Fine Tubes Research Articles

Ozone accelerates structural degradation of epicuticular wax on Norway spruce needles

SUMMARYScanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the effects of O., fumigation (70 d of 240 μg O3m−3for 6 h d−1during a 12 h photoperiod) on the condition of the epicuticular wax that fills and surrounds the stomatal antechamber of the needles of seven clones of Norway spruce(Picea abies(L.) Karst.). The rate of change of the physical structure of the wax differed between clones, but in all eases O., accelerated the process on current and previous year's needles. The change consisted of a transition from a crystalline array of fine tubes to an amorphous, ‘melted’ layer with no visible structure. This resulted in a higher frequency of stomata occluded by an apparently continuous plug. In four clones, O3, fumigation resulted in 70–80 %, of the stomata on previous year's needles being occluded, in contrast to 7–28 % in charcoal‐filtered air. Five of the clones showed a greater effect of O3, on the wax of the previous year's needles than on current needles. The physiological consequences of such O.,‐induced effects are discussed. Premature wax degradation induced by O3, and/or acid mist may have contributed to the decline of spruce in high‐altitude forests of continental Europe.

Impaired wound healing in surgical patients with varying degrees of malnutrition.

The relationship between nutritional state and wound healing was examined in 66 adult surgical patients. Wound-healing response was assessed by measuring the collagen content (hydroxyproline) of fine tubes of Gore-tex inserted subcutaneously along standardized needle track arm wounds. After a period of 7 days, the tubes were removed and it was found that there was a higher hydroxyproline content in the tubing of 36 normally nourished patients than there was in the tubing of 21 patients with mild protein energy malnutrition (p less than 0.01) and 9 patients with moderate to severe protein energy malnutrition (p less than 0.01). There was no difference in the wound-healing response between the two latter groups of patients who had significantly different degrees of malnutrition. The results suggest that a definite abnormality in the wound-healing response exists in malnourished surgical patients, but it occurs earlier in the course of the illness than previously supposed.

Heat and mass transfer in unsteady-state diffusion combustion of a condensed fuel surface

A solution is obtained for the unsteady-state one-dimensional problem of condensed fuel surface combustion in an oxidant atmosphere. As with the majority of diffusion combustion problems, the chemical reaction rate in the flame zone is supposed to be large compared with the rate of diffusion. An analytical solution is obtained for the system of nonstationary one-dimensional equations describing the flow of a heat conducting, reacting mixture of mutually diffusing gases. A comparison is made between the computed results and experimental data on the diffusion combustion of gasoline in fine tubes.

A portable salinometer based on direct measurement of the conductivity ratioR_{t}

A new portable salinometer has been developed which is based On a direct determination of the conductivity ratio R_{t} = (C_{x}/ C_{s})_{t} of sample (x) to standard (s) seawater in a dual-cell, continuous-flow system. The new salinometer requires only 10 ml of unknown and much less of standard, drawn from the source bottles through fine Teflon tubes, to obtain complete flushing and several repeat readings to the order of \pm0.001 , in salinity. The system is autobalancing over the full range of conductivity ratio from 0 to 1.3 and in the future will be direct reading in salinity units. The amount of standard water required is so low that standard water ampoules, at the rate of l/day, can be used as the source. The method used offers a possibility of a direct measurement of salinity in the ocean by measuring R_{t} in situ.

An easy method for passing fine silicone nasogastric tubes

The ready insertion of soft, fine silicone tubes using a spring guide which is used routinely in angiography is described. This has greatly simplified the passage of nasogastric tubes for the delivery of defined liquid diets.

The Management of Picketing

Since the re‐emergence of picketing as a popular form of protest among strikers in the mid‐1960s, there has been a considerable outcry from the public, press and parliamentarians about the tactics sometimes employed. This protest grew as the nation experienced first the “winter of discontent” embracing the National Health Service strike at the end of 1978 and the road haulage dispute in January 1979, and later national stoppages, both involving picketing, in the engineering and steel industries. There was, it seems, much to complain about; there were too many incidents to add to those earlier sensations of the new picketing era—Roberts Arundel in 1966/67, the Fine Tubes saga of 1970, the “Shrewsbury” flying pickets and the mass miners' blockade of the Saltley coke depot in 1972 and the long running and acrimonious Grunwick affair of 1976.

Pulsatile blood flow of a microdeformable fluid

A microdeformable fluid model is used to show that the velocity distributions obtained experimentally for steady and pulsatile blood flow in fine glass tubes can be predicted theoretically not only for the lower limit of the range of flow rates but also for the higher range of flow rates.

Pseudolycopsids from the rocky mountains of Canada

The material studied by the author belongs to the Geological Survey of Canada (Calgary, Alberta), and it was entrusted to him for description after the congress in Montreal in 1972. It is not large but surprisingly multiform, dominated with specimens, whiCh in one way or other resemble true Lycopsids, and with those the study of the material started. These specimens have alI of them more or less distinct rhombs arranged in quincunx, a pattern that seems to have been considered an infalIible indicator of Lycopsids. But when the first specimen was closely exarnined no fu rthe r lycopsidean characters could be discovered. The only openings within the rhombs were single ones situated near the upper comer of each rhomb, and around these openings a thin f11m of coal with a striation of rows of very smalI cells comes up, and they are stuffed with crystals of calcite. Where an opening is damaged, part of a tube leading inwards from it is exposed (Fig. 10). By and by more extensive portions of tubes were discovered at spots where the surface of the specimen was damaged, and a reconstitution could be made of a system with main, straight tubes, width c.l mm, running through the entire length of the specimen, and diagonal secondary tubes, strongly winding, raising the covering epithelium so that ridges delirniting the rhombs were formed (schematized in the stripe above the measurement (in Fig. 8). Gradually fmer tubes were formed through branching, the fmest ones capillaries, 100 to the rnillimetre or even more across. Such fine tubes also had walIs composed of minute cells, and they were in the interior of the plant so densell packed that a coal resembling anthracite was formed (Figs. 4 & 5).

The hydration of Portland cement

Electron microscopy and conduction calorimetry have been employed to study the hydration of Portland cement.In situstudies of wet cement pastes in an environmental cell in the high voltage microscope confirm that the reaction involves two stages: (a) the rapid initial formation of gelatinous hydrate coatings around the cement grains and, (b) after a dormant period, the growth from these coatings of fine fibrillar calciumsilicate-hydrate (C-S-H) gel material into a reticulate network between the cement grains. Detailed electron microscopy indicates that the individual fibres are not solid but consist of fine hollow tubes. Attention is drawn to the striking visual analogy between the sequence of hydration of cement and the tubular growth forms that are obtained in ‘silicate gardens’. The latter are known to depend on the development of osmotic pressure as a driving force and, in spite of obvious differences in the scale and rate of growth, the basic parallels are close enough to suggest that a similar osmotic mechanism probably applies to the hydration of cement. On this basis, a model is proposed which explains the two-stage nature of the hydration process and provides a viable mechanism for the transport of the silicate material during growth of the secondary, fibrillar C-S-H product.

The Solidification of Cement

This article describes the development of strength resulting from chemical reactions between cement constituents and added water. The main features of the hydration and development of strength of portland cement and high-alumina cement are described in terms of a comparison between the two types. Both cements are comparable with respect to their system of oxides, their hydraulic properties, and their ultimate strength. The products of hydration and their proportions in the hardened paste of portland cement are considered. It is noted that the reaction between cement and water is exothermic and that under typical conditions the temperature of a paste may rise by tens of degrees. The problems caused by this phenonemon are discussed. The study of the microstructure of the hydrates by electron microscopy shows that the gel fibrils consist of fine hollow tubes. The essential features of the hydration of portland cement and in particular the growth of the fibrillar calcium-silicate-hydrate gel material that is an important factor in the development of strength, is discussed. Since cements (and concretes in general) can develop large compressive strength during hydration, it is usually necessary to reinforce concrete beams or to subject them to prestressing or postressing in compression by the inclusion of stretched steel wires or rods. The prospects for useful modification with the well-developed crystaline hydrates of high-alumina cements are uncertain. With the irregular fibers of portland cement some improvement might be expected if, for example, the fibers could be made less regular and more intricately woven.

X-ray Intensities from Copper-Target Diffraction Tubes

The relative intensities of the Kα characteristic radiation obtained from copper-target X-ray diffraction tubes have been calculated for a range of tube accelerating voltages and take-off angles. The calculations employ an over-voltage function, and absorption and atomic number corrections similar to those used in electron microprobe analysis. They apply only to constant potential X-ray generators. Measurements of actual intensities obtained on a Picker diffractometer using a sodium chloride monochromator gave relative intensities in close agreement with those calculated. The calculations and measurements show that there is an optimum tube voltage, with respect to intensity, for each take-off angle. This voltage increases with increasing take-off angle. The application of these results to the consideration of the relative intensities obtainable from broad, standard and fine focus copper-target X-ray diffraction tubes is discussed.

Some biophysical considerations of insect respiration

Problems posed in insect respiration from the time tracheae undergo pneumatisation and conduct oxygen to the respiratory tissues have been reviewed. The special architecture of the tracheae and their role in gas transport has been critically analysed. The entire respiratory apparatus is designed for thermoregulation. Tracheae are compared with coil reflux condensers which function not only to avoid vapour loss but also act as the principal coolants in the organisms which produce heat at a rate of 7·3 ml O2/gm/min (N.T.P.). The kinetic process of gas transport along fine tracheal tubes follows Poiseuille’s law. The fluidity $$\left( {Poise^{ - 1} , or/\left| {{{cm} \over {\sec }}} \right|{{dyne} \over {cm}}} \right)$$ decreases with rise in temperature. In addition, it has recently been pointed out that heat loss is regulated by control of blood circulation (Heinrich, 1970, 1971). Therefore, it is plausible that the part of the heat is transferred by conduction as given by Fourier’s law. $$Q = U_1 A_1 {{At} \over {Ax}}.$$

NOTE AUTOMATIC COLLECTION OF TICK SALIVA

AbstractA method is described by which an automatic fraction collector can be used for the collection of saliva from large numbers of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus. Engorged female ticks are attached to the collector racks using double‐sided adhesive tape. Their cuticles are then painted with 20% pilocarpine base in acetone. The mouth parts of the ticks are made to brush past a cluster of fine capillary tubes through which the secretions are collected by suction. The average yield from 1300 ticks was 12.25 ml or 9.5 μl per tick.

Self-differentiation of the heart rudiment of the newt (Cynops pyrrhogaster).

In a previous study, the cultured heart rudiment of the Japanese newt embryo of stage 15 (early neurula) could be differentiated into beating myocardial cells in a ROSE's chamber filled with BARTH and BARTH's inorganic solution with the addition of 10% calf-serum. With the use of the inorganic solution free of serum, however, even the material after stage 22 (early tail-bud) could not be differentiated.In the present work, culture of the heart rudiment of the embryo from stage 16 to 22 was performed in fine glass capillary tubes filled with a BARTH and BARTH's salt solution free of calf-serum. At stages 21 and 22 the heart rudiment differentiated successfully into beating myocardial cells. It was thus known that the heart rudiment at stage 21 already attains its self-differentiating potentiality, because there was obviously no effect of other cellular substances in this case.In the culture performed in the glass capillary, diffusion of the metabolites of the cultured cells was limited since the culture medium was very small in quantity. Therefore, differentiation is believed to have been brought about by the medium thus conditioned in the capillary.

Imogolite, a Hydrated Aluminium Silicate of Tubular Structure

IMOGOLITE, a gel-like hydrous aluminium silicate identified in several volcanic ash soils and other weathered pyroclastic deposits, has been shown by electron microscopy1 to consist of bundles of fine tubes, each about 20 A in diameter. Electron diffraction patterns2,3 indicate a repeat distance along the tube axis of 8.4 A and a repeat distance perpendicular to this axis of 22 to 23 A, corresponding to centre-to-centre tube separations. X-ray diffraction patterns are more diffuse and differ principally in that the highest spacing observed for desiccated material is 18.4 A. Two empirical formulae have been proposed: 1.5SiO2·Al2O3·2.5H20 (ref. 2) and 1.1SiO2·Al2O3·2.3−2.8H2O (ref. 3); these two papers also advance tentative structures which assign the 8.4 A repeat distance to a gibbsite-like chain or ribbon, although they differ in the nature of the postulated silicate anion. Neither accounts for the cylindrical structure later established.

Structure of the tubular variants of the head of bacteriophage T4 (Polyheads): II. Structural transition from a hexamer to a 6+1 morphological unit

The results of a structural analysis on the polyheads deriving from a mutation in gene 22 of bacteriophage T4 are described. The same classes of tube have been observed as among mutants of gene 20, described in the preceding paper. The helical parameters of the different classes are tabulated, together with other parameters which describe the arrangement of subunits within the unit cell of each surface lattice. It has been found that when coarse tubes of the first class are aged in vitro for several days at 3°C they are transformed into “fine” tubes which are essentially similar to the third class of tube found in lysates of the gene 20 mutants; they have an expanded unit cell containing snugly fitting hexamers. These fine tubes can be divided into two subcategories, one having the 6+1-type of morphological unit described in the preceding paper and the other having simple hexamer units with a central hole. The fourth class of tube (“fine-mottled”) has a very fine surface structure with dominant detail on the scale of 35 Å. These tubes resemble capsids most closely. They are resistant to the action of dissociating agents, they have at least one antigenic determinant in common with the normal capsid which is not possessed by the coarse tubes, and they do not show any distinct capsomeric structure. The distribution of matter observed in the filtered images is a complicated one, but can be described in terms of 6+1 units connected by bridging material to their neighbours in the hexagonal lattice. A similar surface structure is also shown by abnormal tubes grown from wild type bacteriophage at an elevated temperature. It is suggested that the in vitro transformation from the 6- to the 6 + 1-type of morphological unit is correlated with the cleavage of protein components which accompany the normal assembly (Laemmli, 1970), and may thus mimic an in vivo structural transformation.

INQUIRY REPORTS:Report of a Committee of Inquiry into the causes and circumstances of the dispute between the Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers and the Transport and General Workers Union and Fine Tubes Ltd.

INQUIRY REPORTS:<i>Report of a Committee of Inquiry into the causes and circumstances of the dispute between the Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers and the Transport and General Workers Union and Fine Tubes Ltd.</i>

INQUIRY REPORTS:Fine Tubes Ltd.

INQUIRY REPORTS: Fine Tubes Ltd. Get access P. L. D. P. L. D. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Industrial Law Journal, Volume 1, Issue 1, 1972, Page 175, https://doi.org/10.1093/ilj/1.1.175 Published: 01 June 1972

Velocity distribution and other characteristics of steady and pulsatile blood flow in fine glass tubes.

Velocity distribution and other characteristics of steady and pulsatile blood flow in fine glass tubes.

Device for measuring ultrasonically defects in the walls of very fine tubes: Commissairiat a l'Energie Atomique. French Patent 1,548,670 (6 December 1968) (Applied for 27 October 1967)

Device for measuring ultrasonically defects in the walls of very fine tubes: Commissairiat a l'Energie Atomique. French Patent 1,548,670 (6 December 1968) (Applied for 27 October 1967)