Finite Element Computational Fluid Dynamics Research Articles

Simplified Models to Assess the Mechanical Performance Parameters of Stents.

Ischemic heart disease remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide, which has promoted extensive therapeutic efforts. Stenting has emerged as the primary intervention, particularly among individuals aged 70 years and older. The geometric specifications of stents must align with various mechanical performance criteria outlined by regulatory agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Finite element method (FEM) analysis and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) serve as essential tools to assess the mechanical performance parameters of stents. However, the growing complexity of the numerical models presents significant challenges. Herein, we propose a method to determine the mechanical performance parameters of stents using a simplified FEM model comprising solid and shell elements. In addition, a baseline model of a stent is developed and validated with experimental data, considering parameters such as foreshortening, radial recoil, radial recoil index, and radial stiffness of stents. The results of the simplified FEM model agree well with the baseline model, decreasing up to 80% in computational time. This method can be employed to design stents with specific mechanical performance parameters that satisfy the requirements of each patient.

Gradient gyroid Ti6Al4V scaffolds with TiO2 surface modification: Promising approach for large bone defect repair

Large bone defects, particularly those exceeding the critical size, present a clinical challenge due to the limited regenerative capacity of bone tissue. Traditional treatments like autografts and allografts are constrained by donor availability, immune rejection, and mechanical performance. This study aimed to develop an effective solution by designing gradient gyroid scaffolds with titania (TiO2) surface modification for the repair of large segmental bone defects. The scaffolds were engineered to balance mechanical strength with the necessary internal space to promote new bone formation and nutrient exchange. A gradient design of the scaffold was optimized through Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations to enhance fluid flow and cell adhesion. In vivo studies in rabbits demonstrated that the G@TiO2 scaffold, featuring a gradient structure and TiO2 surface modification, exhibited superior healing capabilities compared to the homogeneous structure and TiO2 surface modification (H@TiO2) and gradient structure (G) scaffolds. At 12 weeks post-operation, in a bone defect representing nearly 30 % of the total length of the radius, the implantation of the G@TiO2 scaffold achieved a 27 % bone volume to tissue volume (BV/TV) ratio, demonstrating excellent osseointegration. The TiO2 surface modification provided photothermal antibacterial effects, enhancing the scaffold's biocompatibility and potential for infection prevention. These findings suggest that the gradient gyroid scaffold with TiO2 surface modification is a promising candidate for treating large segmental bone defects, offering a combination of mechanical strength, bioactivity, and infection resistance.

FEA and CFD analysis and optimization of tube in tube heat exchanger for various cases

This research describes the use of advanced simulation techniques to investigate use of different materials for a tube-in-tube heat exchanger. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are employed to simulate thermal aspects and optimize the heat exchanger design. The objective is to identify the best-Suitable material combination considering both design and thermal considerations. The findings of this research contribute to the development of more efficient heat exchanger designs.

Flow diverters treatment planning of small- and medium-sized intracranial saccular aneurysms on the internal carotid artery via constraint-based virtual deployment.

The internal carotid artery (ICA) is a region with a high incidence for small- and medium-sized saccular aneurysms. However, the treatment relies heavily on the surgeon's experience to achieve optimal outcome. Although the finite element method (FEM) and computational fluid dynamics can predict the postoperative outcomes, due to the computational complexity of traditional methods, there is an urgent need for investigating the fast but versatile approaches related to numerical simulations of flow diverters (FDs) deployment coupled with the hemodynamic analysis to determine the treatment plan. We collected the preoperative and postoperative data from 34 patients (29 females, 5 males; mean age 55.74 ± 9.98 years) who were treated with a single flow diverter for small- to medium-sized intracranial saccular aneurysms on the ICA. The constraint-based virtual deployment (CVD) method is proposed to simulate the FDs expanding outward along the vessel centerline while be constrained by the inner wall of the vessel. The results indicate that there were no significant differences in the reduction rates of wall shear stress and aneurysms neck velocity between the FEM and methods. However, the solution time of CVD was greatly reduced by 98%. In the typical location of small- and medium-sized saccular aneurysms, namely the ICA, our virtual FDs deployment simulation effectively balances the computational accuracy and efficiency. Combined with hemodynamics analysis, our method can accurately represent the blood flow changes within the lesion region to assist surgeons in clinical decision-making.

Topology optimization of gyroid structure-based metal hydride reactor for high-performance hydrogen storage

Numerous engineering applications stand to gain substantial advantages by mitigating structural weight. While methods for optimizing continuous solids and discrete frame structures have long been available, the advent of additive manufacturing techniques has ushered in the potential for intricate geometries. In contrast, the hydrogen fuel sector confronts a pivotal challenge: the need to develop efficient hydrogen storage systems. Solid-state compounds like metal hydrides (MH) present a compelling solution among various hydrogen storage technologies thanks to their inherent safety attributes and superior hydrogen volumetric density. Nonetheless, the limitation of MH lies in its gravimetric density, impeding its application in mobility contexts. A transformative strategy addresses this limitation by seamlessly integrating the reactor tank into the vehicle's frame and chassis. This study introduces a pioneering concept—an optimally designed MH container incorporating a gyroid structure. Subsequently, this innovative design underwent rigorous analysis, employing finite element analysis (FEA) and computational fluid dynamics, assessing mechanical properties, heat transfer capabilities, and the efficiency of hydrogen charging into the MH within the structure. Using topology optimization of solid isotropic material with penalization method, a 17 % increase in the chamber volume and a concurrent reduction of the material by nearly 50 %. This profound transformation positively impacted the reactor's volumetric and gravimetric density. Despite a measurable reduction in strength, the optimized structure demonstrated resilience, successfully withstanding prescribed mechanical shear loads. Furthermore, the structure exhibited impressive rigidity, with displacement below 0.2 mm, rendering it suitable and highly competent for integration into assembly components like vehicle frames or chassis. Notably, the optimized structure exhibited a promising enhancement in hydrogen charging rate.

Criss-crossed matching design of the bipolar plate in PEMFC considering unavoidable assembly errors

To tackle performance issues stemming from assembly errors in practical fuel cell applications, a criss-crossed matching design for anode and cathode bipolar plates (BPP) is proposed. The effectiveness of the proposed design is assessed by joint simulations of finite element analysis (FEA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Concurrently, the orthogonal experimental method is utilized to investigate the performance of the criss-crossed matching design at various operating conditions. The results show that the GDL deformation rate of the criss-crossed matching design with error in practical assembly is merely 4.8%, significantly lower than the 19.9% observed in the aligned matching design. Furthermore, the criss-crossed design performance could be improved by 5.9% compared to the aligned matching design in practical assembly with error. The criss-crossed matching design consistently outperforms the aligned matching design at various operating conditions. Notably, the highest performance growth rate, observed in high stoichiometric ratio and high humidity, reaches 12.38%.

Research on the Impact of a Fluid Field on an Acoustic Field in Herschel–Quincke Tube

A study concerning the influence of flow on the Herschel–Quincke duct is presented here, which includes the numerical model, the acoustic source and the absorption condition called the Perfectly Matched Layer. For the excitation of a sound field, a normal mode wave is placed at the inlet of the tube. The function of PML is to simulate the infinite tube and avoid the reflection of acoustic wave. To investigate the influence of flow field on sound field, a coupled calculation method combining the finite element method and computational fluid dynamics is used to solve the linearized Euler equation, named the Galbrun equation. Firstly, the influence of the cross-section of the tube on the acoustic field is considered. Secondly, the effects of flow on the acoustic field is also investigated. Lastly, a comparative analysis of the simulation results reveals the influence of flow and other parameters of the tube on sound propagation. Both the Mach number and the cross-section ratio have an influence on the acoustic resonance, and the resonance frequency decreases with the increase in the cross-section ratio.

A Novel Pumping Principle for a Total Artificial Heart.

Total artificial hearts (TAH) serve as a temporary treatment for severe biventricular heart failure. The limited durability and complication rates of current devices hamper long-term cardiac replacement. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of a novel valveless pumping principle for a durable pulsatile TAH (ShuttlePump). The pump features a rotating and linearly shuttling piston within a cylindrical housing with two in- and outlets. With a single moving piston, the ShuttlePump delivers pulsatile flow to both systemic and pulmonary circulation. The pump and actuation system were designed iteratively based on analytical and in silico methods, utilizing finite element methods (FEM) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Pump characteristics were evaluated experimentally in a mock circulation loop mimicking the cardiovascular system, while hemocompatibility-related parameters were calculated numerically. Pump characteristics cover the entire required operating range for a TAH, providing 2.5-9 L/min of flow rate against 50-160 mmHg arterial pressures at stroke frequencies of 1.5-5 Hz while balancing left and right atrial pressures. FEM analysis showed mean overall copper losses of 8.84 W, resulting in a local maximum blood temperature rise of <2 K. The CFD results of the normalized index of hemolysis were 3.57 mg/100 L, and 95% of the pump's blood volume was exchanged after 1.42 s. This study indicates the feasibility of a novel pumping system for a TAH with numerical and experimental results substantiating further development of the ShuttlePump.

A Review of Numerical Simulation and Modeling in High Strain Rate Deformation Processes

Numerical simulation and modeling play a crucial role in understanding and predicting the behavior of materials subjected to high strain rate deformation processes. These processes involve rapid deformation and loading rates, typically encountered in scenarios such as impact events, explosive detonations, metal forming, and crash simulations. By employing advanced computational techniques, researchers and engineers can gain insights into complex material behavior under extreme loading conditions. This paper provides an overview of numerical simulation and modeling approaches used in studying high-strain rate deformation processes. It discusses the challenges associated with capturing dynamic material response, the development of constitutive models, and the use of finite element analysis and computational fluid dynamics. The paper also highlights the importance of material characterization, model validation, and sensitivity analysis for accurate and reliable simulations. Additionally, it explores the application of numerical simulations in optimizing material properties, designing protective structures, and improving the performance of impact-resistant materials. Overall, this review paper emphasizes the significance of numerical simulation and modeling as powerful tools for advancing the understanding and design of high-strain rate deformation processes.

Enhancing microwave oven performance and transformer quality through efficient high voltage transformer cooling

This paper describes a method and device for effectively cooling a high voltage transformer inside a microwave oven, with the aim of swiftly removing heat generated during operation, hence improving both the microwave oven's and the transformer's performance and quality. The device incorporates corrugated tank surfaces, electrical connection lines with protrusions, and epoxy to prevent cooling oil leakage. The transformer is inserted into a designated tank and sealed to separate the coil and core from the outside environment, allowing for better cooling and protection against electrical shock. Additionally, an oil is injected to absorb heat generated by the high temperature of the core and coil. The effectiveness of this method is validated through the finite element method and computational fluid dynamics techniques. Numerical analysis revealed a significant decrease in the maximum temperature rise of the transformer by around 44.2?C. This finding suggests that transformer oil cooling is a more effective method for controlling temperature rise in microwave ovens compared to traditional cooling methods.

FEM and CFD thermal modeling of an axial-flux induction machine with experimental validation

Axial-flux electrical machines are ideal candidates as in-wheel motors for electrical vehicles (EVs). Due to their characteristics of high power density and compact structure, thermal management is vital for them. Lowering the temperature of the stator windings can protect the insulation material from rapid degradation and reduce the extra copper losses by decreasing their electrical resistance. Contrary to the widely reported axial-flux permanent magnet synchronous machines, thermal modeling methods of axial-flux induction machines are rarely seen in previous literature. Hence, the present work aims at investigating their thermal response based on both the finite element method (FEM) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques. In addition, a test rig is built to validate the computed results of these two thermal models with the experimental measurement. The CFD conjugate heat transfer analysis is found to be more accurate than the FEM thermal analysis in predicting the temperature distribution of different components in the machine and the temperature rise of the airflow, with lower than 5 ∘C average errors deviating from the corresponding measured data at three rotation speeds. Additionally, the CFD simulation is able to capture the backflow occurring near the outlets of the casing that has been found during the experiments.

Design of a multi-direction piezoelectric and electromagnetic hybrid energy harvester used for ocean wave energy harvesting

Ocean waves contain a great deal of energy, and the collection and utilization of wave energy is of great significance for sustainable development. In this paper, a multi-direction piezoelectric and electromagnetic hybrid energy harvester (PEHEH) based on magnetic coupling is proposed that can collect low frequency vibration energy from multiple directions. The proposed PEHEH combines piezoelectricity and electromagnetism through magnetic coupling to collect energy in the same excitation. The mechanical model of the PEHEH is established, and finite element simulation software COMSOL and computational fluid dynamics are used to analyze and verify the feasibility and practicability of the PEHEH structure. An experimental platform is built to test the output performance of the PEHEH. The results show that the maximum energy generated by PEHEH is 19.4 mW when the magnetic distance is 16 mm and the excitation frequency is 9 Hz. The hybrid energy harvester can light 56 light emitting diodes, which verified the feasibility of practical application. Therefore, the proposed hybrid energy harvester can effectively collect low-frequency wave energy and has a broad application prospect as a power source for low-power electronic devices.

Computational and Experimental Study on Failure Mechanism of a GTD-111 First-Stage Blade of an Industrial Gas Turbine

This paper investigates the root cause of a recurring failure observed in the first-stage blades of an industrial gas turbine. The failure involves the loss of the trailing edge tip of the blades. The study employs a combination of metallographic analysis and computational simulations utilizing the finite element method and computational fluid dynamics. The metallographic analysis reveals significant degradation in the GTD-111 nickel-based superalloy within the region where the failure occurs. This degradation is characterized by the coarsening and coalescence of the gamma prime phase, which can be attributed to localized overheating. Additionally, the computational study enables the calculation of the trajectory, pressure, and temperature profiles of the hot gases, as well as the distribution of temperatures within the blade. These findings demonstrate that the cooling airflow is influenced by the hot gas flow, particularly in the vicinity of the fault location, owing to the orientation of the cooling ducts, which results in overheating in this area. Ultimately, the temperatures derived from the microstructural analysis using the Ostwald-ripening theory align remarkably well with the results obtained from the simulation, validating the accuracy of the computational model. By combining metallographic analysis and computational simulations, this study provides crucial insights into the failure mechanism of the first-stage blades.

Advancements and Applications of Rim-Driven Fans in Aerial Vehicles: A Comprehensive Review

As the aviation industry seeks sustainable propulsion solutions, innovative technologies have emerged, among which rim-driven fan (RDF) systems hold notable promise. This comprehensive review paper deeply investigates RDF technology, uncovering its principles, benefits, and transformative potential for aviation propulsion. Amid escalating concerns about greenhouse gas emissions, the aviation sector’s shift towards electric propulsion has gained impetus. RDF technology has emerged as a beacon of optimism, heralding the prospect of energy-efficient and eco-conscious air travel. Navigating the slower development pace of RDF technology for aerospace applications, this paper draws insights from analogous marine technologies and relevant literature. Merging these realms, this paper meticulously examines RDF systems, spotlighting their unique attributes, with particular emphasis on the rim-driven configuration and its fundamental design principles. This review delves into the progressive strides accomplished in RDF’s evolution, encompassing the spectrum from evolving electric motor variants to intricate design considerations, strategic noise and vibration management, innovative control methodologies, advancements in bearing technology, and the strategic integration of finite element analysis (FEA) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for comprehensive performance optimization. In the context of aviation’s electrification journey, the exploration of RDF technology marks a pivotal inflection point. This paper concludes by succinctly encapsulating pivotal insights, accentuating RDF technology’s central role in reshaping aviation’s propulsion paradigm. As the aviation sector charts a course towards sustainable progress, the lessons gleaned from RDF technology are poised to chart the trajectory of aviation’s environmental transformation.

High Heat Flux Testing of Brazed W/CuCrZr Monoblock in High Heat Flux Test Facility

The Institute for Plasma Research (IPR) is involved in the development of various technologies for fabrication and testing/qualification of tungsten (W)–based plasma-facing components for ITER-like applications. As a part of these activities, a small-scale W/Cu/CuCrZr monoblock test mock-up is prepared by using a vacuum brazing process. Further, thermal fatigue testing of this test mock-up is performed using the High Heat Flux Test Facility at IPR under an absorbed heat flux of ~9.5 MW/m2 for 1200 thermal cycles. Thermal-hydraulic analysis and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are also performed to understand the heat flux testing scenario. Nondestructive testing of the test mock-up after thermal cyclic heat flux testing indicates that there are no defects in the test mock-up except for minor cracks on the surface of W tiles. The results of thermal cyclic testing, finite element analysis, CFD analysis, and postanalysis of the High Heat Flux test are presented in the paper.

How does the recurrence-related morphology characteristics of the Pcom aneurysms correlated with hemodynamics?

Posterior communicating artery (Pcom) aneurysm has unique morphological characteristics and a high recurrence risk after coil embolization. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the recurrence-related morphology characteristics and hemodynamics. A total of 20 patients with 22 Pcom aneurysms from 2019 to 2022 were retrospectively enrolled. The recurrence-related morphology parameters were measured. The hemodynamic parameters were simulated based on finite element analysis and computational fluid dynamics. The hemodynamic differences before and after treatment caused by different morphological features and the correlation between these parameters were analyzed. Significant greater postoperative inflow rate at the neck (Qinflow), relative Qinflow, inflow concentration index (ICI), and residual flow volume (RFV) were reported in the aneurysms with wide neck (>4 mm). Significant greater postoperative RFV were reported in the aneurysms with large size (>7 mm). Significant greater postoperative Qinflow, relative Qinflow, and ICI were reported in the aneurysms located on the larteral side of the curve. The bending angle of the internal carotid artery at the initiation of Pcom (αICA@PCOM) and neck diameter had moderate positive correlations with Qinflow, relative Qinflow, ICI, and RFV. The morphological factors, including aneurysm size, neck diameter, and αICA@PCOM, are correlated with the recurrence-inducing hemodynamic characteristics even after fully packing. This provides a theoretical basis for evaluating the risk of aneurysm recurrence and a reference for selecting a surgical plan.

Simultaneous optimization of stiffness, permeability, and surface area in metallic bone scaffolds

Metallic bone scaffolds fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) have attracted significant attention in bone tissue engineering. Scaffolds based on triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) are currently the subject of extensive investigation, making them a fitting benchmark for evaluating novel architectures. In this study, we introduced and assessed the viability of modified face-centered cubic (MFCC) scaffolds as an alternative to TPMS scaffolds. Two distinct categories of TPMS scaffolds, namely sheet TPMS and skeletal TPMS, were examined for comparative analysis. Employing finite element method (FEM) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis, we comprehensively evaluate the MFCC and TPMS scaffolds from structure, fluid flow, surface area, and surface curvature perspectives. Among the investigated porosities (75%, 80% and 85%), the MFCC scaffold category consistently exhibited dominant designs on the Pareto front, whereas the majority of TPMS scaffolds failed to achieve multiobjective optimality. MFCC scaffolds exhibited superior mechanical properties compared to skeletal TPMS scaffolds, while also demonstrating improved fluid flow characteristics in contrast to sheet TPMS scaffolds. Furthermore, MFCC scaffolds possessed a specific surface area that fell within the range observed in natural bone tissue, thereby bridging a crucial gap in the design space for optimizing bone scaffolds. The concave internal surfaces of MFCC scaffolds showed promising potential for enhancing bone cell growth. Selective laser melting (SLM) was employed to fabricate the designed scaffolds using stainless steel 316L. Subsequently, uniaxial compression tests were conducted on these scaffolds to validate the accuracy of the simulation results. This study provides valuable insights into multiobjective design and optimization of bone scaffolds, highlighting the significance of MFCC scaffolds as a valuable addition to the existing library of bone scaffold architectures.

Experimental Optimization Environment for Developing an Intracycle Pitch Control in Cross Flow Turbines

Cross-flow tidal turbines also known as vertical-axis turbines have not reached the efficiency as it is usual found for horizontal-axis turbines. This can be mainly accounted to the intensive development effort dedicated to the latter in the past 30 years in the area of wind energy. Less attention has been given to cross-flow turbines as they present mechanical cyclic loads that detriment their durability. Nevertheless, there is great potential for their employment in tidal energy exploitation as they are intrinsically independent from the flow direction and have a higher power output per area in farm installation. For this reason the research for cross-flow turbines have regain impulse.&#x0D; Among various approaches to improve their hydrodynamic characteristics found in the literature, the intracycle pitch control is one of the most promising one. It consists in actively pitching each blade as function of the azimuth angle.&#x0D; The present paper will introduce the overall experimental environment and methods for developing an optimal intracycle control for cross-flow turbines in tidal power generation. This is the main component of project OPTIDE at Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Germany in cooperation with the LEGI at University Grenoble-Alpes, France and the University of Applied Sciences Magdeburg-Stendal.&#x0D; The experimental system consists of a turbine flume model equipped with a speed controlled generator. The three bladed turbine model has independent controlled pitch actuators embedded in each blade and a force sensing system in one of the blade holding arms. Local high-dynamic systems allow to control the speed of the generator and the pitch position as a function of the rotational angle of the runner i.e. pitch trajectory.&#x0D; A superimposed governing system which automates the experiment has been implemented. This allows to perform an optimization process with the experiment in the loop. Evolutionary algorithms are employed to solve the two objectives of the optimization: (1) Maximizing the efficiency by (2) minimizing the alternating structural loads on the runner. These kind of problems are usually solved with numerical simulations using finite element method (FEM) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). However, this commonly comes with very high computational efforts and uncertainty. For this reason in our approach simulations are replaced by an experimental optimization technique.&#x0D; The optimization cycle implemented in the superimposed governing system chooses a set of individuals (pitch trajectories) for each generation on base of the genetic algorithm. Each pitch trajectory is performed sequentially while power output and loads are measured. This allows to evaluate each individual in about one minute. The best individuals are then the base for the offspring of the new generation. Cross-over from best performing parents and subsequent mutation ensure both, convergence and a thorough exploration of the entire design space.&#x0D; It is expected that this method will fast and reliably find the optimal pitch trajectories under various conditions. Selected cases will be analysed in detail by means of particle-image velocimetry (PIV) with synchronized force and torque measurements to research the underlying hydrodynamic mechanisms and the effects of the flow control performed by the pitching motion.&#x0D;

Effects of Volute Structure on Energy Performance and Rotor Operational Stability of Molten Salt Pumps

A double-volute molten salt pump with two outlet pipes is proposed based on the original pump model. A numerical approach coupling finite element analysis and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is implemented to investigate the operational stability and energy performance of two molten salt centrifugal pumps for high-temperature molten salt. The entropy production of the single-volute and double-volute molten salt pumps is investigated. The effects of the volute structures on the mechanical behavior of the impeller and shaft are considered. According to the findings, the local entropy production in the molten salt pump is dominated by the local pulsating entropy production (Spro-T), with the double-volute scheme achieving reduced energy loss. A visualization of the flow field and the local entropy production rate (LEPR) distributions indicate that the LEPR is positively correlated with the complexity of the flow, and higher levels of turbulence intensity lead to greater LEPR. The double-volute scheme enhances the complexity of the flow in the impeller, resulting in an increase in the LEPR compared with the single-volute design. However, the LEPR in the whole double-volute molten salt pump is reduced compared with the single-volute design. It is discovered that the double-volute molten salt pump experiences a less radial hydraulic force. Although the double-volute design has a slightly higher maximum equivalent stress on the impeller than the single-volute scheme, the rotor deformation is significantly less. In general, the double-volute scheme reduces energy loss and ensures better structural stability.

A REVIEW ON DESIGN OF CRUDE OIL PIPELINE WALL OPTIMIZATION DUE TO CORROSION AND HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT

Crude oil pipeline infrastructures represent a high capital investment, and pipelines must be free from the risk of degradation due to corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement, which could cause environmental hazards and potential threats to human life. Pipeline integrity design, monitoring, and management become crucial, especially in subsea pipelines. Corrosion risk assessment is necessary to track pipeline reliability and life prediction effectively. The pipeline inspections cost a lot of money since the pipeline are hundreds of thousands of kilometres, and the maintenance process interrupts the production rates. Moreover, this cost will triple for the subsea pipeline as it requires special personal qualifications and tools, causing the oil and gas company to pay millions for frequent checks. It is proposed to utilize Finite Element Analysis (FEA) modelling technique and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to optimize the design and preventive maintenance prediction. Hence this paper aims to review the current work on this pipeline design problem, especially in the Tropical region, and discuss the factors that cause the deterioration of structural properties due to the presence of hydrogen within the crude oil.