialects, is established. The analysis has revealed the mixing of the word ekshuk with the Eastern Mari jekysuko (all evil, diseases). We suggest that these lexemes are of heterogeneous origin and should be analyzed separately. Further consideration of the Hill Mari kshuk, or the North-Western Mari ksh k, ksh k, kshӱk, kshuk, ksyuk, or the Meadow Mari kshӱ k, y kshӱ k, is made in the context of Russian dialect vocabulary. This vocabulary includes various terms used to designate “leshy” in Russian dialects, including les, yols, leshuk, Russian surnames Ekshukov, Ekshakov, Evshukov, Epsukov, Elsukov, or the village names such as Ekshakovo, Elsuki, Elsukovschina, and others. The account is taken of the regular character of the phonetic transitions s>š, l>v, p/b>g/k, e->yo- and metatheses le-~el- in Russian dialects and Finno-Ugric languages. Given the above, a conclusion is made that the Mari language mythonym ekshuk is a borrowing from Russian dialects: rus. les > rus. yols (devil, leshy) > *elsuk/*evshuk/epsuk > mari ekshuk. Thus, this name of leshy, along with the Hill Mari shishigӓ, shigӓ, leshӓ and North-Western Mari eshӓk is included in the group of Mari mythonyms of Russian origin. The etymology of the Eastern Mari ekysuko (all evil, disease) remains an open question.

Обрыв слова в спонтанной коми речи

the paper deals with the description of word break as a type of speech failure in spontaneous Komi speech. The types of correction of a broken word are analyzed taking into account the following parameters: the presence / absence of isomorphism, the linear and structural range between the broken word and the corrected correlate, the volume of a word fragment, the frequency of the breakage. Objective: to identify and describe the peculiarities of word break in spontaneous Komi speech and ways to overcome it. Research materials: audio and video recordings contained in the Komi media library of the Interregional Laboratory of Information Support for the Functioning of Finno-Ugric Languages, as well as fragments of conversations of participants in programs shown in the Komi Republican television channel “Yurgan”. Results and novelty of the research: the paper is the first to analyze word breaks in spontaneous Komi speech. It has been established that a word fragment can be repeated, changed or canceled more often within one predication. It has been revealed that contact corrections predominate in speech, in which a full-meaning word follows directly after a rejected 62 Вестник угроведения. Т. 14. № 1 (56). 2024. fragment; less often, lexical markers of hesitation and words with a propositional meaning are inserted between them. As part of a phrase, one word is usually broken, and the break often occurs once. A specific feature of spontaneous Komi speech is the double correction of broken words: a fragment in one language can be corrected in the same or another language. Multilingual replacement of word fragments is typical for the speech of bilinguals who are fluent in Komi and Russian. A non-trivial correction is one in which only the suffix is corrected without repeating the full-valued word.

Automatically generated language learning exercises for Finno-Ugric languages

Morphologically rich languages always constitute a great challenge for language learners. The learner must be able to understand the information encoded in different word forms of the same root and to generate the correct word form to express certain syntactic functions and grammatical relations by conjugating a verb or declining a noun, an adjective or a pronoun. One way to improve one’s language skills is through exercises that focus on certain aspects of grammar. In this paper, a language learning application is presented that is intended to help learners of Finnish and Hungarian (with Hungarian and Finnish L1, respectively) acquire new vocabulary items, as well as practice some grammar aspects that according to surveys are considered difficult by learners of these languages with the other Finno-Ugric language being the learner’s native tongue, while alleviating the need to create these exercises manually. This application is a result of an on-going research project. In this research project, bilingual translation pairs and additional monolingual data were collected that can be utilized to build language learning exercises and an online bilingual dictionary with the help of automatic methods. Several linguistic patterns and rules were defined in order to automatically select example sentences that focus on a given part of the target language. These sentences were automatically annotated with the help of language processing tools. Due to the large size of the previously collected data sets, to date, only a subset of the analyzed sentences and the bilingual translation pairs has been manually evaluated. The results of this evaluation are discussed in this paper in order to estimate the precision of the methodology presented here. To ensure the precision of the information and the reliability of the application, only manually validated data sets are displayed. In this project, continuous data validation is planned, since it leads to more and more examples and vocabulary items that learners can benefit from.

About the unusual name “drone” in the Udmurt language of the 18th century

The relevance of the proposed topic is due to the insufficient identification and description of the vocabulary of fauna, as one of the most archaic layers in the vocabulary of almost all FinnoUgric languages. The purpose of this study is to trace the history of the written fixation of the word var-bozgo ‘drone’ in the Udmurt language, starting from its first appearance in the earliest written monuments of the 18th century and ending with the main lexicographic works of the modern period, to consider the lexical-semantic formation of a complex name and determine by possibilities of its etymology. Achieving this goal seems possible by solving problems related to identifying and describing this entomological term in comparison with data from other related and unrelated languages. The research material is handwritten and published written monuments of the 18th-19th centuries, the most important lexicographic works on the Udmurt language of the modern period, as well as possible parallels of these words from contacting related and unrelated languages. The descriptive method is mainly used, as well as some elements of semantic and comparative etymological analysis. The name var-bozgo ‘drone’ is unique - it has no typological parallels, it is recorded only in one written source - the handwritten grammar of M. Myshkin, compiled in the second half of the 18th century. To develop the question, further fixation of individual components of this complex word in the Udmurt language, which function with high and low frequency, is provided. As a result of the study, an expansion of the lexical and semantic content of the word bozgo was discovered during the development of the language. Etymological analysis made it possible to identify the origin of the constituent elements of the entomological term: var ‘servant, slave’ has parallels in many Finno-Permian languages and is an original Udmurt word of the Finno-Permian period of development of the base language; and the origin of the component bozgo ‘zhuk; dung beetle’ is associated with the expressive-figurative word boz ( boz-boz ), expressing the sound image of a buzzing or low voice, to which the unproductive nominal formant -go was added during the period of independent formation of the Udmurt language.

Toponymic Area of the Erzya Bagana Village, Samara Region: Lexical- Semantic and Structural-Comparative Analysis

The article presents a lexical and semantic analysis of the toponymy of the Erzya Bagana village in Shentalinsky district of the Samara region. The obtained results are compared with the materials of the author’s research in other villages of the Mordva of Shentalinsky district, in the Erzya settlements of the Samara Volga region, as well as with the data on the Erzya dialects of other territories of the settlement of the Mordva-Erzya. The Shentala ethnoterritorial group of Mordvins includes the Erzya population of the villages of Bagana, Staroe Surkino, Novoe Surkino, Vasilevka, Senkino. The toponymy of the Bagana village and its environs has not yet been subjected to a comprehensive study, at the same time, such work should be intensified, since modern demographic processes contribute to the rapid disappearance of microtoponymy of rural settlements. To carry out a lexical and semantic analysis of the Bagana toponymy in order to identify its characteristic features and, at the same time, common features with the Erzya toponymy of other territories. The research materials were collected in the Bagana village during the 2021 field season with the help of G.M. Kert’s questionnaire developed specifically for the Finno-Ugric languages. When working on the collected material, lexico-semantic and comparative types of analysis were used. As a result of the conducted research, 31 toponymic units and a cluster of geographical vocabulary of the Bagana dialect of the Erzya-Mordovian language were introduced into scientific circulation, the main characteristics of the toponymic space of Bagana were revealed, which allowed for its comparative analysis with other Erzya toponymic spaces. The toponymic space under study reflects both the peculiarities of the Bagana dialect and the features of nomination and semantics of geographical names characteristic of the Shentala Mordva. In general, this toponymic space reveals common features with the toponymy that we find in villages with a significant proportion of the Erzya population in the Samara Volga region at the present stage: most names come from the Erzya and Russian languages, hybrid Erzya-Russian and Russian-Erzya names are also found in the toponymy, the main markers of the Erzya toponymic area are: the dual urban system of Alo pe – Vere pe, the formula of toponyms typical of Mordvins is “definable + appellative”.

A Sociocultural View of Estonian and Slovenian Proverbs on Alcohol and Drinking

This article explores Estonian and Slovenian proverbs related to alcohol and drinking with the aim of interpreting these proverbs in their broader sociocultural context and analysing the controversies embedded in proverbs on this topic. Considering that alcohol is not consumed in the same form everywhere, the article examines Slovenian material as representative of the geographical region of Southern Europe and the Slavic language group, and Estonian material as representative of the geographical region of Northern Europe and the Finno-Ugric language group. The units encompassed by the research contain the following words: wine, beer, spirits (vodka), drunk, and drinking. We analyse how proverbs—as culturally metaphorical units often considered the cornerstone of national identity and a compass of ethnic morals—fit into this ethnic pretext. We focus on three different aspects: those regarded as specific to national culture; gender and family (gender inequality, drinking alcohol as a symbol of masculinity); and the ambivalence surrounding drinking.

Beserman-Turkic Relationships: Based on the Names of Clothing Details

The Besermans are a small people settled in northern Udmurtia. The unusual combination of the Turkic-Muslim self-designation with the Finno-Ugric language always caused genuine interest in this people. However, scientists still have not reached a consensus regarding the origin of the Besermans. The purpose of this work is to identify and systematize the Turkic names of the details of traditional Beserman clothing, which allows us to study more deeply the Beserman-Turkic relationships, and to obtain new data to unravel the ethnic genesis of the Besermans. In this regard, this work is relevant. The relevance of our work is also due to the possibility of using data in cultural, educational, museum work and in local history courses. The main sources of study are materials of T.I. Teplyashina card catalogue with field records of the Beserman speech. The study was conducted predominantly using a descriptive method. In general, our research confirms the hypothesis about including of the Turkic component in the Beserman ethnos as a result of interethnic marriages. The Chuvash component, which was later replaced by the Tatar superstratum, is quite clearly traced in the ethnogenesis of the Besermans. We have not identified lexical bulgarisms among the studied terminology however they could be replaced by analogous Chuvash word forms as a result of later interaction between ethnic groups.

HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE KHAZAR STATE: INTERDISCIPLINARY DIALOGUE ABOUT ONOMATOLOGICAL EXCURSUSES AND PASSAGES OF A HISTORIAN-MEDIEVIST

The purpose of this article is to introduce some data of the fundamental work of A.P. Novosel’cev “The Khazar state and its role in the history of Eastern Europe and the Caucasus”, which is not used by historians, and to clarify the interpretations, proposed by the author. The relevance of the article is due to the fact that no assessment has been given in domestic journals to the numerous attempts to comprehend historical proper names: anthroponyms, ethnonyms, potamonyms, astyonyms and komonyms over the past three decades since the publication of the named work. Scientific novelty lies in the consistent observance of the requirements of comparative studies – a comparative-historical approach that demonstrates the insufficiency of simple comparisons. The main material of the research is onomatological excursuses and passages of the mentioned fundamental work of A.P. Novosel’cev. The result of their consideration is, firstly, the establishing the fallacy of deriving the astyonym and potamonym “Atil’” from the Finno-Ugric languages. Secondly, it is the reconstruction of the primordial archetype of the astyonym “Hamlyh”/”Hamlidzh” fixed by historical sources in the form of Hanlyh “Khan’s Residence”, “Capital”. Thirdly, it is the establishing the origin of one of the names of the Khazar capital Sarykshin. Fourthly, it is the proof of the periphrastic nature of the astyonym “Atil’”. Fifthly, it is the establishment of the primacy of A-anlaut (Atl) in the ancient name of the Volga River and the secondary nature of I-anlaut (Itil’).

Антропологическая изменчивость русского населения в европейской части России по данным дерматоглифики

The variability of frequencies of different types of palm and finger patterns in the Russian population has repeatedly become the subject of research by both anthropologists and criminologists. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the geographical variability of dermatoglyphic features in the Russian population of the European part of Russia, taking into account all published and available archival data. In total, materials of 36 dermatoglyphic series from more than 5 thousand people were analyzed. The research program included a set of 6 “key traits” (Dl10, Ic, t, Hy, DMT, Th/I), the effectiveness of which for differentiating the Eurasian population was convincingly shown in the papers of G. L. Heet, as well as additional features reflecting the patterning of the skin ridges on fingers and palms. It was found that the variability of dermatoglyphic traits in groups of Russians of the southern and especially northern regions is noticeably higher than in the central region. The magnitudes of some features (frequencies of some types of finger and palm patterns) correlate with the geographical location of the groups. The general picture of dermatoglyphic variability of the Russian population in the European part of Russia cannot be characterized as homogeneous, although it does not have a clear structure. The high variability of features in groups of the Russian North can only partly be due to genetic drift in conditions of lower population density and is explained by the inclusion of a substratum and heterogeneous population, speakers of various Finno-Ugric languages. Involvement in the analysis of 40 craniological series of the 17th – early 20th centuries allowed us to group all anthropological material into 15 territorial samples and to compare the data of two independent systems of anthropological traits. Integration of the data using the method of principal components revealed a consistent variation of the two systems of traits. The vector “southwest–northeast” corresponds to the direction of maximum anthropological differentiation of the groups. Despite the turbulent historical events of the 20th century, two world wars, active migration processes, the main direction of anthropological variability of the Russian population has not changed dramatically.

Sajnovics’s Demonstratio (1770) A linguistic treatise based on methods of natural sciences

Sajnovics János (1733–1785) was the author of the basic work of comparative linguistics (Demonstratio 1770), which is considered the first scientific demonstration of the affinity of Hungarian and a Finno-Ugric language, Saami. This work was created on the occasion of the 1769 astronomical expedition in Denmark as unplanned side research. After the expedition the leader, Maximilian Hell reported on the transition of Venus (Transitio Veneris) and his assistant, János Sajnovics on the Hungarian–Lappish linguistic identity (Demonstratio).[1] This paper will deal with the scientific research methodology of Demonstratio comparing it with the methodology applied in Hell’s astronomical treatise. We also consider some contemporary critics of the methodology of Demonstratio.
 
 [1] In this paper I will use the term Lappish instead of politically correct Saami, according to the 18th-century terminology.

Лексическая система пинежских говоров

This article presents the findings of the Lexical System of Pinega Dialects project implemented by a team of authors at the Institute for Linguistic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
 The study of Russian dialects remains a topical issue. New dialect dictionaries continue to appear, presenting the vocabularies of Russian dialects recorded in the past and present but not yet lexicographically described.
 Modern dialects are an important source of language history information. Furthermore, different dialects may reflect language evolution in different ways. This description of dialects of the Pinega area adds to our understanding of Linguistics and dialect studies in particular. These dialects are an intriguing research target due to their peripheral geographical location and language contacts with Finno-Ugric languages.
 The release of Pinega Dialect Dictionary will help clarify certain issues and aid compiling other similar dictionaries.

Speed as a dimension of manner in Estonian frog stories

AbstractFocusing on the expression of manner and path in the ‘frog story’ narrations of Estonian native speakers, this study shows that Estonian – a morphologically rich satellite-framed Finno-Ugric language – is characterised by high manner and high path salience. Furthermore, when analysing one of the core qualities of manner – speed – we show that when the participants were asked to narrate a story as if the events developed slowly, they also spoke slowly and their stories tended to be long (both in time duration and word count) and include many details. When they were asked to tell the story as if the events developed fast, they also spoke faster and used more verbs of caused motion and verbs of vertical motion. Thus, the speed of motion in the physical world seems to be mimicked by speech rate, indicating mental simulation and iconic prosody. The exact nature of speed effects in linguistic choices for expressing motion remains to be studied in future works.

Осетинский след в Приуралье

The analysis of late Iranian loanwords in Finno-Ugric languages spoken in the Ural Mountains region demonstrates that there is no specifically Scythian-Sarmatian layer of borrowings in these languages. The representative group of loanwords reflects contact with the Ossetic language in particular.

Eesti kõrkjapõhjaga toolide materjal ja valmistamisprotsess / Wooden chairs with rush seats: material and making process

Wooden chairs with rush seats have been a part of North- and West-European vernacular furniture since at least the 17th century. The same type of chairs with woven seats are represented among the Estonian vernacular chairs as well, but no research has been done on this topic so far. The term “rush seats” (kõrkjapõhjad) has been used in museum collections records as well as archival sources to denote the seats woven of plant material. The aim of the present article is to analyse what plant species have been used for making “rush seats”, how the plant material was prepared for weaving, what the work process was like, and which variations can be found in the patterns of surviving rush seats.
 Our source material includes the rush seat chairs in the Estonian National Museum (ENM) collections and archival sources from the ENM, as well as the Institute of the Estonian Language archive of the Estonian dialects and Finno-Ugric languages (EMSUKA). As the information concerning our research topic in the archival records was rather limited, a considerable part of our research is based on museum artefact analysis, including botanical analysis of the plant material, complemented by a practice-based approach.
 There are 28 rush seat chairs dating from the late 19th to early 20th centuries in the ENM collections. The vernacular plant names used in the archival sources (kõrkjas, luga) do not correspond to the current botanical nomenclature, therefore it remains unclear which plant species were used for weaving chair seats. In 15 chair seats inflorescence were discovered inside the woven plant material, analysis of which identified it as lakeshore bulrush (Schoenoplectus lacustris). In coastal regions, Schoenoplectus tabernaemontanii growing in salt water has also been used. In one case, the seat material is broadleaf cattail (Typha latifolia).
 According to some data in literature, the lake bulrushes were collected for weaving around St John’s Day, i.e. in late June before the inflorescence appeared. However, the inflorescence found inside the seats confirmthat the plants have been, at least partly, collected later, in July. For our own experiments, we have collected bulrushes in early July.
 In the ENM collections, 12 seats have been woven of one-ply bulrush string, and 16 seats are made of two-ply rush cord. The use of one- or two-ply cord may have induced different weaving techniques. Based on comparison with rush weaving traditions in other countries, we suggest that one-ply rush string was made by twisting the plan stems, gradually adding new ones, and at the same time weaving the string around the seat frame. The process of weaving the seat started from the outer corners of the seat frame and then by gradually working towards the centre. All the seats in ENM collection woven with one-ply rush string use this weaving method.
 Preparation of two-ply rush cord started with hand-twisting the plant stems into one-ply string. Likely, a rope-machine was used to then twist the string into two-ply cord. Therefore, while using two-ply cord the weaver had the cord pre-prepared which in turn allowed for the development of a variety of more complicated seat patterns.
 The plants of genus Schoenoplectus are widespread in Estonia. In the past, these plants have been used for a number of purposes, like weaving mats, baskets and bags. The rush seats are described in memoires as comfortable and fairly long-lasting. Hopefully, the present article will provide inspiration to explore the properties and potential uses of this natural material.
 Keywords: chairs, rush seats, weaving, ethnobotany, practice-based artefact study

Soome-ugri rahvaste pärand Eesti Rahva Muuseumi kogudes / Finno-Ugric heritage in the Estonian National Museum

Soome-ugri rahvaste pärand Eesti Rahva Muuseumi kogudes / Finno-Ugric heritage in the Estonian National Museum

В.И. ДАЛЬ: ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКИЕ ПРЕДВИДЕНИЯ

More than half-century collection of geographically and functionally diverse lexicographic material on the territory of the Russian Empire allowed V.I. Dahl to determine the peculiarity of the language situation and the main directions of the development of the Russian language in the relationship between the interaction of inter-dialect and foreign-language interactions, largely correlated with the achievements of modern linguistics. Particularly significant in this regard are the comments of V.I. Dahl on the formation and development of secondary dialects in the vast territory of the Orenburg province, where the post of assistant to the Orenburg military governor allowed him to directly observe the features of Orenburg dialects, which are formed in isolation from maternal dialects in direct contact with the dialects of more than twenty provinces of the Russian Empire and in the neighborhood with Turk and Finno-Ugric languages. At the same time, V.I. Dahl notes the specifics of Cossack dialects, due to the status of the Cossacks in the border territories, as well as gender and socially significant differences in the speech of Cossacks and Cossacks. Filigree linguistic observations of V.I. Dahl on the variety of Orenburg dialects at the stage of their formation and development have scientific significance not only in historical terms, but also to a certain extent correlate with the modern level of studying dialects of late settlement territories, including studies in the field of interference, contact and specificity of the permeability of Russian dialects.