1. Shabana Yusuf, MD* 2. Lynn Garfunkel, MD* 3. Catherine Forster, MD† 4. Janet R. Serwint, MD‡ 1. *Editorial Board Member, 2. †Editorial Fellow, and 3. ‡Associate Editor, In Brief, Pediatrics in Review > Over the years, women have prominently advanced pediatrics. Very few women were members of the original editorial board of Pediatrics in Review . That has since changed. Four prominent women on our current editorial board offer their thoughts on the current state and possible future of pediatrics. > > —JZ, HDA Although the global mortality rate of children has dropped dramatically (from 36% in 1900 to 12% in 1979 to <4% in 2017), with most children today living into adulthood, there remain significant racial, ethnic, and geographic differences. Diseases have evolved and provider perspectives have changed. Medical advances in 3 areas of pediatric care—prevention, diagnosis, and treatment—have led to substantial changes in child health. Vaccine-preventable diseases have declined remarkably. In 1977, a nationwide immunization program was established to increase vaccination rates to 90%. With development of the Haemophilus influenzae and pneumococcal vaccines, bacterial meningitis and its complications are rare, although bacterial pneumonia and otitis media still occur. More recently, vaccine refusal has increased the rates of unvaccinated children (from 0.3% in 2001 to 1.3% in 2017), causing unnecessary local epidemics and increased physician time for counseling parents. Human immunodeficiency virus infection rapidly increased in the 1980s, and peaked at epidemic proportions in …