Fine Weather Research Articles

Simultaneous lightwave information and power transfer for NLOS ultraviolet communications under different weather conditions

In this work, a power allocation scheme for ultraviolet communication (UVC) with simultaneous lightwave information and power transfer (SLIPT) is proposed. Based on the non-line-of-sight (NLOS) single scattering channel model, the path loss and bit error rate (BER) performance of the UVC system with different geometrical parameters are analyzed. The effects of three types of weather, light rain, fine weather and severe fog conditions are considered. It is proved that the path loss is minimized on foggy days with minimum BER, followed by sunny days. The proposed SLIPT approach that the receiving energy is in turn divided into two parts, one for energy harvesting (EH) and the other for information decoding (ID). The system is designed to optimize energy harvesting for autonomous power supply, while ensuring a specified BER threshold and maintaining spectral efficiency. The effects of three types of weather on the SLIPT system are further investigated. It is demonstrated that under shorter communication distance(r), smaller elevation angle of receiving terminal (βR), larger field of view (FoV) and lower spectral efficiency(η) conditions, a higher percentage of energy is allocated for EH, with foggy days being the most favorable. The extreme geometric parameters of rainy condition can lead to the inability of communication, which needs to be limited to r ≤ 10 m, elevation angle of Rx ≤ 6°, FOV ≥100°, spectral efficiency ≤3, under the preset parameters in this paper.

A systematic survey of environmental DNA in Palau's lakes and waterfalls reveals an increase in Leptospira levels after flooding

ObjectiveLeptospirosis is an important bacterial zoonosis which is widespread in tropical and subtropical islands and influences human and animal health which has secondary economic effects. Although leptospirosis is endemic in Palau, an Oceanian Pacific Island country, few systematic surveys of potential risk factors for Leptospira infection, such as weather and host animals, have been conducted in the natural environment. We used environmental DNA metabarcoding to assess the distribution, species diversity, and abundance of pathogenic Leptospira in this endemic region to investigate the potential environmental risks. MethodsForty-two paired water samples, representing fine and rainy weather conditions, were collected from four representative waterfalls and lakes on Babeldaob Island, the largest island in Palau. High-throughput sequencing analysis was conducted for polymerase chain reaction products of leptospiral 16S rRNA and vertebrate animal mitochondrial 12S rRNA genes. ResultsWe revealed greater Leptospira diversity and abundance in samples collected after continuous rain, particularly in the presence of flooding, compared with samples collected under typhoon, monsoon, or fine weather conditions. From same samples, six mammalian species including cats (Felis catus), mice (Mus musculus), Yap flying fox (Pteropus yapensis), rats (Rattus spp.), and pigs (Sus scrofa) were repeatedly detected. These may be candidates of host animals of Leptospira in Palau; however, their detection was not clearly correlated with that of Leptospira. ConclusionWe repeatedly detected several species of pathogenic Leptospira from water samples of a wide region of Babeldaob Island. We confirmed that Leptospira contamination in freshwater environments increased under rainy conditions, particularly in the presence of flooding. This information could be used to improve public health control measures in this region.

Clothing color effect as a target of the smallest scale climate change adaptation.

The purpose of this study is to understand a physical mechanism to determine the surface temperature of clothes in calm and fine conditions of outdoors. We observed surface temperatures of polo shirts of the same material and design but different colors. The shirts were placed in unshaded and well-ventilated outdoor, open spaces on sunny summer days. The maximum difference between dark green or black and white was more than 15°C during calm, fine weather and was greatest when the solar radiation was strong. If the transmission of solar radiation energy through a shirt is ignored to calculate the absorption by the shirt, the difference in solar radiation absorption due to different colors is as much as 24% in the maximum, and if considered, we concluded that an absorption difference of 34% led to a temperature difference of 15℃. When we compared the brightness of the colors, we found that the albedo of both the visible and NIR bands explained why the red and green colors were so different with respect to the surface temperatures we observed. The reflection in the NIR bands was also an important determinant of the surface temperature. An additional experiment using masks showed that the temperature difference between white and black was almost eliminated at a wind speed of ~ 3m/s. The color of clothing is therefore a target for small-scale adaptation to climate change.

Localization-aware logit mimicking for object detection in adverse weather conditions

Adverse weather conditions would decrease the image quality, leading to a sharp decline in detection accuracy. Most of the researches focus on object detection in fine weather conditions, rather than in adverse weather conditions. Recently, some methods attempt to reduce the gap between degraded images and clean images to improve the detection accuracy in adverse weather conditions. Specifically, these methods usually conduct image restoration and object detection in a sequential way or by joint learning. While these methods can improve detection accuracy to a certain extent, image restoration models may introduce noise or artifacts and increase computational burden, limiting the accuracy and efficiency of object detection in adverse weather conditions. In this paper, we propose a knowledge distillation-based method, Localization-aware Logit Mimicking (LaLM), to improve detection accuracy in adverse weather conditions by reducing the gap between degraded images and clean images at the prediction level, rather than the image level. Moreover, the localization quality is designed as the mimicking target to make the knowledge distillation more effective. Experiments conducted on three popular benchmarks (i.e., RTTS, ExDark, and RID) demonstrate that our LaLM can achieve the state-of-the-art detection accuracy and inference speed in foggy, rainy, and low-light conditions. Code is available at: https://github.com/VIPLab-CQU/LaLM.

Damselflies Found in Batu Putu Waterfall Nature Park

Batu Putu Waterfall Nature Park is one of the many local tourist destinations in Bandar Lampung City, yet biodiversity data of it is so scarce. Considering the fact that this area focused on its waterfall’s natural beauty and the river alongside it, it was deemed important to conduct a study to better understand local organism that have close relationship with freshwater bodies. This study aims to determine the damselfly species found in Batu Putu Waterfall Nature Park. Specimens were captured using insect nets along the waterfall and riverbed during the daytime in fine weather. These specimens were then preserved in an insectarium and later identified using taxonomic keys. The result found at least four species of damselflies were living in Batu Putu Waterfall Nature Park area. Those are Euphaea variegata, Vestalis luctuosa, Prodasineura sp, and Elattoneura sp.

Wind energy potential of weather systems affecting South Africa’s Eastern Cape Province

AbstractAs a percentage of the total global energy supply, wind energy facilities could provide 10% of the total global energy supply by 2050 as reported in IEA World Energy Outlook (2022). Considering this, a just transition to renewable and sustainable energy in South Africa is a genuine possibility if steps are taken immediately to achieve this. The Eastern Cape Province exhibits a strong wind resource which can be exploited towards expediting such a just energy transition. No research and related modelling have, to date, been undertaken in quantifying and relating the detailed P50 energy yield analyses of representative wind energy facilities in temporal and spatial dimensions to the occurrence of specific synoptic types in South Africa. To quantify this energy meteorology climatology for a suitably sized geospatial area in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa (spatial focus area, latitude −30 to −35, longitude 20 to 30), the approach of using self-organising maps is proposed. These maps are used to identify the most common synoptic circulation types occurring in the Eastern Cape and can subsequently be mapped onto an equivalent time resolution wind energy production timeseries calculated based on probable wind energy facility sites. This paper describes comprehensive methodologies used to model the wind energy facilities, calculate with high confidence the P50 energy production, and then identify the predominant synoptic weather types responsible for the wind energy production in this spatial focus area. After quantifying the energy production, running a self-organising map software generates a purposely selected 35 node map that characterises archetypal synoptic patterns over the 10-year period. The synoptic types can be ranked by the highest energy production. It is shown that in this spatial area, monthly wind energy production is higher during the winter months. When the well-established high-pressure cells move northward, synoptic types associated with higher energy production are frequent and include tropical and temperate disturbances across South Africa, patterns resembling a ridging anticyclone off the west coast of South Africa and low-pressure cells occurring to the north and south. Low energy producing patterns show characteristics of the high-pressure cells moving southwards producing fine weather and mildly disturbed conditions. The purpose of this methodology is that it provides the foundation required to derive long-term frequency changes of these synoptic weather systems using global climate model ensembles and thus changes in wind energy production.

Investigating Motorcycle Accidents in the Presence of Carriageway Hazards

The notable flexibility and relatively lower purchase and operational expenses of motorcycles, particularly when compared to automobiles, contribute significantly to their shares in traffic. However, the capacity to attain high speeds in the absence of a protective vehicle body raises safety concerns, necessitating an examination of the factors influencing motorcycle accidents. Understanding these factors is crucial for implementing precautions to mitigate the severity and frequency of accidents. In this study, we explore the relationships among carriageway hazards, weather and lighting conditions, seeking to understand their influence on the frequency of motorcycle accidents. The analysis is based on a dataset encompassing motorcycle accidents in Great Britain over the past five years. The study found that motorcycle accidents are more likely during daytime and fine weather conditions when a carriageway hazard is present, especially with objects on the road. The conclusion underscores the importance of clean and divided roads, monitoring parked vehicles, and adopting technology for hazard notification.

Evaluation of BOLAM Fine Grid Weather Forecasts with Emphasis on Hydrological Applications

The evaluation of weather forecast accuracy is of major interest in decision making in almost every sector of the economy and in civil protection. To this, a detailed assessment of Bologna Limited-Area Model (BOLAM) seven days fine grid 3 h predictions is made for precipitation, air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed over a large lowland agricultural area of a Mediterranean-type climate, characterized by hot summers and rainy moderate winters (plain of Arta, NW Greece). Timeseries that cover a four-year period (2016–2019) from seven agro-meteorological stations located at the study area are used to run a range of contingency and accuracy measures as well as Taylor diagrams, and the results are thoroughly discussed. The overall results showed that the model failed to comply with the precipitation regime throughout the study area, while the results were mediocre for wind speed. Considering relative humidity, the results revealed acceptable performance and good correlation between the model output and the observed values, for the early days of forecast. Only in air temperature, the forecasts exhibited very good performance. Discussion is made on the ability of the model to predict major rainfall events and to estimate water budget components as rainfall and reference evapotranspiration. The need for skilled weather forecasts from improved versions of the examined model that may incorporate post-processing techniques to improve predictions or from other forecasting services is underlined.

Four Elegies

Four Elegies

Analytical solution for adjacent pile deformation induced by excavation construction of transportation facilities considering heavy rainfall influence

The current design practice for predicting the interaction mechanics for excavation-soil-pile is generally conducted on the assumption of fine weather and provides little attention on the rainfall intensity and duration risk. Furthermore, previous studies on the disturbed soil induced by deep excavation seldom take account of the impacts of support structure. This paper introduces an analytical solution to estimate the interaction between excavation and adjacent pile considering the heavy rainfall influence. By introducing the modified Green-Ampt model under the assumption of stratification, the Mindlin’s solution is derived to efficiently predict the additional stress of surrounding soils at the position of adjacent pile in heavy rainfall environment. Then, the Pasternak foundation model is employed for the deformation response of adjacent pile caused by additional stress, which accounts for heavy rainfall influence. The accuracy of the mathematical model is then verified by comparisons with in-situ observed data. It is revealed that the solution considering the rainfall infiltration mechanism can provide a prediction of deformation response for pile in good agreements. Finally, the parametric analyses are performed to estimate the influence for the characteristics of the wetting front and the adjacent pile displacement response, including relevant parameters of the rainfall and the pile.

How do ephemeral factors shape recreation along the urban river? A social media perspective

Urban Blue Spaces provide multiple benefits to city dwellers and, therefore, are a key element in the social-ecological system. To responsibly maximise these benefits, it is necessary to link data and knowledge on the social and ecological functions of the urban ecosystem. This paper aims to identify recreational use intensity patterns of urban riverfronts along the Vistula river in Warsaw, Poland. The landscape mosaic model was used to identify differences along the urban core–periphery axis, and explore disparities induced by the variety of riverfront functions. Recreational demand for the river was assessed by measuring the daily activity of Instagram users in 2019. The short-term perspective we applied allowed us to examine the role of several ephemeral factors on the variability of use intensity. Our results indicate that both the position along the core–periphery axis, and the social-ecological characteristics of urban riverfronts can shape seasonal patterns of use intensity. Overall, Instagram users concentrate their activity in the city centre. Seasonal fluctuations are found across the mosaic of Warsaw’s riverscape, due to both its ecological (level of naturalness) and social (recreation versus ‘entertainment machine’) functions. Ephemeral factors shape recreational patterns in various ways: (1) fine weather attracts Instagram users more than unfavourable conditions discourage them; (2) demand for ‘pure’ riverine nature is independent of all of the proposed factors; and (3) the relationship between air quality and use intensity is weak.

Expressway Lane Change in Fog Environment by Dynamic Strategic Game

To study the behavior of expressway driver’s lane change in a foggy environment, the driver’s vision is adopted as the index for assessing the lane change behavior. The normalization theory is introduced to analyze the driver’s intention of changing lanes. Using the statistical examination results of the driver’s gaze zones, this paper has analyzed the gaze and glance features of the driver during the change of lanes. Based on the driving condition of changing lanes in foggy environment, the game theory is adopted in the study to elaborate on the strategy equilibrium of the driver’s decision-making in the foggy environment. Moreover, a model is established to analyze the driver’s lane changes under the foggy environment. Through the calibration of parameters and verification of the model, the reliability of the model has been proved. The research findings indicate that the features of the driver’s gaze and glance under circumstances of the fine weather differ from those in the foggy environment, thus laying a theoretical foundation for the safety management of subsequent lane changes in the expressway in foggy environment.

Mechanical response for rainfall-induced landslides on jointed gas pipelines

Current theoretical solutions for the influence of landslides on existing structures are generally conducted on the assumption of fine weather and provide little attention on the rainfall intensity and duration risk. Furthermore, previous studies on the interaction mechanics between landslides and pipelines seldom take account of the impacts of joints. This paper provides an analytical method to estimate the deformation and internal force of jointed gas pipelines caused by landslides considering the rainfall infiltration mechanism. By introducing the modified Green-Ampt model under the assumption of stratification, the unbalanced thrust method is derived to efficiently predict the landslide thrust force triggered by rainfall. Then, the Pasternak two-parameter foundation model is employed for the mechanical response of gas pipelines due to the landslide thrust force considering the influence of joints and gas transmission pressure. The accuracy of the presented analytical solution is verified by comparisons with in-situ and model test observed data. It is revealed that the presented solution can provide a prediction of deformation for pipelines induced by landslides in good agreements. Finally, the parametric analyses are performed for the safety assessment of gas pipelines, including amount and rotational stiffness of pipeline joint, saturated permeability coefficient and rainfall intensity.

MULTI-FACTOR STATUS PREDICTION BY 4D FRACTAL CNN BASED ON REMOTE SENSING IMAGES

With the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization, most lakes and reservoirs have been in eutrophication state. Eutrophication of water body will produce a series of environmental problems, among which cyanobacteria bloom is one of the most studied and seriously polluted problems. It is of great significance to effectively control the occurrence of cyanobacteria blooms by predicting and simulating the outbreak process of cyanobacteria blooms and accurately forecasting the relevant governance departments. However, there are two problems in the existing analysis of algal blooms: on the one hand, it is difficult to consider the impact of other factors on cyanobacteria blooms by taking chlorophyll concentration as the main influencing factor, and it is also unable to determine the relationship between various factors. On the other hand, only based on the field monitoring data research, lack of comprehensive analysis of the whole water area. The remote sensing image can reflect the change of the whole water area, but the traditional analysis method is difficult to deal with the massive remote sensing data effectively. In this study, eutrophication level was used as characterization index of cyanobacteria bloom, and the remote sensing image and its inversion map were taken as the main research data, and a new method of cyanobacteria bloom prediction based on four-dimensional (4D) fractal CNN was proposed. The prediction model uses 4D fractal CNN to extract the features of multi factor remote sensing images, capture the temporal and spatial characteristics and the interaction between multiple factors, and predict the eutrophication level of water body. In this study, a total of 216 remote sensing images of Taihu Lake Basin were selected from 29 groups with fine weather from 2009 to 2010 obtained by MODIS satellite. The simulation results show that the method proposed in this paper has excellent prediction performance, and the accuracy rate of 85.71% is better than that of common 3D CNN and 4D CNN models.

Objective Calibration of Numerical Weather Prediction Model: Application on Fine Resolution COSMO Model over Switzerland

The objective calibration method originally performed on regional climate models is applied to a fine horizontal resolution Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) model over a mainly continental domain covering the Alpine Arc. The method was implemented on the MeteoSwiss COSMO (consortium for a small-scale modeling) model with a resolution of 0.01° (approximately 1 km). For the model calibration, five tuning parameters of the parameterization schemes affecting turbulence, soil-surface exchange and radiation were chosen. A full year was simulated, with the history of the soil included (hindcast) to find the optimal parameter value. A different year has been used to give an independent assessment of the impact of the optimization process. Although the operational MeteoSwiss model is already a well-tuned configuration, the results showed that a slight model performance gain is obtained by using the Calibration of COSMO (CALMO) methodology.

Cooling performance of porous polymer radiative coating under different environmental conditions throughout all-year

Cooling terrestrial objects for thermoregulation is a significant challenge in this decade due to the rapidly increasing world energy consumption and human daily life demands. Furthermore, the conventional cooling technologies are energy-intensive, as predominantly vapor compression-based cooling systems consume a substantial amount of electricity. Therefore, the development of energy-efficient alternative cooling techniques with fewer environmental footprints is desirable. Here, we present a porous polymer coating with P(VDF-HFP) as a passive radiative cooler to investigate the cooling performance under various conditions. The reflectivity within the visible wavelength range (0.38-0.78 μm) and the ultraviolet visible-near infrared wavelength range (0.25–2.5 μm) of a 2.0 mm thick porous polymer radiative coating (PPRC) are about 98% and 94%, while the emissivity in the main atmospheric window (8–13 μm) is up to about 97%, indicating that the proposed PPRC is a potential candidate to achieve a notable radiative cooling performance. By taking the meteorological location of Shanghai, China, as an example, the radiative cooling performance is tested for a whole year. The PPRC cooler can constantly exhibit excellent cooling performance throughout all-year and show the best in winter, followed by spring, autumn, and summer under typical fine weather conditions. We investigated quantitatively the impact of different environmental conditions, including cloud amount, air quality, relative humidity, and ambient temperature on the performance of the radiative cooler, which is essential for real-world deployment. For example, the PPRC cooler can achieve a temperature drop of up to about 6.9 °C at the relative humidity of 38% and only 3.9 °C at the relative humidity of 68% at 15:00–17:00 in summer when other environmental conditions are similar. As the passive cooling technique is expected to play an increasing role in the future, this work facilitates the fabrication of environmentally friendly PPRC cooler for energy-saving applications.

Integrating Remote-Sensing and Assimilation Data to Improve Air Temperature on Hot Weather in East China

Land-surface characteristics (LSCs) and land-soil moisture conditions can modulate energy partition at the land surface, impact near-surface atmosphere conditions, and further affect land–atmosphere interactions. This study investigates the effect of land-surface-characteristic parameters (LSCPs) including albedo, leaf-area index (LAI), and soil moisture (SM) on hot weather by in East China using the numerical model. Simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model were conducted for a hot weather event with a high spatial resolution of 1 km in domain 3 by using ERA-Interim forcing fields on 20 July 2017 until 16:00 UTC on 25 July 2017. The satellite-based albedo and LAI, and assimilation-based soil-moisture data of high temporal–spatial resolution, which are more accurate to match fine weather forecasts and high-resolution simulations, were used to update the default LSCPs. A control simulation with the default LSCPs (WRF_CTL), a main sensitivity simulation with the updated LSCP albedo, LAI and SM (WRF_CHAR), and a series of other sensitivity simulations with one or two updated LSCPs were performed. Results show that WRF_CTL could reproduce the spatial distribution of hot weather, but overestimated air temperature (Ta) and maximal air temperature (Tamax) with a warming bias of 1.05 and 1.32 °C, respectively. However, the WRF_CHAR simulation reduced the warming bias, and improved the simulated Ta and Tamax with reducing relative biases of 33.08% and 29.24%, respectively. Compared to the WRF_CTL, WRF_CHAR presented a negative sensible heat-flux difference, positive latent heat flux, and net radiation difference of the area average. LSCPs modulated the partition of available land-surface energy and then changed the air temperature. On the basis of statistical-correlation analysis, the soil moisture of the top 10 cm is the main factor to improve warming bias on hot weather in East China.

Treatment of Soil Polluted with Cadmium by Electrokinetics with Solar Power: Effects of Electrolyte

The research aims to analyse the treatment possibility of Cd-polluted soil using electrokinetics driven by solar power in comparison with driving by direct current power. Meanwhile, the effects of electrolyte on electrokinetics were investigated. Five runs of electrokinetics were carried out using different electrolytes and energy sources. Experimental results showed that the combined application of electrokinetics and solar power was effective for the treatment of Cd-polluted soil and electrolyte-affected Cd removal significantly. Run B (direct current power, KNO3 as anolyte, HCl as catholyte, the removal efficiency of Cd was 91.5%) had the highest removal efficiency in all runs because of stable working voltage, the highest electro-osmotic flow, and the advantages of using HCl as catholyte which could dissolve Cd(OH)2 of the cathode region and reduce focusing phenomena. In run C (solar power, KNO3 as anolyte, HCl as catholyte, the removal efficiency of Cd was 84.21%), replacing direct current power with solar power could not only reduce energy consumption but also provide better efficiency in Cd removal under fine weather conditions. Meanwhile, electrokinetics changed the chemical forms of Cd in soil. After electrokinetics, Cd of soil existed mainly in less toxic residual fraction.

Atmospheric effects in Scotland of the AD 1783–84 Laki eruption in Iceland

Daily weather diaries and meteorological records from Scotland reveal complex weather patterns following the 1783–84 fissure eruption of the Laki volcano, Iceland. Four diarists in eastern and northern Scotland describe the near-simultaneous occurrence of discrete groups of days characterised by ‘foggy’, ‘gloomy’ and ‘hazy’ conditions during June and July 1783. The weather records suggest that an ash-rich portion of the initial plume may have arrived synchronously across eastern Scotland on June 15th, 5 days after the first eruption in Iceland, and lingered for between 5 and 7 days. Following a 3-day interval of fine weather, a sulphurous haze arrived on June 24th and persisted for the rest of the summer. As the summer progressed air pollution episodes became shorter, less frequent and more influenced by air pressure fluctuations. The effect of the eruption on Scotland’s climate is unclear although a negative air temperature anomaly of 1.5°C to 2.5°C below the decadal average occurred in September 1783 lasting for 16 days at Dalkeith and 33 days at Fochabers. The 1783–84 winter in Scotland was one of the coldest in recent centuries and was accompanied by prolonged snow and frost through the first 4 months of 1784. During this period, temperatures in eastern Scotland averaged 2.0°C to 2.6°C below the decadal average. The duration and amplitude of post-eruption negative temperature anomalies appear to have been strongly associated with synoptic air pressure and wind flow patterns and not simply related to volcanically-forced cooling. This challenges the hypothesis that the Laki eruptions were responsible for the sustained lowering of air temperatures over the three successive winters of 1783–84, 1784–85 and 1785–86.

Changes in the radiation regime and photosynthesis in the crown of an apple tree when pruning for perennial wood

The article presents data on the study of the radiation regime and photosynthesis net productivity in the crown of an apple tree in connection with the regenerative pruning of old-aged trees. The object of the research was an apple tree of the Antonovka obyknovennaya variety, a seed stock (seedlings of cultivated varieties), planted in 1987. The test plot soil is leached chernozem. Options: 1. Established pruning (control); 2. Pruning for 5-6 year-old wood; 3. Pruning for 7-8 year-old wood. The experiment was arranged inrandomized blocks of 6 accounting trees in 3 replicates. The regenerative pruning was carried out in spring 2016. Every year damaged branches were removed in the control variant, while “wolf-like” shoots were thinned in other variants. The solar output was accounted within the daytime with the 2-hour interval from the northern and southern sides of the apple tree crown in its center, as well as under the crown at a distance of 1, 2 and 3 meters from the periphery to the center of the crown. The measurements were carried out after the growth activity cessation in the fine weather in August with a universal albedometer M-69 coming with a galvanometer GSA-1. The net productivity of leaves was determined by the method of A. S. Ovsyannikov in parallel, taking into account solar radiation. It is revealed that the regenerative pruning has a considerable impact on the performance of the solar output. The greatest arrival of solar radiation is noted on the periphery of the crown. In the treatment with pruning branches for 5-6 year-old wood, this parameter was 10.5-13.5 % higher than in the control variant. Pruning branches for 7-8 year-old wood improved lighting conditions by 27.6-31.7 % compared to the control. In the lower part of the crown, the radiation regime is less favorable for the photosynthesis process relative to the central part of the crown. Regenerative pruning increased the photosynthesis productivity significantly. In the central part of the crown, the highest parameters of the net photosynthesis productivity were observed on the periphery on the southern side when pruning for 7-8 year-old wood - 7.81 g of dry basis/m2 *day.