Finger Length Research Articles

EFFECT OF HAND ANTHROPOMETRY INDICES ON THE MEASUREMENT OF HAND GRIP STRENGTH USING A HANDHELD DYNAMOMETER IN YOUNG ASIAN MALES

Hand grip strength is a measure of one’s muscle strength of the hand and forearm. It also indicates one’s general physical fitness. Hand grip strength is measured using a handheld dynamometer and this procedure can be affected by one’s hand anthropometry. Hand size and shape can be affected by one’s race and ethnicity and thus identifying the specific hand anthropometric measurement that would be related to hand grip strength for a particular ethnicity is important. Thus, this study investigated the relationship between different hand anthropometric measurements with hand grip strength using a handheld dynamometer in South Asian healthy young male adults. Full hand length, middle finger length, palm width and wrist thickness in 52 young male participants aged 18-25 years old were measured. Hand grip strength was measured using a handheld dynamometer. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to study the relationship of each anthropometric variable with hand grip strength. Our data showed, palm width significantly correlates with hand grip strength (r=0.461; p=0.00059). Middle finger length has a weak positive correlation (r=0.260; p=0.063), while full hand length and wrist thickness has no correlation with hand grip strength (r=0.048; p=0.734) and (r=0.094; p=0.509) respectively. Our results show that of the four anthropometry measurements of the hand used in this study, palm width has a strong association with hand grip strength, and it is a statistically significant determinant of hand grip strength in South Asian healthy male young adults. It can also be concluded that middle finger length and wrist thickness do not play a role in affecting hand grip strength.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0028/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Effect of Bunch Feeding on Yield Parameters of Banana cv. Grand Naine in Ratnanagar, Chitwan, Nepal

A field experiment consisting of bunch stalk feeding with different treatments on yield of banana cv. Grand Naine (G9) was conducted during 2022 in Ratnanagar-12, Jamunapur of Chitwan, Nepal. The experiment was laid in Random Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 7 treatments and 3 replications. Bunch fed with dipping the cut end in the combination of 500gm cow dung + 10g urea + 20g SOP + 15mg of GA3 + 100ml water resulted significantly higher finger length (20.36 cm), finger weight (0.18kg), finger diameter (36.28mm, bunch length (101.90 cm), bunch weight (32.37 kg), peel weight (19.05 g). and pulp weight (82.39 g) compared with control (without bunch stalk feeding). Thus, the research shows that the bunch feeding with 500gm cow dung, 10g urea, 20g SOP and 15mg of GA3 improves yield parameters of banana cv. Grand Naine.
 Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 11(1): 25-29.

The Second to Fourth Digit Ratio in the Patients with Hidradenitis Suppurativa

Aim: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, recurrent, and inflammatory skin disease involving the hair follicles and sweat glands. Based on the link between androgens and the second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) and also the connection between sex hormones and HS, it can be stated that there is an association between HS and the 2D:4D ratio. Based on this hypothesis, the present study investigated the relationships between HS, the 2D:4D ratio, and sex hormones. Materials and methods: Total testosterone and dehidroepiandrosteron-sulfate (DHEA-S) levels were measured in both male and female cases and controls. Luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), LH/FSH ratio, estradiol, progesterone, and prolactin levels were analyzed in only female cases and controls. The 2D:4D ratio was calculated by dividing the second finger's length by the fourth finger's length. Results: One hundred eight patients were diagnosed with HS. Eighty of these patients (39 female) were enrolled and constituted the study group. The control group consisted of 70 healthy participants (35 female). There were significant associations between weight, body mass index, smoking status, duration of smoking, and the length of left 2D and left 4D in both female cases and controls. We also found significant relationships between body mass index, smoking status, duration of smoking, and total testosterone in male cases and controls. In female cases, we determined significant correlations between the length of the DHEA-S and 2D right, 4D right and 2D left. In male patients there were significant associations between age of disease onset and right 2D:4D, age of disease onset and left 2D:4D, disease duration and right 4D length, disease duration and left 2D length, DHEA-S and right 4D length, DHEA-S and left 2D length. Conclusion: We suggest that our research is a valuable contribution to the literature since it is the first study assessing the relationships between the 2D:4D ratio, HS and circulating hormone levels. However, further prospective studies, including larger patient samples, are required to identify relationships between the 2D:4D ratio and HS.

Normative Data on the Maximum Twisting Force for an Elderly Person’s Sustainable Life

Most elderly people have difficulty opening a new bottle cap due to the insufficient torque to be applied. The study aims at obtaining normative data on the hand dimensions and the maximum torque that could be generated by elderly persons. This study was conducted on 30 elderly people aged 60 and over. A digital torque meter, digital caliper, and tissue tape were used to measure the maximum torque on a dummy bottle and hand dimensions. SPSS software was used for all statistical analyses. Older men have been found to have larger hand dimensions than older women. However, no significant differences in hand dimensions were found between different age groups. A statistically significant difference was observed between the age group 60–69 years vs. 80–89 years and the age group 70–79 years vs. 80–89 years in maximum torque. The correlation between hand dimensions (thumb width and index finger length) and maximum torque was highly correlated (r = 0.63 and r = 0.62, respectively). Knowledge of the relationship between hand dimensions and maximum torque can be used for future bottle cap designs to meet the needs of the elderly.

Configuration design and grasping contact accuracy analysis of a four-finger manipulator used for grasping fragile objects of elliptic cross section

A type of manipulator configuration with four-fingers is put forward, for grasping fragile hollow workpieces, with adjustable finger length and finger pad shape. Within a certain range, the manipulator can be used to grasp the internal cross section of fragile objects with different size of circular and oval shape. The design idea and structure of the manipulator are introduced, while the join positions between the finger pad and the finger body, as determined by uniform interpolation or Chebyshev interpolation, are comparatively analyzed and researched regarding forming force contact with workpiece. During the process of grasping, the internal forces and deformations between finger pad and workpiece are analyzed, based on a constructed finite element analysis model. The calculation example shows that, under the same grasping parameters, the maximum impact force on the workpiece is reduced by 63%, when the curvature adjustment points for the finger pad are distributed according to the Chebyshev interpolation, compared to their equal spacing distribution. Research has provided a theoretical basis for the design optimization of the finger pad structure and the connection point positions. For using manipulator to grasp objects with different size of circular and oval shape, the working space of the proposed manipulator is studied. The experiments show that, the manipulator structure, as presented in this article, can meet the requirements of relevant tasks.

Stature Estimation from Finger Length by Regression Equation

Background: Estimation of stature from mutilated body parts, as in mass disasters and in many heinous crimes, has always intrigued the Forensic Pathologist and investigating agencies. Every part of human being grows in correlation to each other. Many authors have conducted various studies to find the correlation amongst various body parts and found positive correlation. The present study has correlated the length of all fingers with the stature of the individual. Methodology: The study was carried out on 150 healthy voluntary subjects (75 male and 75 female) of age 18-25 years. Instruments like Stadiometer and Vernier caliper was used for height and finger length measurements respectively. Result: Mean values of stature and finger length were larger in males as compared to females. Positive and strong correlation was found between stature and right index finger length in females and left middle finger length in males whereas right and left middle finger length in total subjects showed statistically significant correlation (P-value < 0.05). Conclusion: The findings of the study can be useful only when an intact finger is examined. As very less information is available related to correlation between finger length and stature of individual, there is need of more research from different geographical locations.

Stature Estimation from Finger Length by Regression Equation

Stature Estimation from Finger Length by Regression Equation

Prediction of Stature Using Fingers' Lengths

Estimation of stature is of paramount importance in verifying the identity of an individual from the bodily remains, often after any kind of mass disaster, explosion, etc. This study aimed at predicting the stature of students using their finger’s lengths. A total number of 300 students (153 females and 147 males) of Madonna University, Nigeria, was evaluated, age ranging from 18 to 25 years. All the subjects had complete fingers. Stature was measured with stadiometer while Fingers lengths were measured using a straight line ruler, all in centimeters. The data were analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences), and the differences were tested using Z-test. The association between stature and Fingers Length was determined using Pearson chi-squared test. The results showed significant difference in the length of the fingers in both right and left hands of males and females respectively (p<0.01). From the result the middle fingers ranked highest for both male and female while the little fingers ranked least. A good correlation was found between the right middle finger and the height in the females and between the left middle finger and height in males. This shows that as the height of females increases, the middle finger of the right hand also increases significantly compared to the left hand middle finger (p<0.01), conversely, as males increase in height, their left hand middle finger tends to increase in length than the right hand middle finger (p<0.01). Linear regression equation was derived to predict stature from the finger’s lengths for male and female respectively. It was observed that amongst all the fingers, the middle fingers right-females and left-males, tend to correlate better with stature than every other finger, and therefore have the possibility of predicting stature than other fingers.

Boosting the Electrostatic MEMS Converter Output Power by Applying Three Effective Performance-Enhancing Techniques.

This current study aims to enhance the electrostatic MEMS converter performance mainly by boosting its output power. Three different techniques are applied to accomplish such performance enhancement. Firstly, the power is boosted by scaling up the technology of the converter CMOS accompanied circuit, the power conditioning, and power controlling circuits, from 0.35 µm to 0.6 µm CMOS technology. As the converter area is in the range of mm2, there are no restrictions concerning the scaling up of the accompanied converter CMOS circuits. As a result, the maximum voltage of the system for harvesting energy, Vmax, which is the most effective system constraint that greatly affects the converter's output power, increases from 8 V to 30 V. The output power of the designed and simulated converter based on the 0.6 µm technology increases from 2.1 mW to 4.5 mW. Secondly, the converter power increases by optimizing its technological parameters, the converter thickness and the converter finger width and length. Such optimization causes the converter output power to increase from 4.5 mW to 11.2 mW. Finally, the converter structure is optimized to maximize its finger length by using its wasted shuttle mass area which does not contribute to its capacitances and output power. The proposed structure increases the converter output power from 11.2 mW to 14.29 mW. Thus, the three applied performance enhancement techniques boosted the converter output power by 12.19 mW, which is a considerable enhancement in the converter performance. All simulations are carried out using COMSOL Multiphysics 5.4.

A new formula based on height for determining endotracheal intubation depth in pediatrics: A prospective study

Study objectiveThe main objective was to devise an endotracheal intubation formula based on pediatric patients' strongly correlated growth parameters. The secondary objective was to compare the accuracy of the new formula to the age-based formula from Advanced Pediatric Life Support Course (APLS formula) and the middle finger length-based formula (MFL-based formula). DesignA prospective, observational study. SettingOperation. Patients111 subjects age 4–12 years old undergoing elective surgeries with general orotracheal anesthesia. Interventions and measurementsGrowth parameters, including age, gender, height, weight, BMI, middle finger length, nasal-tragus length, and sternum length, were measured before surgeries. Tracheal length and the optimal endotracheal intubation depth (D) were measured and calculated by Disposcope. Regression analysis were used to establish a new formula for predicting the intubation depth. A self-controlled paired design was used to compare the accuracy of the intubation depth between the new formula, APLS formula, and MFL-based formula. Main resultsHeight (R = 0.897, P < 0.001) was strongly correlated to tracheal length and the endotracheal intubation depth in pediatric patients. New formulae basing on height were established, including new formula 1: D (cm) = 4 + 0.1 × Height (cm) and new formula 2: D (cm) = 3 + 0.1 × Height (cm). Via Bland-Altman analysis, the mean differences for new formula 1, new formula 2, APLS formula and MFL-based formula were − 0.354 cm (95% LOA, −1.289 to 1.998 cm), 1.354 cm (95% LOA, −0.289 to 2.998 cm), 1.154 cm (95% LOA, −1.002 to 3.311 cm), −0.619 cm (95% LOA, −2.960 to 1.723 cm), respectively. The rate of optimal intubation for new formula 1 (84.69%) was higher than for new formula 2 (55.86%), APLS formula (61.26%), and MFL-based formula. (69.37%). ConclusionsThe prediction accuracy for intubation depth of the new formula 1 was higher than the other formulae. The new formula based on height: D (cm) = 4 + 0.1 × Height (cm) was preferable to APLS formula and MFL-based formula with a high incidence of appropriate endotracheal tube position.

High digit ratio (2D:4D) is associated with attack frequency and severity in hereditary angioedema patients

BackgroundHereditary angioedema (HAE) caused by a deficiency or dysfunction of the plasma protease C1-inhibitor is a rare autosomal-dominant disorder. We explored a possible correlation between the ratio of the second and fourth finger lengths (2D:4D) and the frequency of HEA attacks, and whether the ratio might predict laryngeal attack. MethodWe evaluated 35 HEA patients aged 19 to 66 years; 3 were subsequently excluded. The 2D:4D ratio was calculated by dividing the length of the second finger by that of the fourth finger of both hands. A structured clinical questionnaire exploring HAE course and treatment over the prior year was administered. ResultsOf the 32 participants, 56.25 % (n = 18) were female. Of them, those with high 2D:4D ratios suffered significantly more laryngeal attacks than others; 93.3% of patients with high 2D:4D ratios experienced ≥5 attacks annually, significantly more than those with low ratios. Among type 2 HEA patients, 75 % of those experiencing ≥5 attacks annually had high 2D:4D ratios; all patients with low 2D:4D ratios reported <5 attacks annually. These significant effects were found for right-hand 2D:4D ratios and not left-hand 2D:4D ratios. ConclusionThe data suggest that intrauterine sex hormone exposure, which affects the 2D:4D ratio, is significantly associated with HEA attack frequency and severity, and laryngeal edema.

Hand Anthropometry: Baseline Data of The Major Ethnic Groups in Sabah

Anthropometry, the quantitative interface between anatomy and physiology, is a scientific specialization concerned with applying measurement to appraise human size, shape, proportion, composition, development, and gross function. Anthropometric measurement is essential in many areas, including archaeology, anthropology, ergonomics, forensic sciences, anatomy, and nutrition. Although different researchers have studied the anthropometry of hand extensively in Malaysia, there is still a paucity of data among the major ethnicities (Kadazandusun, Bajau, Malay and Chinese) that exist in Sabah. The study was designed to create baseline data for normative values of hand length, handbreadth, middle finger length, second inter-crease length of the middle finger, and the hand span of major ethnic groups in Sabah. This cross-sectional study was conducted from February 2021 to January 2022 by applying a stratified random sampling method. At first, the students were stratified into ethnicities and were further stratified as males and females. The hand dimensions were measured using a digital calliper. The baseline data for Sabah’s four major ethnic groups were compared for symmetry, gender, and ethnic differences. The right handbreadth was broader than the left hand (p&lt;0.01). The result also demonstrated a statistically significant (0.001) difference between gender; however, there was no significant difference among the four ethnicities. Further study at the community level is recommended for different age groups and ethnicities by addressing hand activity, hormones, and brain asymmetry tocomplement the findings of this study.

Farklı Dikim Sistemlerinin ‘Azman’ Muz Çeşidinin Büyüme ve Verim Parametreleri Üzerine Etkileri

The objective of this work was to evaluate the growth and yield of the Azman banana (AAA, Cavendish subgroup) variety subjected to increasing planting densities. The trial was prepared using single (1.8 x 2.0 m), pair (1.2 x 1.2 x 2.0 m), and triangle (1.5 x 1.8 m) row planting systems. There was a significant difference in pseudostem length, pseudostem circumstance, leaf length, and leaf width with regard to different planting systems. Maximum pseudostem length was observed in the single row system (216.00 cm), but maximum pseudostem circumstance was observed in the triangular row system (64.00 cm). The influence of plant population on yield and yield attributing characters were markedly observed. According to the planting systems, single row planting had the highest bunch weight of 34.66 kg, while no statistical difference could be determined in pair and triangular row planting. When the parameters related to the fruit were examined, there was no statistical difference between planting systems in terms of hand and finger numbers, but a significant difference was found between finger length and diameter. &#x0D; At the end of the study, it is concluded that spacing of 1.2 x 1.2 x 2.0 m (pair row) gave higher total banana yield and economic profit than the spacing of 1.5 x 1.8 m (triangular row). However, longer and wider fruits were obtained in plant spacing 1.8 x 2.0 m (single row). Therefore, when calculated as the plant planted per decare and bunch weight, it was concluded that pair row planting can be recommended for banana growers.

Effects of firefighting gloves styles on manual performance

This study analyzes structural characteristics of firefighting gloves from the perspective of style design, to investigate the impact of the fit of four types of selected firefighting gloves on firefighters’ manual operation efficiency. Seventeen male college students participated in the ergonomic trial to compare manual work done with bare hands and while wearing gloves. The results showed that the participants’ hand dexterity decreased after wearing firefighting gloves, but there were significant differences between different styles of gloves. As glove thickness increased, the time to complete manual work increased continuously. But the change in the participant’s hand and finger length did not affect the tactile perception of gloves. The construction of fingers had an inverse significant effect on dexterity and grip performance. To enhance manual performance, it is recommended that hand length, finger length and finger girth be considered when designing firefighting gloves based on the motion characteristics of firefighting operations.

A Composite Right/Left-Handed Phase Shifter-Based Cylindrical Phased Array with Reinforced Particles Responsive to Magneto-Static Fields

A conformal cylindrical phased array antenna excited with composite right/left-handed (CRLH) phase shifters is proposed. The phase tuning of the CRLH phase shifter is achieved by embedding novel magneto-static field-responsive micron-sized particles in its structure. It is shown that through the tiny magnet activation of these novel magneto-static particles at appropriate locations along the length of CRLH stub and inter-digital fingers, variable phase shifts are obtained. The proposed particle-based CRLH phase shifter operates in C-band (5–6) GHz with a low insertion loss and phase error. The 1 × 4 cylindrical phased array is excited with the four unit cells of the proposed particle-embedded CRLH transmission line phase shifters to scan the main beam at desired scan angles. A prototype of a 1 × 4 cylindrical phased array excited with the particle-based CRLH phase shifters was fabricated, and the results show that the simulated results are in close agreement with the measured results. The conformal cylindrical array with the proposed particle-based CRLH phase shifters has great potential for use in printed and flexible electronics design where commercially available phase shifters have a definite drawback.

Digit ratio (2D:4D) and performance in non-elite male badminton players

Background: The second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D ratio) is derived by dividing the length of the index finger (2D) by the length of the ring finger (4D). It has been considered as an index of how much the fetus is exposed to testosterone in utero. Research has suggested that high levels of testosterone are associated with low 2D:4D ratio. The relationship between 2D:4D ratio and physical performance is still an unexplored field in badminton players. Aims and Objectives: This study intends to assess the digit ratio 2D:4D in non-elite male badminton players in comparison to their sedentary controls. Materials and Methods: The study included 30 male badminton players in the age group of 19–23 years who were practicing badminton for more than 3 years and 30 age, body mass index-matched sedentary controls. The second and fourth finger measurements were taken from scanned printouts using Vernier calipers. Results: The 2D:4D ratio was significantly lower in the left hand of badminton players when compared to their controls (P = 0.0001). There was no significant difference in 2D:4D ratios of the right hand and 2D:4D (Δ r–l) between badminton players and controls. Conclusion: The findings in our study partly support the concept that 2D:4D ratio in an important parameter in selection of athletes. The reason for no difference in 2D:4D ratio and controls in the right hand could be due to the fact that badminton is a moderate intensity sport, and also, the study participants were non-elite players.

Effect of age of seedling and spacing on yield attributes and yield of finger millet

An investigation was carried out to study the effect of age of seedling and spacing on yield attributes and yield of finger millet during kharif season of the year 2019 on loamy sand soil at College Agronomy Farm, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand. The experiment was consisted of twelve treatment combination comprised of three age of seedling (A1: 14 days, A2: 21 days and A3: 28 days) and four spacing (S1: 20 cm x 15 cm, S2: 20 cm x 20 cm, S3: 30 cm x 10 cm and S4: 30 cm x 15 cm) tested under Randomized Block Design (Factorial) with four replications. The results of an experiment showed that number of fingers/earhead, length of fingers (cm), earhead weight (g), grain weight/earhead (g) and test weight (g) of finger millet were achieved significantly higher with transplanting of 21 days old seedling (A2). As far as spacing is concern, transplanting of finger millet at 30 cm x 15 cm (S4) recorded higher yield parameters. However, Grain and straw yield were recorded higher under treatment combination A2S3 (transplanting of 21 day old seedling at 30 cm x 10 cm).

Identifying prominent genotypes and yield contributing traits in finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.)

The knowledge about genetic variability and determining the criteria for employing effective selection is always prerequisite to develop a sound breeding programme. Therefore, the present experiment was conducted with 35 genotypes of finger millet in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three (03) replications and observations were recorded for morphological and quality traits. The analysis of variance exhibited substantial degree of variability among the genotypes for all the traits under study. The higher value of phenotypic coefficient of variance (PCV) than genotypic coefficient of variance (GCV) for all the traits under study indicated the influence of environment on expression of these traits. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean suggested that direct selection for the traits viz. iron content, test weight, calcium content, finger length, protein content, flag leaf area and days to 80% maturity may be carried out as these traits have preponderance of additive gene action. Similarly, character association results depicted that direct selection for the traits viz. flag leaf area, test weight, biological yield/plant, harvest index and iron content will be effective for tangible advancement in grain yield of this important millet. Further, Genetic divergence study for identifying such promising genotypes revealed that among the seven clusters, Cluster III and cluster VII were most divergent hence genotypes viz., MLS 1, MLS 5, GPU 67, VL 376 and Indira Ragi from these clusters may throw useful segregates in upcoming generations.

Influence of hand trimming and bunch feeding of nutrient on yield and yield attributes of banana cv. Grand Naine

A field experiment was conducted during the year 2018-19 and 2019-20 at Instructional Farm, ACH, and Soil and Water Management Research Unit Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari (Gujarat) to assess the effect of hand trimming and bunch feeding on yield and yield attributes parameters of banana cv. Grand Naine. The investigation comprised of ten treatments and each treatment was repeated thrice in CRD. The treatments viz. Control (T1), KNO3 1% without trimming (T2), KNO3 2% without trimming (T3), SOP 1.5% without trimming (T4), SOP 2.0% without trimming (T5), KNO3 1% with trimming of one apical hand (T6), KNO3 2.0% with trimming of one apical hand (T7), SOP 1.5% with trimming of one apical hand (T8), SOP 2.0% with trimming of one apical hand (T9) and 300g cowdung slurry + 10g SOP +20g ammonium sulphate (T10) were imposed on banana plants of cultivar ‘Grand Naine’. Banana bunch feeding with 300g cow dung slurry + 10g SOP + 20g ammonium sulphate recorded the maximum bunch weight, fruit yield, weight of 3rd hand, finger length, finger girth and finger weight in the pooled study.

Physiological Characters and Yield of Transplanted Finger Millet (Eleusine Coracana L.) as Influenced by Different Plant Geometry and Graded NPK Levels

A field experiment was conducted at Agricultural College and Research Institute, Killikulam, Tamil Nadu during Rabi season (Oct - Mar) 2018 – 19 to evaluate the effect of different plant geometry and graded NPK levels on the performance of finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.) under transplanted condition. The experiment was planned with different spacing in combination with different fertilizer levels viz., Absolute control (Random planting without fertilizer application), farmer practices (30 × 10 cm + 100% RDF), square planting of 25 × 25 cm with 100%, 125 % and 150 % RDF, square planting of 30 × 30 cm 100 % 125 % and 150 % RDF. SPAD values were found to increase progressively from 30 to 60 DAT but declined at harvest. Among all the treatments, higher SPAD value and light interception percentage were recorded under plant spacing of 25 × 25 cm + 150 % RDF (47.30 &amp; 71.02, 61.55 &amp; 88.24 and 29.17 &amp; 83.68 at 30, 60 and 90 DAT, respectively). It was significantly on par with the spacing of 25 × 25 cm + 125 % RDF (45.62 &amp; 70.15, 59.43 &amp; 87.30 and 27.60 &amp; 82.16 at 30, 60 and 90 DAT, respectively). The treatment 25 × 25 cm with 150 % RDF was identified as the best yield attributes, and yield-producing treatment as it has recorded higher no. of productive tillers hill-1 (7.3), no of fingers earhead-1 (7.5), finger length (cm) (9.8) and test weight (g) (2.8), grain (2692 kg ha-1) and straw yield (4129 kg ha-1) and it was on par with 25 × 25 cm + 125 % RDF. The lowest SPAD values, light interception percentage, yield attributes and yield were recorded in absolute control.