Fingerprint Components Research Articles

Study on Pharmacodynamic Substances and Quality Control of Jiuwei Jiangtang Oral Liquid Based on Network Pharmacology, Fingerprint and In Vitro Experiment

Objective: This study aims to explore the fingerprint and quality control index components of Jiuwei Jiangtang Oral Liquid (JWJT), known for its therapeutic effects on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: This study employed network pharmacology and molecular docking to screen the core components, core targets, and pathways of JWJT. Additionally, HPLC fingerprint was established for 12 batches of JWJT. 12 batches of JWJT were evaluated using stoichiometry and common peaks were determined following a similarity assessment. The effective substances were selected to verify the index components of JWJT through assessing their control over glucose consumption in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells and their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Results: Through network pharmacology and molecular docking analysis, puerarin, calycosin, ellagic acid, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, and kaempferol were identified as core components of JWJT for treating T2DM. Key targets such as AKT1, PIK3R1, INSR, TNF, and EGFR were implicated in regulating pathways including HIF-1, MAPK, and PI3K-Akt in T2DM treatment. The HPLC fingerprints of 12 batches of JWJT samples revealed 10 common peaks, with puerarin, calycosin, ellagic acid, and kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside specifically identified among 4 chromatographic peaks. Using chemical pattern recognition, samples were categorized into two groups, with puerarin, calycosin, and ellagic acid identified as differential markers. Verification through glucose consumption in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity confirmed that puerarin, calycosin, and ellagic acid were active ingredients suitable as quality control indicators for JWJT. Conclusion: The JWJT fingerprint method established in this study is both simple and reproducible. The selected index components will serve as the basis for quality control of JWJT and introduce a novel approach for selecting and verifying quality index components of JWJT in T2DM treatment.

Changes in fingerprint and chromaticity values of Mori Cortex during stir-frying process

This study aims to reveal the dynamics of the HPLC fingerprint, chromaticity values, and main chemical components of Mori Cortex during the stir-frying process. The fingerprints of raw and processed products of Mori Cortex were established. The content of mulberroside A, oxyresveratrol, kuwanon G, and kuwanon H in the samples and the chromaticity values of the samples were determined. Furthermore, the similarity evaluation of fingerprints and the correlation analysis between fingerprints and chromaticity values were carried out. The results showed that the fingerprints of raw and processed products of Mori Cortex had high similarity, and the overall changes in the content of the main chemical components in the stir-frying process were similar. According to the experience, when the stir-frying is moderate, the total chromaticity value difference |ΔE~*_(ab)| is above 1.5. With the extension of stir-frying time, the L~* and E~*_(ab) values keep decreasing, and the a~* value keeps increasing. The results of the correlation analysis between fingerprints and chromaticity values showed that peaks 1(5-hydroxy maltol), 2(mulberroside A), 3, 4, 6, 7, 11(oxyresveratrol), 14, 17(kuwanon G), and 18(kuwanon H) had significant correlations with the chromaticity values. Quantitative analysis of the four components with higher content showed that the content of the four components decreased to varying degrees when the stir-frying was excessive. In addition, 5-hydroxy maltol was produced after stir-frying of Mori Cortex, and the fingerprint and chromaticity values showed regular changes during the stir-frying process. The chromaticity can be included in the evaluation of the stir-frying process of Mori Cortex, which provides a reference for standardizing the quality of stir-fried Mori Cortex.

Toward multidimensional information: A derivatization-free UHPLC-QqQ MS/MS method for amino acid components of fingerprint.

The analysis of fingerprint chemical composition is a meaningful way to excavate the multidimensional information of fingerprint, including the donor profiling information and the age of a fingerprint, which broadens the evidential values of fingerprint, especially for the partial and distorted fingerprint. But the research remains still in the pilot phases or is ongoing. Amino acids are the dominant organic substances in latent sweat fingerprint and influenced by many donor factors. Hence, their content reflects personal information of donors. Forensic science will be revolutionized if suspects can be individualized by their amino acid content. The diverse nature, distinct physicochemical properties, and ultra-micro levels of amino acids present in fingerprints make it hard to detect. A high sensitivity method for detecting and quantifying multiple amino acid components is required. UHPLC-QqQ MS/MS offers high sensitivity, high separation, simultaneous multicomponents detection, and no derivatization, making it an ideal method for detecting and analyzing amino acids in fingerprints. Therefore, in this study, we propose and validate an efficient UHPLC-QqQ MS/MS method for the extraction and analysis of 13 amino acids from fingerprint. We compared the results of amino acids of 10 different substrates and found that the inherent amino acids in most porous substrates would have been extracted along with the fingerprint amino acids, making them unsuitable for quantitative amino acid analysis. Instead, plastic sheets are ideal substrates for laboratory studies. Then, extensive experiments were conducted among 30 donors for multidimensional information analysis. The type of samples analyzed were eccrine-rich fingerprints. A Binary Logistic Regression (BLR) model was developed, and the female and male donors were successfully differentiated by amino acids in fingerprints. Two other mathematical models were also developed to verify the accuracy, and all three different mathematical models were able to identify donors of different genders with over 90% accuracy. This demonstrates that amino acids have the potential to provide more information for donors as metabolic markers. In the future, we will conduct a series of experiments to analyze more multidimensional information for individual identification by amino acid content in the fingerprint.

LC-MS fingerprint and multi-indicator components analysis of classical formula Gualou Xiebai Banxia Decoction

This study developed an optimal pre-processing technique for the reference substance of the classic formula Gualou Xiebai Banxia Decoction(GXBD) and established a comprehensive quality control method for GXBD reference substance to provide a reference for its overall quality evaluation. The authors prepared 15 batches of GXBD samples and innovatively used the extracted ion chromatogram under the base peak chromatogram mode to establish a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS) fingerprint, identify characteristic peaks, and perform quantitative analysis of indicator components. The yield of the 15 batches of GXBD samples ranged from 50.28% to 76.20%. In the positive ion mode, 12 common characteristic peaks were detected in the LC-MS fingerprint, and the structures of five common peaks were identified by comparison with reference standards. The similarity between the fingerprint profiles of different batches of samples and the reference fingerprint profile ranged from 0.920 to 0.984. Finally, liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry(LC-QQQ/MS) in multiple reaction monitoring(MRM) mode was used to determine the content of eight indicator components in GXBD, including loliolide, chrysoeriol, rutin, cucurbitacin D, macrostemonoside Ⅰ, 25S-timosaponin B Ⅱ, 25R-timosaponin B Ⅱ, and peptide proline-tryptophan-valine-proline-glycine(PWVPG). The method established in this study can reduce matrix interference in the compound, and it has good accuracy, stability, and practical value. It effectively reflects the quality attributes of GXBD samples and can be used for the comprehensive quality control of GXBD.

Chemical fingerprinting of volatile organic compounds from asphalt binder for quantitative detection

Asphalt material is an irreplaceable material in road construction. However, it releases VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds), which do cause pollution to the surrounding environment, during its full life cycle, especially in high-temperature paving stage and summer service time. Asphalt VOCs release mechanism and effective emission reduction technologies are therefore urgently needed. The chemical analysis of VOCs from asphalt binder always invariably excludes a vast number of compounds of unknown relevance, making the quantitative analysis lower data accuracy. In order to address this problem, fingerprint database was developed and introduced in this study, with the detected VOCs data from 104 kinds of asphalt binders. The analysis parameters, including fingerprint components and calibration curves were optimized through quantitative study. With the help of a self-developed fingerprint database, the calculation formulas of single VOC and total released VOCs were established for quantitative analysis of VOCs from asphalt binder. In addition, the influencing mechanism of heating temperature and asphalt types on VOCs volatilization characteristic were explored to achieve emission reduction in asphalt industry.

Phytochemical composition of essential oils from aromatic plants inherited with bioherbicidal activity in arabica coffee production system of Ethiopia

Essential (EOs) can be considered as an alternative tool to control weeds, as they are eco-friendly and safe bioherbicides. Based on their herbicidal efficacy against coffee weeds in the prescreening under in-vitro , lath-house and field experimentations, five aromatic plants namely, Cymbopogon citratus , C. martinii , C. winterianus , Eucalyptus citriodora and Thymus schimperi were selected to identify their chemical composition using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. The chromatographic analysis revealed the presence of 45 compounds in C. citratus oil dominated with citral (84.86%) from the subclasses of trans-Citral and cis-Citral. Thirty-three compounds were fractionated and identified in C. martinii oil containing geraniol (55.27%), trans-Geranyl acetate (16.82%), (6R,7R)-Bisabolone (7.23%) and trans-.beta.-Ocimene (6.18%) as the main inherited components. The EO from C. winterianus contained 47 compounds with citronellal (31.31%), geraniol (21.24%), citronellol (12.06%) and elemol (6.68%) as the major component. Similarly, a total of 52 compounds were identified from the EO of E. citriodora containing two major compounds namely, citronellal (76.93%) and citronellol (15.24%). The EO from T. schimperi were composed of 32 compounds with carvacrol (72.55%) and thymol (9.12%) as the main constituents. The present finding indicated that herbicidal activities of the EOs might be attributed to their fingerprint components such as citral (3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienal), geraniol (2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol), citronellal (3,7-dimethyloct-6-enal), citronellol (3,7-Dimethyloct-6-en-1-ol), carvacrol (2-methyl-5-propan-2-ylphenol) and thymol (5-methyl-2-propan-2-ylphenol). Therefore, these bioactive agents have the potential to be used as herbicides to manage weed species in coffee farms for the future. • Cymbopogon species, Eucalyptus citrodora and Thymus species had bioherbicidal activities. • Citral, citronellal, citronellol, geraniol, carvacrol and thymol are major compounds found in EOs of the tested plants. • The major constituents in the EOs of the investigated plants are enriched in monoterpenes. • The herbicidal activities of the EOs might be attributed to their fingerprint components.

다양한 표면에 유류된 잠재지문 현출시 친수성 양자점 나노 분말의 영향

In this research, hydrophilic quantum dot nano-powder (GQD@SiO2) was applied to compare the development of latent fingerprint on various surfaces and the development of latent fingerprint over time after fingerprint deposited. Hydrophilic quantum dot nano-powder exhibited green fluorescence under a wavelength of 365 nm ultraviolet, and increased adsorption characteristics through interaction with hydrophilic components in latent fingerprints showed clear minutiae on non-porous and semi-porous surfaces. It was difficult to express fingerprints on porous surfaces where fingerprint components were quickly absorbed, but on non-porous and semi-porous surfaces where fingerprint components could remain on the surface for a long time compared to porous surfaces, latent fingerprints could be expressed over time.

다양한 표면에 유류된 잠재지문 현출시 친수성 양자점 나노 분말의 영향

In this research, hydrophilic quantum dot nano-powder (GQD@SiO2) was applied to compare the development of latent fingerprint on various surfaces and the development of latent fingerprint over time after fingerprint deposited. Hydrophilic quantum dot nano-powder exhibited green fluorescence under a wavelength of 365 nm ultraviolet, and increased adsorption characteristics through interaction with hydrophilic components in latent fingerprints showed clear minutiae on non-porous and semi-porous surfaces. It was difficult to express fingerprints on porous surfaces where fingerprint components were quickly absorbed, but on non-porous and semi-porous surfaces where fingerprint components could remain on the surface for a long time compared to porous surfaces, latent fingerprints could be expressed over time.

Cross-Linking Induced Emission of Polymer Micelles for High-Contrast Visualization Level 3 Details of Latent Fingerprints.

Rationally developing an intelligent tool for high-contrast fluorescence imaging of latent fingerprints (LFPs) is gaining much concern in many applications such as medical diagnostics and forensic investigations. Herein, the off-on fluorescent polymer micelles (PMs) have been rationally designed and synthesized for high-contrast fluorescence imaging of LFPs through the cross-linking reaction of hydrazine (N2H4) and aldehyde group of polymer. Excitingly, the cross-linking (N2H4) induced emission of PMs has the property of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) and excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), which could effectively address the notorious aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) effects of conventional organic dyes. In addition, the cross-linking strategy can not only improve structural stability of PMs but also enhance its fluorescence brightness. The experiment results demonstrated that PMs showed high water dispersibility (100% aqueous solution), high selectivity, large Stokes shift (∼150 nm), good photostability, and excellent long-term stability. Because of the hydrophobic interaction between the PMs and fingerprint components, the PMs preferentially adhered onto the ridges of fingerprint, and then cross-linking (N2H4) induced emission properties endowed the PMs for high-contrast imaging of LFPs in different substrates, especially the levels 1-3 details of LFPs. We expect that this strategy will provide vital support for LFPs technology.

Simultaneous determination of 36 hypotensive drugs in fingerprints by ultra performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole composite linear ion trap mass spectrometry

指印中蕴含着供体摄入成分等相关信息,通过对其分析可对供体进行特征刻画,从而为案件侦查提供线索,指印分析也可用于药物摄入的定性检测,因此检验指印中的降压药具有重要的实际应用价值。建立了超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆复合线性离子阱质谱(UPLC-Q-TRAP/MS)同时检测指印中36种降压药的方法。前处理方法采用沉淀蛋白法,使用3×3 cm滤纸采集指印,将滤纸剪碎置于2 mL塑料离心管中,加入0.50 mL甲醇,涡旋混合1 min,超声振荡3 min,取出后以12000 r/min离心5 min,取上清液进样分析。采用ACQUITY UPLC® BEH C18柱(100 mm×3.0 mm, 1.7 μm)分离,以0.01%甲酸水溶液和甲醇作为流动相进行梯度洗脱。质谱分析采用可编程多反应监测-信息关联采集-增强子离子(SMRM-IDA-EPI)扫描方式,在高灵敏度分析的同时进行二级谱库检索,增加定性结果的准确性。36种药物在0.05~50.00 ng/fingerprint范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(r)大于0.99,检出限和定量限分别为0.001~0.045 ng/fingerprint和0.002~0.050 ng/fingerprint,在0.25、2.50、25.00 ng/fingerprint 3个加标水平下的基质效应为79.0%~119.2%,回收率为79.3%~116.2%,日内精密度为0.2%~18.3%,日间精密度为1.6%~19.1%。使用该方法检测了87名高血压患者指印中的降压药,大部分样本中可检出其所服用的药物。该方法操作简单,灵敏度高,选择性好,适用于指印中降压药的筛查检验。

Separation of overlapping fingerprints by principal component analysis and multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares analysis of hyperspectral imaging data.

Overlapping fingerprints are often found at crime scenes, but only individual fingerprints separated from each other are admissible as evidence in court. Fingerprint components differ slightly among individuals, and thus their fluorescence spectra also differ from each other. Therefore, the separation of overlapping fingerprints using the difference of the fluorescence spectrum was performed with a hyperspectral imager. Hyperspectral data (HSD) of overlapping fingerprints were recorded under UV LED excitation. Principal component analysis (PCA) and multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) were applied to the HSD to determine the optimal method for obtaining high-contrast images of individual fingerprints. The results suggested that MCR-ALS combined with PCA-based initialization is capable of separating overlapping fingerprints into individual fingerprints. In this study, a method for separating overlapping fingerprints without initial parameters was proposed.

Fluorescent Cationic Conjugated Polymer-Based Adaptive Developing Strategy for Both Sebaceous and Blood Fingerprints.

Both latent sebaceous and blood fingerprints may provide valuable information for forensic investigation. To detect both types of fingerprints with no need to predistinguish them, a new adaptive developing strategy was proposed. A cationic conjugated polymer with poly[p-(phenylene ethylene)-alt-(thienylene ethynylene)] backbone (PPETE-NMe3+) was synthesized, which was dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) to form the developing solution. Fingerprints were developed by a simple dropping and incubating process without any pre-/post-treatments. Fluorescent photographs of the developed fingerprints on various substrates demonstrated that this developing strategy was effective for both types of fingerprints on nonporous substrates. Gray value analysis further confirmed the enhancement of the legibility of the fingerprint images. The preliminary mechanism exploration suggested that certain weak interactions, such as hydrophobic interaction and electrostatic interaction, may synergistically contribute to the interaction between the polymer and fingerprint components. The molecular design of the polymer combined with an appropriate solvent endowed the developing system the adaptiveness toward different types of fingerprints. This adaptive developing strategy made the fingerprint-developing process more efficient and may be further extended to more practical application scenes.

Visualisation of latent fingerprints on non-porous object immersed in stagnant tap water using safranin-tinted Candida rugosa lipase reagent

Waterways have been used for disposing evidence by perpetrators, especially during homicide, rendering difficulties for forensic fingerprint investigators since water may destruct the amino acid components of fingerprints. Although the use of small particle reagent for visualising the lipid components of a fingerprint has been suggested, its use has been associated with numerous human as well as environmental toxicities, and hence, must be reduced. Therefore, this present research that developed a new environmentally-friendly safranin-tinted Candida rugosa lipase reagent (i.e. Lipase-Glutaraldehyde-Safranin, Lip-GA-Saf) for visualising latent fingerprints on non-porous surface (aluminium foils) immersed for up to 4 weeks in stagnant tap water acquires forensic significance. Results revealed that the quality of latent fingerprints (Fingermark Quality Scale) developed using Lip-GA-SAF was statistically better in all the four different durations of immersion than that of using SPR (p<0.05). Declining quality of fingerprints over longer period of immersion was also observed for both the Lip-GA-SAF reagent and SPR developed fingerprints. Considering the better quality of fingerprints developed using Lip-GA-SAF reagent, its usefulness in forensic practical caseworks appears promising.

Chemical Analysis and Imaging of Fingerprints by Air-flow Assisted Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Fingerprint analysis is of great significance in forensic sciences. Compared with existing fingerprint analytical methods, mass spectrometry-based methods can not only identify chemical components in fingerprints, but also obtain fingerprint imaging. In this study four kinds of fingerprints, including sweat, inkpad, sunscreen, and liquid foundation, were analyzed by air-flow assisted desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (AFADESI-MSI). AFADESI was employed with air flow of 45 L min−1, and 5 μL min−1 acetonitrile was used as spray solvent at spray voltage of 7000 V. Positive ion full scan mode (100−1000 Da) was chosen. The results showed that AFADESI-MSI method could not only obtain chemical information of various endogenous and exogenous substances in fingerprints, but also obtain high resolution images of fingerprints. In addition, overlapped fingerprints were distinguished according to the typical chemical information in fingerprints. As a new fingerprint analysis method, AFADESI-MSI would be widely used in forensic scientific research and practical applications.

Fingerprint Blurring on a Hierarchical Nanoporous Layer Glass

A fingerprint blurring phenomenon on a hierarchical nanoporous layer (HNL) glass has been discovered and experimentally investigated. The HNL glass was prepared by a simple one-pot etching as reported by the authors. IR absorption spectra and water contact angle revealed that the blurring does not come from a chemical decomposition but a transportation of the fingerprint components, and the capillary action drives the transportation, not the thermal diffusion. The fine pores in the HNL was indicated to develop the strong capillary force to blur the fingerprint. The fingerprint blurring phenomenon on the HNL can be a candidate for the third anti-fingerprint methodology after the popular ones of low frictional surfaces and anti-glare surfaces.

Development of Well-Preserved, Substrate-Versatile Latent Fingerprints by Aggregation-Induced Enhanced Emission-Active Conjugated Polyelectrolyte.

The development of highly efficient latent fingerprint (LFP) technology remains extremely vital for forensic and criminal investigations. In this contribution, a straightforward, rapid, and cost-effective method has been established for the quick development of well-preserved latent fingerprint on multiple substrates, including plastic, glass, aluminum foil, metallic surfaces, and so forth, without any additional treatment, based on aggregation-induced enhanced emission-active conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPE) 3,3'-((2-(4-(1,2-diphenyl-2-(p-tolyl)vinyl)phenyl)-7-(7-methylbenzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazol-4-yl)-9H-fluorene-9,9-diyl)bis(hexane-6,1-diyl))bis(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium) bromide, revealing clearly the third-level details (ridges, bifurcations, and pores) with high selectivity, high contrast, and no background interference even by blood stains, confirming the ability of the proposed technique for LFP detection with high resolution. The LFP development process was accomplished simply by immersing fingerprint-loaded substrate into the CPE solution for ∼1 min, followed by shaking off the residual polymer solution and then air drying. The CPE was readily transferred to the LFPs because of the strong electrostatic and hydrophobic interaction between the CPE molecules and the fingerprint components revealing distinct fluorescent images on various smooth nonporous surfaces.

Screening bioactive quality control markers of QiShenYiQi dripping pills based on the relationship between the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography fingerprint and vascular protective activity.

Traditional Chinese medicine consists of complex phytochemical constituents. Selecting appropriate analytical markers of traditional Chinese medicine is a critical step in quality control. Currently, the combination of fingerprinting and efficacy evaluation is considered as a useful method for screening active ingredients in complex mixtures. This study was designed to develop an orthogonal partial least squares model for screening bioactive quality control markers of QishenYiqi dripping pills based on the fingerprint-efficacy relationship. First, the chemical fingerprints of 49 batches of QishenYiqi dripping pill samples were established by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector. Second, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry was exploited to systematically investigate the 36 copossessing fingerprint components in QishenYiqi dripping pills. The vascular protective activity of QishenYiqi dripping pills was determined by using a cell counting kit-8 assay. Finally, fingerprint-efficacy relationship was established by orthogonal partial least squares model. The results indicated that ten components exhibited strong correlation with vascular protective activity, and these were preliminarily screened as quality control markers. The present study provided a novel idea for the study of the pharmacodynamic material basis and quality evaluation of QishenYiqi dripping pills.

SparseLoc: Indoor Localization Using Sparse Representation

With the popularity of smart mobile devices, “context-aware” applications have attracted intense interest, for which location is one of the most essential contexts. Compared with outdoor localization, indoor localization has received much more attention from both academia and industry these days. Given the widespread use of WiFi hotspots, the received signal strength (RSS) fingerprint-based indoor localization technique is considered as a promising and practical solution because of its relatively high accuracy and low infrastructure cost. Inspired by our observation that sparsity is inherent to the WiFi signal, we present a new RSS fingerprint-based indoor localization approach, called SparseLoc . Through sparse representation of the fingerprints, SparseLoc can estimate a smart mobile device’s location with a small error most of the time. Although the correlation between neighboring fingerprints affects the localization accuracy, SparseLoc uses the similarity between principal components of fingerprints to alleviate this effect. Based on the empirical experiments, we demonstrate that SparseLoc improves the localization accuracy by over 25% compared with the existing WiFi signal-based localization methods.

Minutiae Extraction From Level 1 Features of Fingerprint

Fingerprint features can be divided into three major categories based on the granularity at which they are extracted: level 1, level 2, and level 3 features. Orientation field, ridge frequency field, and minutiae set are three fundamental components of fingerprint, where the orientation field and ridge frequency field are regarded as level 1 features and minutiae set as level 2 features. It is generally believed that level 1 features, especially orientation field, can be reconstructed from level 2 features, i.e., minutiae. However, it is still a question that if minutiae can be extracted from level 1 features. In this paper, we analyze the relations between level 1 and level 2 features using the frequency modulation (FM) model and propose an approach to extract minutiae from level 1 features (i.e., orientation field and frequency field). The proposed algorithm is evaluated on NIST SD27 and FVC2002 DB1 databases. The true detection rate (TDR) and false detection rate (FDR) of minutiae detection on NIST SD27 and FVC2002 DB1 are about 45% and 30% compared with manually marked minutiae, respectively, with level 1 features extracted at a block size of 16 pixels. When pixelwise orientation and frequency fields are available, TDR and FDR can reach 70% and 25%, respectively. With a smaller block size, the minutiae recovering accuracy can be even higher. Our quantitative and experimental results show the deep relationship between level 1 and level 2 features of a fingerprint.

Construction and Quality Analysis of Transgenic Rehmannia glutinosa Containing TMV and CMV Coat Protein.

Plant viruses, especially tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) are serious threats to Rehmannia glutinosa which is a “top grade” herb in China. In the present study, TMV- and CMV-resistant Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. plants were constructed by transforming the protein (CP) genes of TMV and CMV into Rehmannia glutinosa via a modified procedure of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Integration and expression of TMV CP and CMV CP transgenes in 2 lines, LBA-1 and LBA-2, were confirmed by PCR, Southern blot and RT-PCR. Both LBA-1 and LBA-2 were resistant to infection of homologous TMV and CMV strains. The quality of transgenic Rehmanniae Radix was evaluated based on fingerprint analysis and components quantitative analysis comparing with control root tubes. These results showed that chemical composition of transgenic Rehmanniae Radix were similar to non-transgenic ones, which demonstrated that the medical quality and biosafety of transgenic Rehmanniae Radix were equivalent to non-transgenic material when consumed as traditional Chinese medicinal (TCM).